Chapter 791 Internet
Jade itself is a category that is very difficult to hype. The reason is the same as bronze and later ivory. Because the country prohibits circulation, there is no room for speculation.
Therefore, except for some jade articles that were scattered in the early days, later domestic ancient jades could not even sell newly released Hetian jade carvings.
Of course it must be real XJ Hetian jade, not some Qinghai material or Russian material.
But among all these jades, there is one exception, and that is topaz.
The color of jade has always been controversial in ancient China. How many colors does jade have? What color is expensive? Everyone has an opinion.
Zhou Lvjing of the Ming Dynasty said in "Yimen Guangshou": "Khotan jade has five colors, white jade is like crisp, followed by cold color, oil color and snowflake. Topaz like chestnut is called sweet topaz, burnt yellow is the second. The color of jasper is as green as indigo, which is now dark blue. , those with fine ink stars, and those with light color are the second best. The dark jade is like lacquer, also known as black jade. The red jade is like a chicken comb, and the green jade is dark green, especially those with rice grains. "Light green with yellow" roughly divides Hetian jade into these colors.
Today’s jade enthusiasts favor white jade and prefer green jade. The first thing they want to play with is the white jade and jasper from XJ Hotan. In fact, topaz once looked down upon mutton-fat jade.
Gao Lian of the Ming Dynasty mentioned in "Eight Notes of Zunsheng": "The top quality of jade is sweet yellow, followed by mutton fat."
The yellow color of topaz is subtle and restrained, warm and delicate. , its sound is like the lingering sound of a golden rock, and the remaining sound is far away and deep, and slowly disappears.
Hotan Topaz, whose matrix is white jade, forms a yellow tone in the gaps due to long-term infiltration of iron oxide in surface water.
To be called topaz, the flesh must also be colored yellow, and the inner and outer colors must be consistent and not white.
Therefore, real Gan Topaz is even rarer than mutton-fat jade. It is a treasure among jade and has symbolized nobility and aura since ancient times.
The color is warm but not showy, and the temperament is elegant but not sharp. It is in line with the "gentleman's way" respected by the Chinese and is very popular among collectors. By the Ming Dynasty, scholar-officials regarded topaz as the most valuable when playing with and appreciating jade, and its economic value far exceeded that of mutton-fat white jade.
In the Qing Dynasty, due to the homophony of topaz with the word "huang", its rarity, high value, and scarcity of output, it seemed to have become an exclusive item for the royal family.
The topaz cultural relics of the past dynasties are basically exquisite objects purchased by the palace, and many ancient topaz products became collections of players during the Song and Ming dynasties, and then entered the inner palace and became heirlooms of the palace.
With such a historical origin, there is room for speculation. Because of the production level, user identity and other reasons, the auction price of topaz cultural relics in the international market is much higher than other cultural relics.
But then again, it’s hard to say how much of this is unscrupulous hype by Li Qiyan and his colleagues.
But this does not prevent Zhou Zhi from being like a mouse that fell into a barn and was full after watching it.
Back at the hotel that night, Director Wang and Zhou Zhi began to report on the progress of the day. No one expected that things would go so smoothly. Li Qiyan's character seemed to have changed from a "Confucian businessman" to a "patriotic businessman".
The little ghosts went out to find out the stones and test the road. There was almost no need to worry about the next thing.
What was also pleasantly surprised were the big guys on Hong Kong Island who were trying to buy the bottom. After sending Zhou Zhi and his two men away, Li Qiyan recalled his three sons to his study and began secret negotiations. .
Three major events, the first is the "return" of two "Chunhua Getie" books, the second is the mainland's intention to cooperate with the Unicode Alliance, and the third is to unite with the central government to stabilize Hong Kong Island's finance, three things They all happen to be related to their three sons. How to turn this luck into good luck? Even if the big bosses need to balance their forces for the future management of Hong Kong Island, it will be enough for the Li family to get the biggest share.
The attitudes of both parties are very positive, so things are arranged in a hurry. The next day, at the invitation of Li Leshan, Zhou Zhi went to the University of Hong Kong and saw the power of the Internet for the first time.
Judging from the development and changes of the national Internet, it has actually gone through several periods, namely the academic traction period, the exploration and growth period, the rapid development period and the mature and prosperous period.
The so-called academic traction period. Refers to the stage when the Internet was introduced from the United States to other regions.
At this stage, local government research units will be used, usually over a period of several years, to promote the Internet from information retrieval, to full-featured access, to preliminary exploration of commercialization.
The main forces at this stage are major government departments, scientific research units, and colleges and universities. They focus on scientific research work, so it is called "academic traction."
The Internet was born in the United States. Its earliest origin was the ARPANET of the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the U.S. Department of Defense. It was mainly used for military research. It was mainly a communication system built to help the U.S. Department of Defense resist nuclear attacks by the former Soviet Union. network.
This network was put into use in 1969. It had only four nodes at the beginning and grew to 94 by 1981. At the same time, DIALOG, the largest information retrieval system, was also connected to ARPANET.
The prototype of the Internet thus initially emerged. Later, many standards and features were gradually established in the 1980s:
In 1983, Paul Mocapejos invented DNS. ;
In 1984, the U.S. Department of Defense introduced the TCP/IP protocol Determined as the standard for all computer networks, it laid the foundation for the global integration of the Internet;
In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web worldwideweb, preparing for the global popularity of the Internet. , Since then, the WWW site began to develop rapidly.
After the Internet standards have been improved, Chinese scholars and experts have also begun to make efforts to access the Internet.
Because the United States has policies that force China to block information, China can only explore it through academic research.
Finally, after long-term efforts by the government, in the early 1980s, international online information retrieval terminals were successfully established in Hong Kong and BJ, connected to ARPANET, and finally connected to the DIALOG database system.
In other words, China's Internet applications were initially integrated through information retrieval tools.
Until 1987, another epoch-making research effectively promoted China's access to the international Internet, which was email.
In September 1987, with the help of Professor Werner Zorn of the University of Karlsruhe, Germany, Professor Wang Yunfeng and Dr. Li Chengjiong built an email node at the BJ Institute of Computer Application Technology, and successfully sent the famous email to Germany on September 20. "Crossing the Great Wall to the World" email.
This heralds China's official access to the international Internet, which is a gratifying progress, but it is not a full-featured access.
Now Chinese academic institutions are working hard to apply for full-featured access to the international Internet, and are also contacting people in the United States who support the move to lobby hard, including Stephen Wolf, director of the National Nature Foundation, and Li Leshan Such Chinese information technology tycoons are among them.
In addition, Li Qiyan himself is a trustee of the University of Hong Kong, and Li Leshan himself is also an alumnus and honorary professor of the University of Hong Kong. Therefore, the relationship between the Li family and the University of Hong Kong is very deep. Li Leshan has also returned to Hong Kong frequently in recent years to guide the Internet construction work here. .
(End of this chapter)