Chapter 147 Cell Observation Recorded in History (6.2k)
Judging from some existing manuscripts.
The mirror grinding tool designed by Huygens looks somewhat similar to the ancient execution knife, which is the Louis XVI Happy Rack:
A small ball is hung on the 'knife gate', and the glass is processed by pushing the ball to rotate through external force.
This set of tools is not difficult to prepare and does not require much precision.
After all, in the original 17th century, Europe had not yet begun the Industrial Revolution.
However, what is different from Huygens' design is that Xu Yun made some optimizations in terms of torque:
First, two auxiliary ropes were added to shorten the deflection force on the left side.
The second is to let the donkey charge the spring first, and then provide thrust through the spring, saving manpower expenditure.
The energy generated by the deformation of the mainspring lasts very short, but the instantaneous magnitude is very large, making it a very suitable tool for finishing.
Anyway, that donkey is an old coolie, so just work harder.
In the end, it's still the same sentence.
No matter how tired the donkey is, what does it have to do with Xu Yun?
all in all.
According to Xu Yun's plan.
The entire telescope takes about a month to make.
It is expected that around mid-August, the first starry sky observation will be possible.
As for the microscope, it is a bit simpler.
After all, the most difficult level in the whole process had been solved by Lao Jia and the others not long ago.
Even without the assistance of an interferometer, it is not difficult to prepare a small-diameter lens at the microscope level.
In fact, a long time ago, the ancient jade processing technology was somewhat similar to lens preparation, and it formed an industry.
That kind of nature has even surpassed the concept of "prototype" and can be classified into the category of early applications.
It’s just that there was no detailed concept of optics at that time, and the ancestors could not calculate the function of K (θ).
Therefore, we now have relevant data on the radius of curvature. Less than five days after Xu Yun took out the curvature design drawing, Siegfried brought good news.
"Your Majesty, fortunately you have lived up to your destiny."
In the courtyard.
Siegfried pointed to the three small boxes on the stone table and said with a smile:
"The two types of lenses that Mr. Master needs have been made, and they are in these boxes.
The lens in the box on the left has the lowest power, followed by the one in the middle, and the one on the right has a higher power. ”
Xu Yun thanked him and did not rush to check for acceptance. Instead, he took out a pair of gloves made of sheep intestines from the cuff he carried.
Sheep intestines were not actually included in the “haggis” of gourmet food in ancient times, but were needed for other purposes:
It was often used as a small umbrella, and there were even official shops selling intestines since the Tang Dynasty.
Therefore, in ancient times when the rubber industry was approaching zero, it was actually a very excellent glove material.
As long as the odor is removed by soaking in the high-concentration alcohol prepared previously, it is basically not much different from the rubber gloves of later generations.
At least some basic experiments are more than enough.
After putting on gloves.
Xu Yun pressed the switch and opened three boxes.
At this time, there was a smart small lens placed in the center of each box.
According to what Siegfried said before.
The one on the left is the 10x eyepiece, and the ones in the middle and right are the 40x and 100x objective lenses respectively.
Friends who have a basic understanding of microscopes should know this.
Eyepiece magnification x objective lens magnification is the magnification of the microscope.
But don’t look at the magnification of 10X100 and 25X40, which appear to be the same 1000. In fact, the imaging effects of the two are very different.
Because the eyepiece feeds back a virtual image, the magnification does not need to be too high,
The lens that really determines the resolution of a microscope is mainly the objective lens.
Although a high-magnification objective lens is good, its usage requirements are also very troublesome.
For example, it needs to be used with oil drops, which is the term oil lens.
The oil here usually refers to cedar oil, which is extracted from cypress wood. Under special circumstances, it can be managed with water.
These oils must be dropped not only between the objective lens and the cover glass, but also on the condenser and glass slide.
If there is no oil dripping.
Although the displayed image can be viewed, the image quality will be greatly degraded, seriously interfering with observation.
Students who often watch short movies should be better able to understand the meaning of the four words "decreased picture quality".
So as early as two days ago.
Xu Yun used the equipment used to distill alcohol before and the electrolytic cell he had tinkered with to distill the cypress wood again.
Do you still remember why Xu Yun specifically told him to use curved copper pipes? It was just for this purpose.
It's a pity that a group of unknown people around Xu Yun couldn't understand his painstaking efforts, and his serial operations were in vain.
Disappointment.JPG.
Of course.
Even with the help of cedar oil.
Due to equipment flaws, the lens polished by Siegfried cannot truly reach the level of a 100x objective lens, which is NA1.25.
According to Xu Yun’s judgment.
The NA of this objective lens is probably between 1.10-1.15, which is about 0.28 microns.
This resolution is higher than the 0.42 micron of the 40x objective, but lower than the 0.22 micron of the 100x objective.
