Chapter 431 Quantum theory is introduced into chemistry! The rules of electron configuration outside the nucleus! Professor Bruce is the god of chemistry!
Since Li Qiwei divided classical physics and modern physics, the development of physics has become even more brilliant.
The achievements of modern physics even radiate to other disciplines.
Chemistry is the field most affected.
After Laue used crystals to prove that X-rays were electromagnetic waves, he triggered a frenzy of crystal research in the field of chemistry.
Chemists can use X-rays to calculate the structural parameters of crystals and gain an in-depth understanding of the various properties of crystals.
Soddy studied radioactivity and proposed the concept of isotopes.
Aston then invented the mass spectrometer, which allowed chemists to easily separate isotopes and deepen their understanding of elements.
Although Ridgway's proton-neutron model has not yet been verified, it can perfectly explain the arrangement of the periodic table of elements.
At this point, chemists' understanding of elements reached its peak.
Today, the ultimate secret of chemistry, why elements have different properties, is about to be solved!
Once successful, chemistry will enter a new stage of development.
It means that human beings can theoretically understand the composition and laws of all things in the world.
Why are some elements lively and others stable?
The chemists present were already excited!
As for physicists, the level of excitement is no less exciting.
Because this represents another huge breakthrough in physics.
A single theory of physics can even determine the life or death of chemistry.
Chemistry has a decisive influence on biology and medicine.
In other words, today’s content will inevitably have a profound impact on the entire scientific community.
What a great thing.
The physics experts present felt proud.
At this moment, everyone was looking at the figure on the podium.
"Professor Bruce, today I will become the father of the elements."
Under the expectation of everyone, Li Qiwei spoke.
"We know that according to the Bohr-Lee model, there are three quantum numbers in the current atomic structure."
"They are the orbital number quantum number n, the orbital shape quantum number l, and the orbital direction quantum number m."
"They respectively determine the size, shape and direction of the electron orbit."
"So, the atomic model becomes a three-dimensional shell structure."
"Electrons orbit the nucleus in shells one by one."
"Then the first question comes: How many electrons can each layer hold?"
"That is, what is the arrangement of atoms outside the nucleus?"
"Here, I propose a theory."
"The number of electrons in each layer depends on how many electron orbits this layer has, that is, how many energy levels it has."
"When n=1, this is the first shell."
"At this time, l and m can only take the value 0."
"Because the value range of l is (0, n-1), the value range of m is (-l, l)."
"So, the first shell has only one energy level (1, 0, 0)."
"And so on:"
"The second shell has four energy levels, namely (2, 0, 0), (2, 1, 0), (2, 1, 1), (2, 1, -1)."
"The third shell has 9 energy levels, and the fourth shell has 16 energy levels."
"As shown in the figure, the electrons are arranged in these shells like this:"
"The first shell has 2 electrons, the second shell has 8 electrons, the third shell has 18 electrons, and the fourth shell has 32 electrons."
"It can be seen that the number of electrons in each shell is twice the number of energy levels in the shell."
"The shells composed of these numbers are closed electron shells. Only electrons outside these closed shells can participate in chemical reactions."
"What do you mean? Give me an example."
"Let's look at the noble gases column in the periodic table."
"Helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon."
"These elements were the great results of the joint discovery of the late Lord Rayleigh and Professor Ramsay."
"In the periodic table of elements, their atomic numbers are 2, 10, 18, 36, 54, and 86 respectively."
"The reason why they are inert gases and do not participate in any reactions is because the outermost electrons of these elements form a closed shell."
"For example, helium has an atomic number of 2, so it has two electrons, which exactly fill the first shell."
"So, there are no electrons outside the closed shell of helium."
"According to my theory just now, only electrons outside the closed shell will participate in the reaction."
"Hence, helium has no extra electrons to participate in chemical reactions."
"By analogy, there are 10 electrons outside the nucleus of neon, so the first shell is still filled."
