Chapter 472 Past, present, future! All causes and effects and glory are all tied to me!
The news of the third Bruce Conference has made the physics community excited.
This meeting was unprecedented in scale.
The participants are either physics masters or peerless geniuses.
Even India has physicists like Raman participating.
However, as the sovereign country, Britain is happy to see the results.
This shows that under their great rule, civilization spread.
On a passenger ship sailing in the Mediterranean, an Indian scholar was using a simple optical instrument to measure the sea water.
He seemed fascinated by the deep blue color of the water and wanted to find out.
At this time, a child next to him asked curiously:
"Uncle Raman, what are you doing?"
This Indian scholar was none other than Raman.
A previous paper on the scattering of light made him famous.
This is a very critical supplement to the Wu-Compton effect.
The phenomenon was even named "Raman scattering" in recognition of his contribution.
Almost everyone in the industry concluded that this was a Nobel Prize-level achievement.
Raman's trip to England this time was not just to attend the Blues Conference.
After that, he will represent the University of Calcutta in India to attend the Commonwealth University Conference in Oxford.
Although he is only 33 years old, he has already become a leader in the Indian scientific community.
At this moment, Raman looked at his little nephew, his eyes full of love.
This child has received a good education since he was a child.
Although he is only 11 years old this year, he will go to high school next year.
And he has a clear mind at a young age.
The child's father wants him to study hard and become a civil servant in the future.
But the child himself determined to become a scientist.
He also said that his idol is Professor Bruce.
As an uncle, Raman certainly wanted to train his nephew to become an excellent physicist.
So when he went to the UK this time, he would also visit Cambridge University to prepare for his nephew's future admission.
At this moment, facing his nephew’s question, Raman did not answer, but asked:
"Chandrasekhar, let me ask you a question."
"Why is the sea water dark blue?"
It turned out that this child was none other than Chandrasekhar, who would be famous in the field of astronomy in the future.
In real history, Chandrasekhar's most famous deed was his debate with Eddington on the structure of white dwarf stars.
Chandrasekhar believes that when the mass of a white dwarf exceeds a certain limit, it will collapse and form a neutron star.
Eddington objected to this statement.
Later it was proved that the former was right and the latter was wrong.
This limit is also known as the "Chandrasekhar limit".
But at that time, Eddington was a famous god.
And Chandrasekhar is just a rookie.
Although he was right, he was suppressed by Eddington for decades.
It can be said that I have suffered a lifetime of grievances.
If Li Qiwei were here, he would definitely say: Be good, Uncle Bruce will help you seek justice.
This also resulted in his low-key and plain character throughout his life.
However, although the Nobel Prize will be late, it will not be absent.
For his work in the field of stellar structure and evolution, Chandrasekhar won the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics.
He was one of the most important physicists of the 20th century and one of the first scientists to combine the study of physics and astronomy.
He also turned down an invitation to work on the Manhattan Project.
There is another interesting fact about him.
In 1947, Chandrasekhar, already a professor of astrophysics at the University of Chicago, wanted to open an advanced seminar.
To this end, he wants to recruit a group of students with physics talents to teach in person and specialize in discussing cutting-edge topics in astrophysics.
However, he was so confident that he did not expect that only two young people would sign up for the seminar.
These two people are Yang Zhenning and Li Zhengdao.
Although the attendance was far lower than expected, Chandrasekhar did not cancel the class.
He drives several hundred kilometers every week from the Yerkes Observatory affiliated to the University of Chicago to the University of Chicago just to give classes to the two of them.
At that time, he certainly would not have imagined what amazing achievements these two young people would have in the future.
At this moment, facing the problem of uncle Raman.
Although Chandrasekhar is a small person, he has read a lot of scientific journals.
He replied almost without thinking:
"I've seen Professor Rayleigh's explanation of why the sky is blue."
"He also mentioned in the paper that the color of sea water is caused by the blue reflection of the sky."
Raman was shocked when he heard this.
This answer is far beyond the level of an 11-year-old child.
He felt extremely happy, as if he saw the hope of rising.