Xu Yun then carefully picked up a few lenses and placed them on an empty microscope next to him.
This microscope is entirely made of refined iron, which is much finer than the previous crude one. It is also very carefully plated with silver.
Judging from the appearance, it can beat the microscopes of Hooke and Leeuwenhoek.
There is also a seal at the bottom of the microscope. This is Siegfried's private seal, which means it was made by a famous artist.
Also worth mentioning.
This microscope uses a mortise-and-tenon structure.
That is to say, there is not a single nail in the whole process, but the assembled microscope is extremely strong and will not disintegrate even if it is shaken hard.
A quarter of an hour later.
Kakaka——
Xu Yun closed several knobs, clapped his hands heavily, and said to the people around him:
"Done, the eyepieces and objective lenses are installed, who will give it a try?"
When Xiao Li on the side heard this, he stood on his toes and waved:
"Me me me!"
Xu Yun glanced at this little bean sprout with flying faces.
Xiao Li's expression reminded him of some people on the day the old ring was released in later generations:
"Okay, Miss Li, I'll help you."
In the past half month.
Xiao Li operates the microscope almost every day, and his mastery of the microscope has surpassed that of Lao Su, making him the first person under Xu Yun in this era.
But even she had never been exposed to such a high-magnification microscope before.
The 10X40 magnification alone is enough to broaden this girl's horizons.
However, considering that Xiao Li's task is mainly to verify the combined effect of the two lenses, the core is to judge the sharpness of the two lenses, and the observation is secondary.
Therefore, Xu Yun was not in a hurry to buy good things, but still chose the old routine.
Slide of Periplaneta americana.
After all, from an observation point of view, the American cockroach is indeed one of the best specimens.
Even in later generations, many popular science museums will use the hind legs of the American cockroach as the first glass slide sample for enthusiasts to experience or even purchase.
For example, the Science and Technology Museum in Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong Kong, sells cockroach leg slides, which are equivalent to nearly 200 yuan in Chinese currency.
Selling 盱甴 is also a wonderful sight.
His gaze returned to its original position.
Then it's still about adjusting the light and twisting the thick and thin focus screw.
Less than a moment.
Xiao Li raised his head from the microscope and said to Xu Yundun with a surprised look on his face:
"Wang Lin, this mirror is truly a divine object. You can see every hair on your legs clearly!"
Xu Yunjian took the initiative to step forward, take over for Xiao Li, and personally experience the observation effect.
really.
Just like Xiao Li said.
In a high-magnification lens, the leg hairs on the hind legs of the American cockroach sample are as clear as the fleas on Guo Donglin's head.
The eyes can see clearly without any effort.
Xu Yun then tried the 100x objective lens and observed it while dripping oil.
A few seconds passed.
He raised his head and looked at Lao Su beside him, trying to keep his tone calm:
"Master, there is nothing wrong with the lens. You can start observing cells."
Hear this.
Lao Su, who had been staying aside, his breathing suddenly stagnated slightly.
Tell the truth.
As a contemporary master who has created many miracles, Lao Su's psychological endurance is actually much higher than that of ordinary people.
After all, when it comes to projects, failure is actually the majority.
In the past, Lao Su had no less than twenty outstanding achievements, which meant that his number of failures was much higher than this number.
In the process of repeated failures, Lao Su's heart has been built to be extremely strong, and theoretically it will not fluctuate easily.
But this time.
His heart skipped a beat.
perturbed.
This emotion that had disappeared for an unknown period of time reappeared in his heart after many years.
Although in the past few days, he has accepted the micro concept proposed by Xu Yun.
Even when Lao Jia and the others were calculating refracted light, they made some suggestions and solved a big problem.
But theory is one thing, seeing it with your own eyes is another.
After all, what he gave Lao Jia was just an idea, which was completely different from a theorem. Anyway, it didn’t cost any money, so just do some calculations.
Each of those here today specializes in something different.
For example, Siegfried's craftsmanship is better than his.
Wang Zhen's martial arts is better than him.
Xiao Li is more educated than him.
Lao Jia's mathematics level was far behind him.
But when it comes to the word vision.
Except for Xu Yun, who was a later posterity, Lao Su was at the scene. No, he was at least in the top three in the entire Song Dynasty, or even ranked first.
Therefore, no one knows better than him what kind of big thing they are doing now.
The microscopic world.
If everything is true as Xu Yun said.
Then this will be a new field that has never been touched by anyone in the past!
The value it can bring is far beyond what can be explained or covered by just one 'observation'.
If nothing else, let’s talk about the human body.
If we can observe the hidden secrets of the human body, then medicine is destined to achieve a huge development!
Words like qi, blood, and evil can probably be discerned with the real naked eye!
