Chapter 1851 Qiong People
“Yes, I brought the archaeological team here at that time,” Lao Chiri nodded and said: “These Pusuwuwu are full of bones, and there are many piled up under the tomb. There were men, women, old and young, and there was no distinction between the rich and the poor. "Forty or fifty people were cleared under each small one, and there were more than a hundred people under the big one." Very, Captain Chiang at that time It is said that these are bones that have been buried with water."
Zhou Zhi explained to everyone: "In ancient times, there was a burial method called burial of bones, which means that after a person dies, the body is exposed in the wild to wait for decay. After all the remains were collected, they were buried in the tomb along the specially built entrance at the top of the tomb."
"This special burial style is also called secondary burial in archaeology."
"At that time, based on the analysis of the confusion of the bones in these tombs and the lack of rich and poor burial objects, everyone believed that the many deceased buried in the same room here might be members of the same clan bound by blood relations. And from the fact that there are so many Judging from the accumulation of corpses, their burial customs should allow the tomb door to be opened multiple times and the bones can be buried at different times. "< br>
“The archaeological team named this ancient tomb the Big Stone Tomb at that time, and because of the discovery of the Big Stone Tomb, the focus of work was directly shifted from the excavation of Neolithic sites to the investigation and research of the Big Stone Tomb.”
"It is indeed worth studying. Were the Qiong people at that time fishing, hunting or farming? To build such a large tomb, physical labor was required Does it also mean that the Qiong people had surplus means of living at that time when they were separated from production? "
"Yes, this is also a way of thinking that our country is preparing to put forward its own new definition of civilization recently, through the relics? Make comprehensive considerations to determine the degree of development of its society, and then infer whether it belongs to the civilization stage." Zhou Zhi said: "No. The judgment is based solely on the presence or absence of certain rigid indicators. "
"The inspection report stated that the large stone tombs in the Anning Valley should actually be divided into three phases. The early large stone tombs basically did not have bronze objects. Simple pottery such as deep-bellied bottles, large-mouthed statues, and flat-bottomed jars, as well as production tools such as pottery spinning wheels, stone arrowheads, and stone chisels;"
"Straw and rice husks were found in the tomb, which also shows that the owners of the large stone tombs have mastered the technology of rice cultivation."
"In the middle period, a large number of bronzes and pottery began to appear, and copper knives began to appear , copper arrowheads, as well as copper bracelets, copper hair accessories, copper bells, iron rings, agate beads and other accessories. During this period, most of the burial objects in the tombs were the characteristics of the Qiong people. "
"The construction period of the late large stone tombs was from the end of the Western Han Dynasty to the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty. There were many iron knives, iron tools, iron cuttings, coins exchanged from the Han Dynasty in the tomb, as well as some Han Dynasty. The style of lacquerware shows that the exchange of goods was very frequent at that time."
"How many years did it last from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Eastern Han Dynasty?" Liu Hongtao asked.
“From 770 BC to 25 AD, there were almost eight hundred years in between.” Zhou Zhi said: “But the period of time when the Qiong people were active in the Anning Valley must have been much longer than this. ”
"So are the ancient Qiong people the ancestors of Grandpa Chiri and the Yi people?" Li Lu asked.
"This is not true." Zhou Zhi said: ""Historical Records·Biography of Southwest Yi" records that 'from the north of Yunnan, there are ten kings, and Qiongdu is the largest. There are Yiju'. "Huayang Guozhi·Shu Zhi" records that "Qiong people are good at bravery and good at fighting". In "Hanshu" and "Houhanshu", they are called Qiongdu Yi, which shows that they were from the Warring States Period to the Eastern Han Dynasty. They are the main ethnic group living in this area, and they have their own political power. They are at their peak together with the Ba people, Dian people and Yelang people. They dominated the southwest region for a while, but later they also became the same as the Ba people, Dian people and Yelang people. , disappeared."
"As for the reason for its disappearance, there is a record in "Book of the Later Han Dynasty": The Qiongdu Yi people were opened by Emperor Wu as Qiongdu County. In the sixth year of Yuanding, that is, 111 BC, "Han soldiers attacked Yuexun River and thought it was Yuexun County." "That is to say, the Qiong people's regime had been discovered by the central government during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. , there may have been a certain scale of exchanges in the process. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty named it "Qiongdu County", and in 111 BC, the first Qiong-Han War occurred there, and the Han army won. Victory, Yuexun County was established. "
"But it was always beyond its reach. The chief executive sent by the central government still had to rely on the power of local indigenous people. During the Wang Mang period, Yuexun County was established. To guard Meigen, he appointed Changgui, a Qiong native, as a military prince. In AD 24, Changgui attacked and killed Meigen and established himself as the king of Qiong Valley."
"In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty, Liu Xiu, saw that Changgui had actually controlled Yuexun, so he accepted this reality, issued a seal and ribbon, and conferred Changgui as the prefect of Yuexun."
"It was originally officially recognized by the central government. , the Qiong people with Changgui as their leader should live and work in peace and contentment and flourish. A great opportunity. If it develops well, it may not be able to become an independent kingdom like the Dali Kingdom later."
"However, a war that originally had nothing to do with the Qiong people in the southwestern border changed the situation. The nation suffered a sudden disaster."
"In September 43 AD, the Dongcan tribe in the southwestern barbarians launched a rebellion and attacked and killed local officials of the Han Dynasty. Liu Xiu ordered Wuwei General Liu Shang to send troops to attack. Liu Shang mobilized Guanghan County, Jianwei County, and Shu The county's army and Zhu Tiyi's tribal troops totaled 13,000 people and attacked the Dongcan tribe. "
"Liu Shang led the army to suppress the rebellion and needed to pass through Yuexun County. Changgui 'suspected that Shang had decided to go to the south and he would enforce the law'. He was worried that after the Eastern Han Dynasty army pacified the south, the Qiong people might also want to go. After suffering the disaster, he planned to harm Liu Shang and prepared to rebel. ”
"So, he gathered the army, built a camp, and brewed a large amount of poisonous wine, hoping to use it as a reward for the Eastern Han Dynasty's southern expedition to poison Liu Shang and other generals."
"As a famous general of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Shang was brave and good at fighting. , but because of his murderous nature, he was severely reprimanded by Liu Xiu, which is not a good thing in itself. "
“For a veteran like Liu Shang to march outside the territory, he must be extremely cautious. After discovering Chang Gui’s conspiracy, he immediately took a preemptive strike and killed Chang Gui and his followers in anger. , and moved all his family to Chengdu and launched a bloodbath against the Qiong people."
“After suffering such a devastating blow, the Qiong people declined completely.”
“The Han Dynasty was an era of rapid expansion of China’s territory. Many ethnic minorities living in one corner, During that period, everyone encountered a situation similar to that of the Qiong people, and then quickly joined the national integration Therefore, I guess that some of them integrated into the Han people and became the indigenous people of Shu, while the other part retained their traditional characteristics and migrated to more remote areas, perhaps evolving independently or integrating with other ethnic minorities. Eventually a new nation was formed.”
"No matter what, after experiencing the turmoil in the early Eastern Han Dynasty, the Qiong people no longer had the strength to build such a large stone tomb, and there have never been similar tombs in southern China."
"Except These relics left behind, as the Qiong people in the ethnological sense, have just disappeared in the long river of history.”