Chapter 449 Artificial Elements! Midas touch! This is the authority of the Creator! "Lord of Elements" Bruce!
Li Qiwei's nuclear fusion paper swept the entire scientific community with an extremely violent attitude, causing endless turmoil.
Especially the three major disciplines of astronomy, chemistry and physics are the most shocking.
The concept of nuclear fusion shocked scientists in the three major disciplines.
For astronomers, it explains the energy problem of stars.
This means that stars have no secrets from humans.
Through the calculation of nuclear fusion reaction energy, combined with thermodynamic content such as convection and radiation.
Astronomers can construct the internal structure of stars and deduce their evolution models.
This will become one of the hottest fields in astronomy.
Although it is just a conjecture, the significance of this conjecture is too great.
Even though everyone has doubts buried in their hearts, it does not prevent them from marveling at this unreasonable theory.
Physics and astronomy, perfectly integrated.
The most important thing is that nuclear fusion was proposed by Professor Bruce.
That man is synonymous with miracles, the embodiment of truth and science.
His name is the best proof!
Because of him, a wave of research on nuclear fusion began.
From astronomy to chemistry and finally to physics.
Washington, DC, American Astronomical Society Headquarters.
After the great astronomy debate ended, Dyson took Eddington, Jeans and others with him.
In the name of the British Astronomical Society expedition, conduct academic exchanges with the American Astronomical Society to enhance mutual ties.
The bond between Britain and the United States, the "father and son country", is too deep.
Both parties have in-depth exchanges in many fields.
So, Eddington and others came directly from New York to Washington.
They also made an appointment with Li Qiwei to return to the UK together on May 31st.
Due to their proximity to the headquarters of Science, Eddington and others were the first astronomers to see a formal nuclear fusion paper.
At this moment, in a conference room at the headquarters of the American Astronomical Society.
One after another, the sound of gasping air echoed in the empty hall.
Everyone was still discussing the problem just now, but the assistant sent this urgent paper.
So, no one was in the mood to hold a meeting.
Everyone was immersed in the shock of the paper.
Among them, Eddington was especially excited.
His eyes were fixed on the paper, and he could not let go of every word, carefully pondering the content of the paper.
When I saw the nuclear reaction equation of hydrogen fusion into helium, my heart was even more disturbed.
Eddington felt as if his soul was in a vast starry sky.
Suddenly!
A heat that could burn away time and space came, and his soul was trembling crazily.
It seems that I have encountered the most terrible thing.
In his horrified eyes, a big sun slowly appeared, occupying all his sight.
The entire universe is boiling with fire!
The extremely violent heat was transmitted to the edge of the universe in an instant, and even the avenue was obliterated.
The boundary sea is rolling, and the sky is shaking!
Boom!
Eddington felt like his whole body was going to explode.
He woke up suddenly, his back soaked with cold sweat.
“Hoo!”
"This paper by Professor Bruce is really terrifying!"
"Nuclear fusion is the ultimate mystery of stars."
"I have a hunch that this is definitely the correct theory."
“It is really important to me.”
Because through this paper, he suddenly figured out a problem that had been bothering him for a long time.
Eddington became famous after proving the starlight bending prediction of general relativity.
But he was not satisfied with this.
In his opinion, although this achievement is something to be proud of for a lifetime, it only proves the conclusions of others.
Eddington wanted to publish his original theory.
So, he set his sights on the stars.
While at Greenwich Observatory and Cambridge University Observatory, his main research direction was the motion of stars.
But it is currently difficult to achieve breakthrough results in this field.
Basically ended by gravity and general relativity.
So, Eddington chose to study the internal structure of stars theoretically.
He believed that the structure of stars is like this:
The gravity from the outside to the inside and the light radiation pressure from the inside to the outside remain balanced.
The inside is high-temperature plasma, which can be equivalent to an ideal gas.
If this star model is correct, then he found through mathematical calculations that it can actually explain the light-changing period of Cepheids.
This is an incredible achievement.
Especially the current Cepheids, which have instantly become popular stars in the field of astronomy.
The reputation of the celestial ruler makes all astronomers study it with fascination.
If Eddington could explain its essence, it would be an incredible achievement.
It will definitely shine at the Astronomy Conference in two years’ time.
No more starry-curved rice.
In these years, with Professor Bruce as a role model, I have been writing endlessly.
In the scientific community, the number of people relying on their seniority has significantly reduced.
The one-trick trick that can be used all over the world is no longer enough.
