Chapter 874 Standard
Everyone nodded, only Wei Fei said: "It's just a blind guess. I don't believe that people in ancient times could make elbows as fine as this after eating locusts. Ordinary people at that time, oil How expensive is it? "
"So even if we eat locusts, they are usually grilled on skewers like we did when we were young. Eat it as soon as it's grilled. "
"The same goes for shrimps at that time, which were usually baked with seasonings. So let me ask you: Do grilled locusts and white-baked shrimps have the same taste? This kind of association?”
“Damn! I’m trying to trick someone from the past.” Zhou Zhi handed over, “Thank you for reminding me, I almost made a joke.”
It was rare for Wei Fei to be able to grasp the liberal arts thoroughly, and he suddenly felt proud: "Am I considered that kind of...a one-word master?"
Yang He smiled slowly: "Actually, today There are too many people trying to mislead the ancients. Let me ask you, how much land do you think should be considered a landlord?”
“Well...you have to have twenty or thirty acres, right?” Xiang Yu? said.
“Twenty or thirty acres is too much, right?” Fang Wenyu said: “One family can’t finish planting. I think more than ten acres is too much. If I hire people, does that count as a permanent laborer?”
“There is no way a family in Shimu can manage the food for a year, and don’t forget that at that time, a family usually had more than three people.”
"So it is correct to say that the feudal dynasty was the power of the landlord class." Zhang Lu said: "At that time, if you could support a person to study off-duty, you still had to have more than ten acres of land at home."
"Hehehehe, it's a pity. The reality is different..." Yang He smiled with an expression like "I knew you would think so."
"What's going on?" We are all good children who love to learn. Everyone knows the standard answers on the political test paper by heart, but without exception, they have never investigated such details, or It belongs to swallowing jujube wholeheartedly.
In order not to affect them in filling in the standard answers, Zhou Zhi never explained this aspect to them in detail.
Today is an opportunity to popularize science. Zhou Zhi smiled and said: "Actually, this issue is a bit complicated. However, according to the results mentioned in the article "Sichuan Land Reform and Its Significance in the Early Years of Liberation", after the land reform, the average number of farm laborers increased. It increased from 0.2 acres to 2.37 acres, the number of poor farmers increased from 0.5 acres to 1.6 acres, and the number of landowners dropped from 14.59 acres per capita to 1.47 acres.”
"That is to say, the landowners in central Shu at that time only had fifteen acres of land per capita."
"Of course, since it is average, there are both above average and below average, and so on. In terms of people, because of the existence of the pyramid effect, the average person Dingyuan has much more people than average.”
“To sum it up roughly, there are too many landowners per capita. Based on a family of five and two people not working, there are almost more than ten people in a family. acres of land, there are conditions for being classified as landlords.”
"Of course, the division of landowners is not only based on land ownership. There are also two conditions. The first is that they have labor but do not work. In this case, the land they own is called 'interest land'. They rely on employment Others work and gain profits by collecting rents. This kind of people are of course landlords. . ”
“There is another option, which is to hire long-term workers even though you work on your own. This involves a question of the proportion of self-owned land and land for rent, which can be divided into ‘middle farmers plus small land leasing’, or Divided into rich peasants and even landlords”
"But what we need more ideas is that we cannot use the present to apply the past, and we cannot use this standard to apply the ancient times, and then come to the conclusion that 'the feudal imperial examination is to select talents from the landlord class.'"
"Because In the Tang Dynasty, The land-acre system is very clear. In the early Tang Dynasty, one hectare of land was granted to each person, including 20 acres of Yongye land and 80 acres of Koufen land. "
"Of course it is not absolutely uniform, and it also depends on the local land and population. Is this a contradiction? This quota has been used for a long time. In small villages, where land conflicts are prominent, it is also limited to one ding and thirty acres."
"In the Song Dynasty, this standard still did not change significantly, with one ding and thirty acres. "About five acres." The 'yeoman' class who often obtained land was the cornerstone of maintaining the rule of the feudal dynasty. They provided the vast majority of tax revenue for the country, and also performed military service and labor. They were the absolute main force contributing to the country."
"This group of people has been called the 'good family' since the Han Dynasty. In Du Fu's poem, 'On what day will the Hulu be defeated, the good man will stop his expedition?', the good man refers to them."
"This part of the population is His children were also the main participants in the imperial examinations, and many dynasties even had regulations , only the children of these people can participate in the imperial examination, and other craftsmen, musicians, merchants, and lowly people are not allowed to participate. "
"This part of the population belongs to the national population structure in most periods of history. Most of them can be roughly divided according to modern standards into The 'landlord class' is unscientific, because they were actually ordinary families in ancient times, or ordinary families with slightly better conditions."
"If you have to follow the standards of Shuzhong during the land reform. Applying the "Order of Land Equalization", in addition to farm laborers, As long as there are farmers in the world, almost everyone is a big landowner."
"Therefore, it is too simple and crude to use Xizhe's method to divide China's feudal dynasties. After practical research, many of the statements are. It’s all untenable.”
"Ye Shi of the Southern Song Dynasty investigated the household registrations of Liangzhe Road at that time. Let's give another example. In the Song Dynasty, household registrations were divided into principal households and customers. The principal household was the person who owned private land, and the customer was the person who rented state land and private land."
“According to the amount of household property, urban households are divided into ten grades, and agricultural households are divided into five grades.”
“Ye Shi once conducted statistics on households thirty miles around Wenzhou City. , with four hundred Those with more than 150 acres are the first class, those with 150 to 400 acres are the second class, and those with 30 to 150 acres are the third or fourth class."
"Although there is no fifth class, we can pass. Calculated using simple mathematical methods.”
“And there was an official document from Kaifeng Prefecture at that time, which stated that those with less than 20 acres of land could apply to the government, so we can roughly think of fifth-class households as having more than 20 acres of land. ”
"This result is also comparable to Ye Shi's statistics."
"Finally, let's talk about the conclusion. The conclusion is that it is consistent with the pyramid structure. The fifth class households account for 70% of the total, and the third and fourth class households account for 10%. , the remaining 20% of the main household population occupies 80% of the land.”
“Remember these people. According to the standard, the minimum landholding of a household is more than 20 acres. "
"The other is customers. The proportion of main customers in the Song Dynasty did not change much, about 35%."
< br>“There were two types of customers in the Song Dynasty, one was for state farming, and the other was for private farming.”
"The people who farm land for the country are similar to our current rural areas. These people pay rent in lieu of tax. Their labor is heavier than that of homesteaders, but the rent and land tax are equivalent."
"The remaining part is for private farming. Those who work on the land are the real farm laborers, and they are the most exploited. Heavy, but like the other extreme landowners, they also only accounted for a very small part of the total population."
"So the ancient standards for land ownership were quite complicated."
(End of this chapter. )