"The remaining 8 electrons just fill the second shell."
"There are still no extra electrons outside the second shell, so they cannot participate in the reaction."
"The same is true for other argon, krypton, xenon, and radon."
"Argon (18): 2 electrons in the first shell, 8 electrons in the second shell, 8 electrons in the third shell, a total of 18 electrons."
"Although the third shell of argon has not been filled, its number of electrons is 8 and it is still a closed shell, so it does not participate in the reaction."
"Krypton (36): 2 electrons in the first layer, 8 electrons in the second layer, 18 electrons in the third layer, 8 electrons in the fourth layer, a total of 36 electrons."
"Xenon (54): The electron arrangement is: 2, 8, 18, 18, 8, a total of 54 electrons."
"Radon (86): The electron arrangement is: 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, a total of 86 electrons."
"It can be seen that the outermost layer of all inert gases is a closed shell, which neither loses nor gains electrons, so it does not participate in chemical reactions."
"That's why they are inert by nature."
Wow!
When Li Qiwei was talking and demonstrating, everyone in the audience was completely stunned.
Everyone was shocked by this amazing theory.
Someone actually explained the cause of inert gas from a theoretical basis.
It’s simply shocking!
"Oh, God, what did I see."
"Is Professor Bruce really a human being? How could he come up with such an incredible theory?"
"The layers are just like an onion."
"The complexity of atoms is beyond my imagination. Just the arrangement of electrons outside the nucleus is so complicated."
"Professor Bruce is a true genius!"
Everyone was impressed on the spot.
This is an absolute crushing of IQ!
At this moment, Heisenberg only felt his blood boiling, as if his body was about to explode.
"It's incredible!"
"Too strong!"
"This is scientific research!"
"Compared with Professor Bruce, I feel that what I wrote before is just like rubbish."
“It’s ridiculous that I’m still so complacent, why am I being called a genius?”
"According to this deduction, I probably know why sodium and chlorine are so reactive."
"Professor Bruce is so scary!"
"I will definitely go to the Quantum Institute to study in the future!"
Heisenberg was completely conquered when he saw Li Qiwei's scientific thinking for the first time.
How could such a godlike man exist in the world?
Even Pauli's mouth was open at this moment.
Even the whip of God cannot be whipped when it encounters the real God of physics.
It can only be held in the opponent's hand as a decoration.
Li Qiwei's ultimate strength directly suppressed Pauli, who liked to quarrel with others. He kept mumbling to himself: "Why is the relationship twice as high?"
In real history, Bohr gave a lecture at the University of Göttingen in 1922, and the content was Li Qiwei's analysis process.
It was based on this speech that Pauli proposed the "Pauli Exclusion Principle."
And this 2-fold relationship is the key to finding the fourth quantum number in the Bohr-Lee model.
The 2 times proposed by Bohr at that time was just a guess, because only in this way can the arrangement of electrons be well explained.
But later theory proved that 2 times is correct, and there are deep-seated reasons.
This is the scary thing about top physicists.
Their intuition often coincides with the nature of physics.
But now, what Li Qiwei brought to everyone present was this terrible feeling.
Planck, Einstein and others in the front row all looked shocked.
Based on their status, they certainly know that the 2-fold relationship is the key to this theory.
But the other arrangement also deeply shocked them.
Because it's so clever.
In particular, the concept of closed shells is as imaginative as the imagination.
Einstein sighed to the big guys:
"In this world, only Bruce can come up with this theory."
The big guys nodded in agreement.
Nernst even said bluntly: "This is the first time Bruce has introduced quantum theory into chemistry."
"With this theory in chemistry, it is no less than having the theory of relativity in physics."
"Bruce is to chemistry what he is to physics."
"It's really scary!"
After listening to Nernst's analysis, the big guys realized that the man had once again created a miracle.
He conquered the two major fields of physics and chemistry and reached the pinnacle of both.