This is very beneficial to scientific development.
But Eddington's theory of the internal structure of stars currently has a fatal flaw.
That is, we don’t know what the radiation pressure of light is.
Because he didn't know where the light in stars came from.
Not only him, but everyone does not know what the energy source of stars is, so naturally they cannot explain the problem of light radiation.
This is a bit embarrassing.
Gravity is easy to calculate. Eddington is now stuck on optical radiation.
Today, however, the paper on nuclear fusion gave him a sudden enlightenment.
According to quantum theory, during the fusion process, photons of various frequencies will be produced.
These photons are the source of the star’s light.
Therefore, based on Professor Bruce's nuclear fusion theory, Eddington was able to establish a model of optical radiation.
Thus solving the key difficulties of my theory in one fell swoop.
It is equivalent to pushing the star problem one step further based on Li Qiwei.
How could this not make Eddington extremely excited.
For him, this paper was like the rain after a long drought.
Kins next to him saw Eddington smiling as if he had won the Nobel Prize, so he joked:
"Professor Eddington, why are you smiling so happily?"
“Did you find an error in this paper?”
Eddington was stunned when he heard this and stopped laughing.
Hosnima!
Brother Jin, please don’t scare me.
I am counting on this paper to break through myself.
"Professor Jeans, forgive me for being stupid, but I don't see any problems with the theory of nuclear fusion."
Kings smiled and said:
“I have also studied the formation and evolution of stars.”
“Professor Bruce said in the paper that the fusion of hydrogen nuclei into helium requires tens of millions of degrees. High temperature. "
"So that electrons can be separated from the nuclei, and the nuclei have a chance to fuse together."
"But how can such a high temperature be produced when stars are just beginning to form? What about the temperature? ”
"In other words, how do the two P nuclei that fuse first occur conditionally?"
Jins's question is a bit like the logical puzzle of the chicken and the egg first.
Some people in later generations even proposed that all stars themselves cannot initiate nuclear fusion, but are actually ignited by intelligent life.
This is somewhat in the category of civil science and science fiction.
Of course, humans have not understood all the details of stars.
Eddington frowned slightly when he heard this.
He had to admit that the other party's point of view was very interesting.
However, this does not trouble him.
"Professor Kings, look at the paper here. Professor Bruce also thought of this."
"He believes that nuclear fusion requires not only high temperature, but also high pressure."
< br>
"Even in some cases, high pressure can replace high temperature and start reactions."
"The gravitational pull of the material that makes up stars during the formation period is enough to generate such high pressure."
"Thus, Start nuclear fusion."
"And I have my own thoughts on this issue."
"The universe is originally an experimental field full of high energy."
"Perhaps the first hydrogen atoms themselves were at extremely high temperatures."
"When they came together, nuclear fusion naturally occurred."
"This is how Stars were formed.”
Eddington was full of confidence and spoke eloquently.
He wasn't worried because Kings raised questions.
A new conjecture is proposed, and it has to withstand various tests.
But he firmly believes that nuclear fusion is absolutely correct.
The two explanations just given can answer Jeans’ question very well.
In fact, the problem of high temperature and high pressure mentioned by Li Qiwei in his paper is the problem of artificial controllable nuclear fusion in later generations.
With the existing technology of mankind, it is very simple to create high temperature, but it is difficult to create high pressure.
Therefore, controllable nuclear fusion adopts high temperature instead of high pressure.
It only takes tens of millions of degrees for nuclear fusion to occur in the sun, because the pressure generated inside it is very large, which makes up for part of it.
Controllable nuclear fusion requires hundreds of millions of temperatures.
How did such a terrifying temperature occur?
So, scientists thought of heating the plasma in a spiral magnetic field.
But at such high temperatures, no material can be used as a container for plasma.
So it can only be bound by the magnetic field itself.
The strength of the magnetic field determines the upper temperature limit that these plasmas can reach.
However, the magnetic field device is limited by the material itself and has its own limits.
And for such a high-temperature plasma, it is extremely difficult to precisely control its reaction through a magnetic field and achieve a controllable state.
The above are one of the core problems of controllable nuclear fusion.
In comparison, uncontrollable nuclear fusion is much simpler.
Note that the sun itself also has uncontrollable nuclear fusion because it cannot stop at any time.
The discussion between Eddington and Kings did not last long.
Because both sides understand that this issue cannot be explained clearly in a few words.
In the future, the astronomy community will inevitably erupt into a research boom on nuclear fusion.