"Haha, Xiaoka, you are already very good at answering this point."
"However, scientific research is to break authority."
"What Professor Rayleigh said may not be right."
"Aren't you curious about what research I am doing?"
"I was just thinking about the color of the sea water."
"Here, put this thing in front of your eyes, look through it, and then see what color the sea water is."
"It removes the color of the sky and lets you see the color of the water itself."
With that said, Raman handed over a special prism.
After taking over the instrument, Chandrasekhar couldn't wait to start experimenting.
He shouted in surprise:
"Hey, why is it still dark blue?"
"This shows that the color of sea water is not caused by reflecting the sky."
Raman touched Chandrasekhar’s head and said with a smile:
"The issue of seawater color is very complicated when examined in detail."
"Even using my latest theory."
Chandrasekhar suddenly asked:
"Does Professor Bruce understand?"
Raman laughed.
"If you are lucky enough to meet Professor Bruce this time, you can ask him face to face."
After hearing this, Chandrasekhar smiled happily, his little head filled with anticipation.
Rome, Italy.
The erudite and astonishing Leonardo da Vinci, the father of modern physics, Galileo.
In the past, Italian science was brilliant and brilliant, guiding the direction of human civilization.
However, in modern times, Italy has rapidly declined in the scientific field.
Although Marconi had previously won the Nobel Prize for wireless telegraphy.
But in pure academic circles, his achievements are obviously not enough.
If you want to ask who can inherit Italy's scientific glory, it is Fermi.
Of course, it’s the future Fermi.
In real history, Fermi had two very important achievements in the academic field.
The first result.
Ever since physicists figured out the nature of alpha, beta, and gamma rays, they began to study these rays in more depth.
Among them, the high-speed electron flow and beta rays have attracted everyone's attention.
Because it has a very strange phenomenon.
In 1914, Chadwick discovered that when an atom undergoes beta decay, electrons only take away part of the total energy. Some of the energy is missing!
In other words, during beta decay, energy is not conserved.
Bohr jumped out on the spot and shouted loudly: The law of conservation of energy is wrong!
Of course, he was wrong again.
In 1930, Pauli came up with a bold idea.
He believed that in beta decay, in addition to turning a neutron into a proton and producing an electron, another particle was also produced.
Based on calculations, he predicted that this unknown particle should be a particle with zero rest mass, electrical neutrality, and non-photon.
It's just that such particles could not be detected with the detection methods at the time.
It is this unknown mysterious particle that takes away the lost part of the energy.
The law of conservation of energy still holds!
In 1932, Fermi officially named the particle proposed by Pauli "neutrino."
Based on the Pauli neutrino hypothesis, he believed that there was a brand new force in nature that dominated the beta decay process.
In 1933, Fermi first proposed the concept of "weak interaction" to describe this force.
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Then, he proposed the famous "four fermion theory".
That is, during the beta decay process, four particles, neutrons, protons, electrons, and neutrinos, interact weakly at a certain point.
This was Fermi's first achievement.
Fermi had a doctoral student named Li Zhengdao.
In 1956, Li Zhengdao and Yang Zhenning proposed the theory of "parity non-conservation" in weak interactions.
A simple understanding is that the "left" and "right" in the universe are asymmetrical.
For example, you smile in front of the mirror, but you are crying in the mirror.
Pauli firmly opposed it. He believed that everything in the universe must be symmetrical.
Lawrence had a female doctoral student named Wu Jianxiong.
In 1957, Wu Jianxiong verified the correctness of parity non-conservation through experiments.
Pauli was wrong again.
(Note: Heisenberg had a doctoral student named Taylor, known as the "Father of the Hydrogen Bomb"; Taylor had a doctoral student named Chen Ning Yang.)
The second result.
Fermi was the first physicist to bombard elements with neutrons.
At that time, the last known element in the periodic table was uranium.
Therefore, searching for transuranic elements has become the dream of all scientists.
In 1934, Fermi bombarded uranium with neutrons and obtained a brand new element.
He thought it was the legendary "transuranic element", so he published the experimental results.