So shocking!
At this moment, Li Qiwei’s analysis is not over yet:
"I believe many people should be able to draw inferences from one example."
"After accepting the above theory, we can analyze sodium and chlorine."
"Chlorine is right in the column in front of the inert gases."
"From top to bottom: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine." ([Astatine] was only discovered in 1940)
"Their atomic numbers are 9, 17, 35, and 53 respectively, which is exactly one electron less than their counterparts in inert gases."
"According to the laws of electron arrangement."
"The electron configuration of chlorine is: 2, 8, 7, a total of 17 electrons."
"You can see that the outermost shell of chlorine has 7 electrons, so it is not a closed shell."
"Therefore, these seven electrons are eager to get one more electron, so that they can form a closed shell."
"So, the chemical properties of chlorine are very active and very toxic."
"Similarly, the columns where sodium is located, from top to bottom, are: lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium."
"Their atomic numbers are: 3, 11, 19, 37, 55."
"So, the electron configuration of sodium is: 2, 8, 1."
"As you can see, the outermost shell of sodium only has 1 electron, so it is not a closed shell."
"So sodium would like to lose this electron so that it can form a closed shell."
"So, the chemical properties of sodium are very active, and it will react violently when placed in water."
"However, when sodium and chlorine are combined, something magical happens."
"Sodium can share the unwanted electron with chlorine."
"In this way, the outermost layers of sodium and chlorine become closed shells."
"So sodium chloride is very stable and can even be eaten."
"Two tigers gave birth to a little lamb."
"That's the magic of chemistry."
quiet!
Deathly silence!
The entire venue seemed to have pressed the pause button.
Everyone was so shocked that they couldn't make a sound.
This hearty speech allowed everyone to see what he was like as the first person in the world.
Time not only did not wear away that man's charm, but made him more precipitated, like a god or demon.
At this moment, he is the supreme god of chemistry!
Overlooking the world!
In the eyes, the vicissitudes of life are changing, and the clouds are passing by.
God's enlightenment allows mortals to master the rules of the elements.
Since then, chemists have had new theoretical tools.
All kinds of substances in the world have no secrets before human beings.
What a great result!
"God, I can't imagine where Professor Bruce will be in the world of chemistry after today."
"All chemists must be going crazy."
"He is simply the god of chemistry!"
"It's really hard to imagine that quantum theory is so great."
"Why is it that when I study quantum theory, I can only calculate orbital energy levels every day, but when Professor Bruce takes action, he overturns the world."
"I want to go to the Quantum Institute."
At this moment, no matter it is an ordinary student or a proud man like Heisenberg and Pauli.
Even physics giants such as Planck, Einstein, and Laue were all conquered by Li Qiwei.
Especially Planck, he would never have imagined that the theory he had with that young man would develop to this level today.
Plank suddenly smiled happily.
He knew that no matter what the future held, his name would be recorded in history books.
In 1900, above Cambridge, Cambridge, a young man and a middle-aged man inadvertently changed the direction of the world.
Einstein murmured:
"Bruce, no wonder you didn't study unified theory."
"It turns out that you have studied quantum theory to this point."
"Although I think it plays no role in unification, I admit that you have defeated me again."
"My theory is just a fantasy, but you have actually subverted chemistry and even changed other disciplines."
"I'm not as good as you!"
Einstein was deeply moved.
Next to him, Nernst was speechless for a long time.
With Bruce like this, who would dare to say that his Nobel Prize in Chemistry was a fluke?
However, just when everyone thought Li Qiwei's speech was coming to an end.
What followed completely pushed the scene to its climax.
It also laid the foundation for Li Qiwei's future title of "Father of Modern Chemistry".
He suddenly said:
"I have another idea about the combination of sodium and chlorine."
"Perhaps this can help us better understand the nature of chemical reactions."
"That's how atoms are held together?"
boom!
The whole audience was shocked!
(End of chapter)