Countless astronomers will join the research team. Work together to improve the theory proposed by Professor Bruce.
Following the general theory of relativity, astronomy has ushered in another epic theoretical revolution.
Countless shocking results are about to be born!
At this moment, all the astronomers present suddenly felt a strong expectation.
"Oh God! What a wonderful event the 1922 World Astronomical Congress will be!"
"Cepheids, spiral galaxies, universe expansion, stellar nuclear fusion"
However, they couldn't think of it anyway.
Professor Bruce will also propose an even more awesome theory. (Can you guess it?)
If we say that nuclear fusion is a shocking theoretical conjecture for astronomers.
With it, astronomers can decipher the mysteries of stars.
The hundreds of billions of stars in the Milky Way will all be conquered by human wisdom.
So for chemists, nuclear fusion is a method that goes against heaven.
Because it represents the imminent revival of an ancient profession.
That is: The Alchemist!
The chemists never expected that Professor Bruce had just stripped the title of alchemist from the chemist.
The title is given to physicists.
Artificial elements!
Midas turns gold into gold!
This is the first reaction of all chemists after seeing the paper.
They were immediately shocked!
With nuclear fusion, it is possible for humans to become true alchemists.
As of Li Qiwei's previous life, there are currently 118 elements in the periodic table.
It is said that element No. 119 is being produced.
Among them, elements from the 1st element [Hydrogen] to the 94th element [Plutonium] exist in the universe. (Some do not exist on Earth)
These elements are also called natural elements.
Starting from element No. 95 [Americium], all elements do not exist in the universe.
They are created by humans and exist independently of the universe system. They are also called [artificial elements].
It’s scary to think about it!
Human beings, as creatures created by the universe, have actually created elements that do not exist in the universe.
Is there anything more incredible and shocking than this?
This is simply the authority of the Creator.
At this point in 1920, chemists already had a deep understanding of the periodic table of elements.
Especially after Li Qiwei proposed the arrangement of electrons outside the nucleus, he directly hit the essence of the periodic table of elements.
Let chemistry become a logically rigorous subject from now on.
But the existing periodic table of elements still has great limitations.
Not only is it shorter, it goes from element 1 [hydrogen] to element 92 [uranium], and the rest is gone.
And there are 4 missing elements that have not been discovered.
They are:
Element No. 43 [Technetium];
Element No. 61 [Promethium];
Element No. 85 [Astatine];
Element No. 87 [Francium].
Chemists have used various methods to find traces of these four elements.
Of course, that's known now.
[Technetium] is because the content on the earth is extremely low and can be ignored.
[Promethium] is also due to its low content.
[Astatine] is because it is too unstable and can easily transform into other elements.
[Francium] is because it is extremely unstable (the most unstable natural element in the world) and has a short half-life.
But with the advent of nuclear fusion, scientists have discovered a feasible way.
If we can’t find it, we will make it ourselves.
In real history, the first artificial element created by humans was element 43 [technetium].
(Understandable, although the elements before No. 94 exist naturally, they can also be artificially created.)
In 1937, physicists used D nuclei to "bombard" No. 42 The element [molybdenum], through fusion, happens to be [technetium].
Because [technetium] was the first element to be created artificially.
So it was named Technetium according to the Greek Technetos, which means artificial.
This is also the first application of nuclear fusion in the discovery of elements.
It was not until later, when the performance of instruments and equipment was improved, that scientists discovered the naturally occurring [technetium].
The second man-made element is [promethium].
However, it was discovered in the nuclear fission products of uranium.
So to be precise, [promethium] is produced through nuclear fission.
But in theory, as long as the technical conditions are sufficient.
Human beings can synthesize all elements except [hydrogen] through nuclear fusion.
As for why physicists did not consider nuclear fission for a long time after nuclear fusion became available.
And why nuclear fission was first discovered in element 92 [uranium].
That’s another story of ups and downs.
At the same time, it will also be the beginning of Li Qiwei's journey to the top.
And now, because of nuclear fusion, he is already a great and invincible existence in the hearts of chemists.
USA, Massachusetts.
Later famous Harvard University and MIT are located in this state.
At this moment, there is a big American chemist in the Department of Chemistry at Harvard University.
He is the Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry in 1914 and the first Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry in the United States, Richards.
The reason for his award is: accurate determination of the atomic weights of a large number of chemical elements.
Richards, 52, is not only a professor of chemistry at Harvard University, but also the director of the Gibbs Institute.
