Chapter 475 Power! force! force! Prove it with force! The cornerstone of the world! The shock of the third force!
At the first Bruce Conference, Ridgway proposed the division between classical physics and modern physics.
Taking the quantum concept in 1900 as the boundary, classical physics preceded it, and modern physics followed.
The so-called classics, simply understood, are in line with human intuition.
Everything studied is visible and tangible.
Such as gravity, electricity, magnetism, light and other physical phenomena.
Physicists can actually feel the existence of these things and study their laws.
Therefore, the research methods of physics during this period were very straightforward.
First, discover an entity phenomenon, then study the properties of the phenomenon, and then summarize these properties to find a certain pattern.
The last step is to connect all the above contents in a theoretical way.
But after entering modern physics, the logic completely changes.
Because physicists began to study very abstract physical phenomena.
For example, you cannot find the corresponding existence of quantized orbits in quantum theory in reality.
Therefore, at this time, physicists can only imagine some kind of existence in their minds, and then try to analyze it with theory.
In real history, the so-called theoretical physicists also appeared during this period.
In the era of classical physics, there were no theoretical physicists.
Because all theories are developed based on experiments.
However, the theory of relativity and quantum theory cannot be achieved by experiments at all.
By the way, in the later period, elementary particle theory became the mainstream of physics research, and the situation changed again.
Physicists began to actively "create" new phenomena to study.
That's why the Large Particle Collider came about.
By artificially creating various microscopic particles, physicists can conduct more profound research into the nature of the world.
It is a pity that China did not even get to drink the soup from this gluttonous feast of particle physics.
This is also the reason why Yang Zhenning later opposed China's construction of a large particle collider.
Because he felt that all the particles that should be created have already been created.
What is needed now is a completely new theory to unify these different particles.
Instead of spending a huge price to find a few new elementary particles.
However, the specific evaluation is of course a matter of opinion.
Now, the era that Li Qiwei lives in is the second stage of physics research methods.
The transition from the study of physical reality to physical abstraction.
Even a field like atomic science, which values experimentation, requires the imagination of physicists.
Because no one can "see" what the inside of an atom looks like.
Everything is based on conjecture.
At this moment, Li Qiwei’s words shocked everyone present.
Today is the highest conference in the field of physics and even natural science.
On this occasion, as Professor Bruce, what kind of discovery would be worthy of his solemnity?
It's so terrifying!
The middle-aged and older physics gurus are very familiar with Professor Bruce.
If the other party said such words, it would definitely be an earth-shattering achievement and discovery.
Wilson said silently: "Bruce is starting to show off again."
But the younger generation only feels excited.
The more challenging physics is, the more excited they become.
Irena sat in the back row and couldn't help but feel excited.
Because she knew what Professor Bruce would say next.
And her name will be officially spread to the physics community.
No longer will he be remembered only as a Physics Olympiad silver medalist.
Amid everyone's expectations, Li Qiwei continued:
"Physics has experienced two major unifications since its birth."
"The first time was done by Newton."
"He unified the force of the earth to attract the apple to fall and the force of the sun to attract the earth to rotate."
"At this point, mankind has gained insight into the existence of gravity."
"The second time was done by Maxwell."
"After Newton, physicists first discovered electricity, and then magnetism."
"These two completely different physical phenomena are deeply connected."
"Faraday, Ampere, Volt, Ohm, Coulomb, Oersted, Lenz."
"Many top physicists have been born in the field of electromagnetism."
"But it was Maxwell who finally unified electricity, magnetism, and light."
"Electromagnetism also became the mainstream of physical research in the 19th century."
"This is a completely different force than gravity."
"These two forces are also the basic forces currently recognized in the physics community."
"Essentially, all phenomena in nature are governed by these two forces."
"That's why Professor Einstein ambitiously proposed a unified field theory."
"He wants to unify gravity and electromagnetism and use a theoretical framework to explain all phenomena."
"I have to say, this is a great courage."
Wow!
At this moment, everyone turned their attention to Einstein.
As a genius who emerged at the same time as Professor Bruce, Einstein was not very high-profile in the physics community, but his strength should not be underestimated.
In particular, the proposal of unified field theory caused a wave of popularity.
Many physicists and even mathematicians have joined research in this direction.
It is said that considerable results have been achieved now.
However, everyone present knew that the concept of unity was first proposed by Professor Bruce.
The other party made this shocking prediction at the second Bruce Conference.
It's just that no one has tried it.
Because there are still too many unsolved mysteries in modern physics.
It is indeed too early to talk about unification now.
However, Einstein's attempt is still quite admirable.
However, Li Qiwei's next turn shocked everyone.
"But, I think, the basis of unified field theory is wrong."
boom!
The audience was in an uproar!
Everyone's eyes widened in disbelief.
The basis of unified field theory is gravity and electromagnetism. How can this be wrong?
Einstein's sharp eyes sparkled with light.
The corners of his mouth twitched slightly, obviously his mood was extremely ups and downs.
In such a serious situation, he knew that Bruce would never joke.
There must be a certain degree of certainty.
But, is this possible?
His heart was in his throat.
Li Qiwei did not keep everyone waiting, and then said:
"Because, I found traces of the third force!"
Wow!
Everyone was shocked on the spot!
It’s like a fantasy!
Is there really a third force in this world?
"Oh my God!"
"Although Professor Bruce believed that there is a third force a long time ago."
"But that's just a guess."
"There is no evidence."
"Has any evidence of its existence been discovered now?"
"This will definitely shock the entire physics community."
At this moment, everyone present felt incredible.
Even Einstein breathed harder.
This news was too shocking for him.
His eyes were fixed on Li Qiwei, as if he wanted to see through him.