Just like what Xu Yun did before.
By processing the ubiquitous garlic with some special instruments, a terminal disease that is almost certain to cause death can be cured!
Not to mention other derived fields, this is a discovery that can be called the dividing line of the times!
Think of this.
Old Su couldn't help but take a deep breath and said to Mr. Xie:
"In the first year, bring the things."
Hearing this, Mr. Xie Duguan respectfully responded yes.
He carefully took out a glass slide from a small box next to him and handed it to Xu Yun.
Xu Yun took the slide and mounted it on the microscope,
Then he took a step back, bowed his hands to Lao Su, and said solemnly:
"Sir, please."
As a patient with late-stage obsessive-compulsive disorder, Xu Yun is a person with a strong sense of ritual.
With Lao Su's contribution and status, no one is more suitable than him to conduct this observation, not even Xiao Li is qualified.
Lao Su nodded to him, secretly clenched his left hand, and slowly walked to the microscope.
Although in the past few days, Xiao Li has been tossing the microscope most of the time.
But this does not mean that Su is not interested in biology, nor does it mean that he does not know how to operate a microscope.
Quite the opposite.
When he first came into contact with the microscope, Lao Su easily mastered the relevant essentials, but his curiosity was not as deep as that of Xiao Li.
I saw Lao Su putting his eyes on the eyepiece and slowly turning the spiral button
At the beginning, his vision was still gray.
But gradually.
With a series of adjustments, the picture began to become clearer.
A minute or so passed.
A bunch of things suddenly appeared in Lao Su's eyes.
A lively little tadpole.
That's right.
Tadpoles.
Seeing this, some students must have understood:
The reason why Xu Yun did not stain the slides was because what he observed for Lao Su
Sperm cells!
no way.
As mentioned above, Xu Yun is a person who pays great attention to ritual.
Therefore, in terms of observing living cells, he chose to respect history:
Everyone knows it.
Hooke discovered and named the cell structure, but he saw dead cell walls.
It was Leeuwenhoek who truly observed living cells and started microbiology.
But in 99% of textbooks, after discussing Leeuwenhoek's contribution, they will not mention in depth the names of the cells he discovered.
Because the process of Leeuwenhoek's discovery of cells is actually a bit 18X:
One autumn night in 1677, Leeuwenhoek and his wife were applauding for love, which was once deeply rooted.
But soon, Leeuwenhoek’s cool operation appeared:
According to Leeuwenhoek's letter to the Royal Society two years later.
He jumped up "immediately within a few seconds of semen" and took the semen sample straight to his microscope.
Under the microscope, Leeuwenhoek saw "thousands of living microscopic animals the size of grains of sand swimming around."
since then.
He called these things "microfauna."
In addition, Leeuwenhoek specifically pointed out.
The experimental samples this time were obtained through "normal couple's sexual intercourse" rather than "immoral crape myrtle".
He even went to the trouble of translating the letter into Latin, though he did not mention how his wife felt about the astonishing discovery.
This is not a fabrication, but a true story.
Basically, it will be mentioned in textbooks beyond high school.
Actually.
In later laboratories, almost every biological dog had its own X cells observed.
Some female classmates also like to encourage the most handsome boy in the class to donate X for everyone to observe. After all, one and a half drops is enough for more than 30 people.
In addition, on some biological BBS, people often discuss how to bring X cells.
For example, considering that X cells are liquefying, it is more suitable for observation half an hour after the biou comes out.
Therefore, most people's choice is to use yogurt boxes to pack X liquid as a disguise.
Because in this way, you can just bring it into the classroom and just say it is yogurt when asked.
If anyone doubts, just take a sip.
As for how to ensure whether it is real drinking or fake drinking, it depends on each person's acting level.
Or the deer would tie a knot in the protective cover to prevent it from flowing out, then put it in his pocket and find an opportunity to put the slide on.
As for being more zombie
Just keep it in your mouth.
Generally, it will be placed on both sides of the cheek first, which is also known as the cheek.
When Xu Yun was in the second year of graduate school, he heard about a god who had done this and was "praised" by the whole school.
As for the reason why he was discovered, it was because the same group of students discovered tadpoles while exchanging oral epithelial cells
to be honest.
Except for the last zombie method, observing tadpoles by yourself is not something to be ashamed of.
After all, how many people can resist this desire when facing Olympus alone?
The liquefied tadpoles are actually very interesting, swimming around lively.
This kind of pleasure is similar to the beginning of later generations when the author breaks the chapter.
Of course.
Xu Yun has never done such a thing. This is what he heard from his friend Qiu Sheng.
As for who will donate samples today
Xu Yun raised his head, looked at the donkey beside him who was humming to recharge the wind, and said with emotion:
"Thank you, Brother Donkey." (End of Chapter)