In addition, he was twice elected president of the American Chemical Society.
Richards is now an authoritative figure in the American chemical community.
Don’t underestimate his achievements.
Accurate determination of atomic weight plays a very important role in physics and chemistry.
Richards’ greatest contribution was to question previous measurement methods and propose a brand new testing method.
He used his own method to re-calculate the atomic weights of more than 60 elements, which has withstood the long-term test of the chemical community.
More importantly, he not only measured the atomic weights of elements on Earth, he also measured the atomic weights of elements such as iron, cobalt, and nickel in meteorites.
Through comparison, it was found that there is no difference between the two.
This means that the elements that make up our human body and the earth are the same as the elements that make up the stars in the universe.
Thus revealing the unity of matter in the universe.
It can be said that human beings come from the stars!
So, he is also known as the "expert in determining atomic weight".
At this moment, such a big shot in the field of chemistry was deeply shocked and moved.
The paper on nuclear fusion gave Richards a trembling feeling in his soul.
Even in front of his doctoral students, he could not remain calm.
"Oh God! This paper by Professor Bruce makes it possible to have the legendary Midas touch."
"With it, we can artificially create various elements."
"Although it is very difficult, there is already hope."
"We can even create elements that do not exist in the universe in the future."
"That is truly the Creator. ”
"No words can be used to describe its importance."
"It's incredible! It's incredible!"
As a chemistry boss, Richards was very excited when he saw the paper. All of a sudden, I thought about these potential applications.
This is the first time Baxter has seen his mentor show such an attitude.
As an authority in the field of precision analytical chemistry, Professor Richards has always been meticulous, calm and calm in his eyes.
Only in this way can you maintain the calmest state, which is an essential quality for surveying.
But today, facing this paper on nuclear fusion, the other party was extremely excited.
You can see how shocking it is!
Baxter himself was shocked by his mentor's words.
"Artificial elements", "Middis turning into gold".
He couldn't find any words to describe what kind of unnatural act this was.
How could such a terrible man exist in the world.
Only relying on pure theory, you can think of such a shocking method.
"Professor Richards is right, this is indeed the authority of the Creator."
"Does Professor Bruce want to create the world?"
Even if it is just a conjecture, it is enough for everyone to struggle for a lifetime.
However, Baxter has his own questions:
"Professor, how does Professor Bruce know that there will be mass changes before and after the nuclear fusion reaction?"
" Is this also a hypothesis? "
Richards was very pleased when he heard this.
As a student, I know how to think independently.
The questions raised are very meaningful.
He calmed down and said with a smile:
“This is what I admire most about Professor Bruce.”
“Although the theories he proposed are unreasonable and unconstrained, Amazing talents, but almost all have a solid foundation of phenomena.”
"It's just that most people don't know."
"Just last year, the chemical community has discovered that the mass of helium-4 is about 1% less than the sum of the masses of the four hydrogen atoms that make up helium."
“Because there was no concept of protons and neutrons at that time.”
“So, no one could explain this phenomenon clearly.”
“However, Professor Bruce’s The theory perfectly explains this phenomenon. ”
"That's because of nuclear fusion!"
"Combined with the theory of relativity, we can explore the mystery of fusion."
"In the entire process, accurate measurement is the key to the theory. "
"The measurement method used in that helium-4 paper is the method I proposed."
"Now, do you still think your work is uninteresting?"< br>
Baxter's face turned red and he scratched his head in embarrassment.
He has always felt that surveying has little technical content and can be done by just any worker.
Does he still need a Ph.D. student in chemistry to do it?
However, today, Professor Li Qiwei’s paper taught him a good lesson.
Without the most solid foundation, it is impossible to create the greatest theory.
Richards said with emotion:
"Professor Bruce has reached a state that we can't imagine."
"What he is pursuing now is not just a breakthrough in physics."
< br>“It is a breakthrough in the entire scientific system.”
“I think this is an attempt he is making.”
"He set foot in astronomy and tried chemistry and biology, probably because of this."
"Integrate all knowledge and explain all phenomena in the world!"
Boom!
Baxter felt a surge of heat rising into the sky.
He couldn't believe what kind of state it was.
It took him a long time to calm down.
But the young man’s nature made him shout involuntarily:
“Because of nuclear fusion, Professor Bruce is the King of the Sun in the astronomy community.”
“And in In the world of chemistry, he is the pioneering Lord of Elements!”
Boom!
The shock is far from over!
(End of this chapter)