Li Qiwei turned on the projector and projected Irena's theory and experimental results.
"Everyone, please take a look." "According to the proton-neutron theory I proposed before."
"If the protons and neutrons in the nucleus are to be tightly packed together, they will form a stable nucleus."
"Then they have to overcome the electromagnetic repulsion between protons."
"Gravity alone cannot do that."
"This is the calculation result, which differs by several orders of magnitude."
"So, I concluded that there must be a special force between protons and neutrons."
"It is neither electromagnetic force nor gravity, but the third force that I have been searching for."
"Its intensity is very, very strong. According to a rough estimate, it is at least hundreds of millions of times stronger than the force of gravity."
"So, it can hold these microscopic particles firmly together."
"Because the third force is very strong, I temporarily named it [Strong Force]."
"The above theoretical and experimental data were provided by my doctoral student Irena."
Read the original text in Liu#9@书/吧!
"Thanks for her contribution."
At this moment, the venue fell into silence.
Both the big guys and the geniuses were shocked by the concept of power.
Because this is a huge thing that changes the foundation of physics.
Since the birth of physics, the concept of "force" has been deeply rooted in people's hearts.
Pressure, friction, thrust.
As research deepens, physicists understand that these seemingly different forces actually have the same essence.
That's the basic force.
The so-called basic refers to the cornerstone of the world.
They are the reason why the world works.
And now, Professor Bruce has discovered the existence of a third force besides gravity and electromagnetic force.
This is so shocking!
Rutherford felt as if he had encountered a rare treasure at this moment. He looked at the data on the screen repeatedly.
As a big shot in the field of atomic science, this discovery had a fatal attraction for him.
The force allowed him to see a further direction.
There are two main streams in current atomic research.
The first, of course, is to find experimental evidence for the existence of neutrons.
No matter how good the proton-neutron model is, it remains just a guess.
Only by actually discovering traces of neutrons, like protons, can a theory be proven.
Of course, Rutherford had inexplicable confidence in this.
The second is a bombardment experiment based on nuclear fusion.
Many results have proven that although bombardment is simple and crude, it is really effective.
After all, it is a simplified version of the large particle collider.
Working hard to achieve miracles is no joke.
Now, the emergence of force seems to have opened a new world for Rutherford.
It is not enough to understand the composition of atomic nuclei; we must also understand their structure.
The strong force is what maintains the structure of the nucleus.
But here comes the problem.
Rutherford couldn't help but ask:
"Bruce, do you know how strong force works?"
"Is it the same as universal gravitation and electromagnetic force, and also satisfies the inverse square relationship?"
Everyone was suddenly startled.
Only then did they realize that this issue was very critical.
Newton's greatness lies not only in his discovery of gravity.
More importantly, he gave the law of universal gravitation between objects and mathematical calculation formulas.
This is the core part.
Now, Professor Bruce has proved the existence of the third force.
Although equally great, it's still a little bit worse.
Faced with Rutherford's question, Li Qiwei said firmly:
"I tried to use forms of the law of gravity and Coulomb's law."
"But strong force does not satisfy this form."
"This is why I concluded that it is a completely new force."
"Its mechanism of action is different from the two known forces."
"So, I think that if you want to explain the strong force, you must rely on quantum theory."
"It's just not the current quantum theory."
“It’s the reconstructed quantum theory!”
"This is why I finally determined that the theme of the conference is atoms and quantum."
"Because their secrets have only just been revealed."
In real history, the theory that explains strong force is called [Quantum Chromodynamics].
The "color" in quantum chromodynamics can simply be understood as color.
It is a characteristic of quarks.
But it’s not the same thing as our normal understanding of color.
Since Dirac proposed quantum field theory, its connotation has been continuously enriched.
Gauge field theory is a special kind of quantum field theory.
Quantum chromodynamics is a special gauge field theory.
That's roughly the relationship.
Therefore, Li Qiwei was right.
To truly understand the nature of the strong force, it must be based on quantum mechanics.
This is why the concepts of strong and weak forces emerged in the 1930s and 1940s.
But it was not until the 1950s and 1960s that it was really covered by the model of quantum field theory.
Of course, this also involves the Standard Model.
The relationship between the Standard Model and quantum field theory can be simply corresponded to the relationship between atomic theory and quantum theory.
(This paragraph is quite advanced and complicated, so you just need to know the nouns for now.)
At this moment, everyone finally understood why Professor Bruce was obsessed with reconstructing quantum theory.
It turned out that he had already seen so profoundly.
Rutherford sighed:
"I'm afraid that the moment Bruce proposed the proton-neutron model at the Royal Society Annual Meeting, he immediately thought of the third force."
"His physical intuition is so terrible!"
“It’s really enviable.”
For a super boss like Rutherford, the so-called computing power and logical ability are actually not very important.
The top group of geniuses all have similar qualities in all aspects.
What truly separates them from gods and mortals is their illusory intuition.
A bit ironic indeed.
Obviously, we are pursuing the truth with scientific methods and attitudes.
As a result, the gap between people is widened by unscientific methods such as intuition.
The world is so wonderful.
Humanity's own thinking is the biggest unscientific thing in the world.
Because it can actually understand the world.
At this moment, the third force brought endless shock to everyone.
Although its mechanism of action is not yet understood, it undoubtedly opens up a new field.
The younger generation looked at Li Qiwei with great admiration.
"This is the true leader of science."
"With Professor Bruce's strength, if you want to pursue the number of papers, hundreds of papers a day may not be a problem."
“And every article can be published in the official issue of Nature.”
"But this means nothing to him."
"He left those areas where results are easy to produce to ordinary physicists."
"His own pursuit is the never-ending pinnacle of physics!"
(End of chapter)