Italy was excited.
The Italian Minister of Education made a high-profile announcement:
"Under the rule of FXS, Italy regains the glory of the ancient saints."
It later turned out that what Fermi discovered was not transuranic elements, but the phenomenon of nuclear fission.
Although this was the biggest embarrassment in his scientific career, it did not prevent the results from profoundly affecting the world.
The above is Fermi's greatest contribution to the academic world of pure physics.
Now, Fermi is only a 20-year-old college student.
The school he attended was the Ecole Normale Supérieure of Pisa.
This university founded by Napoleon is located in central Italy, Galileo's hometown, Pisa.
This historic city is world-famous for the Leaning Tower of Pisa, and many tourists visit it every year.
However, Fermi is not at school at this moment, but at home in Rome.
A family of three is having a meal.
His father is an official in the Ministry of Transportation and his mother is an elementary school teacher.
When Fei's father heard that his son had received an invitation to the Bruce Conference, he couldn't help but be overjoyed.
He quickly taught Fermi the so-called experience.
"Son, remember, when you get to the meeting, talk less and listen more."
"You are still young, and you must maintain the most humble attitude when facing your seniors."
"Don't be arrogant or ignorant of the rules just because you are a genius."
Fermi smiled while eating:
"Father, I didn't expect you to pay attention to scientific conferences."
Father Fei looked like he was awesome and said mysteriously:
"You don't know how much the country attaches great importance to science now."
"In recent years, there have been so many large-scale academic conferences held internationally, and several of them were held in Italy."
“Back then, we were also the place where Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo were born.”
"How did we end up in this situation?"
Fei's father had a prosperous official career during this period precisely because his son shone brightly in the Physics Olympiad.
Honor for Italy.
So he hoped that his son would cherish this opportunity and make great achievements in the future.
Fermi found it a bit funny.
It was not his turn to shoulder the burden of the 20 districts on the three islands of Italy.
"Father, isn't next year's first general meeting of the International Astronomical Union going to be held in Rome?"
When Fei's father heard this, he sighed:
"Professor Bruce is truly a mysterious figure."
"If he were a European, I can't imagine what his status would be now."
"What a pity, what a pity."
Fermi said indifferently:
"What a pity."
"Academia does not distinguish between nationality and race."
"Didn't you see that Professor Bruce is advocating the establishment of an international scientific alliance?"
"I think this is the big heart that can conquer mountains and rivers."
"This is what scientific leaders should do."
"Instead of thinking about power, status, and wealth all day long."
Fei's mother looked at her son lovingly. In her heart, none of that mattered.
But Fei's father looked like he hated iron.
"You, what do you know?"
"I work in the government, so I don't know better than you."
"No matter how smart the scientists are, they are still humans, and they will be managed."
"Even if your scientific alliance is finally established, will it not be subject to jurisdiction?"
"Haha, I don't think it's possible."
Fermi argued hard and was not convinced:
"If we do our research well, why should we be controlled by others?"
"Maybe one day, Professor Bruce will be able to invent a terrible weapon that will make everyone afraid to act rashly."
Fermi had read a paper on nuclear fusion and wanted to scare his father.
Fei's father looked disdainful and joked:
"Stop talking nonsense."
"You might as well say that you, Fermi, invented this weapon to deal with your father."
In real history, Fermi built the first controllable nuclear reactor in human history.
——
As the third Bruce Conference approaches, the entire physics community begins to be turbulent.
The older generation is remembering, the middle generation is thinking, and the younger generation is striving and looking forward to it.
At this moment, countless slender and transparent threads seemed to extend from Li Qiwei's body.
Those famous scientific gods in real history are connected through these threads.
And their center is Li Qiwei.
The glory of the past, the glory of the present, and the hope of the future.
Everything has a deep connection with him.
Past, present, future! All causes and effects and glory are all tied to me!
A few years later, when students opened their textbooks on modern physics.
You will find that the first sentence is not a formula or concept, but:
"Li Qiwei, born October 10, 1880."
(End of chapter)