Chapter 356 Zhao Zhengguo’s purpose of coming (Part 2) (Thanks to Tianrui for telling the leader of the reward!)
In the laboratory.
Looking at Xu Yun, the word "leap" came out of his mouth.
A little surprise suddenly flashed in Zhao Zhengguo's eyes.
It's not unusual for Xu Yun to guess the answer correctly, but it only took him such a short time to make a correct judgment, which was somewhat beyond Zhao Zhengguo's expectation.
But Xu Yun was not his student after all, so misjudgments were quite normal.
Then he pondered for a moment and nodded slightly:
"That's right."
"."
Xu Yun's hand holding the kettle shook slightly, and a small stream of tea flowed out from the mouth of the kettle, blooming into a water stain on the table.
But he seemed not to notice this situation and looked at Zhao Zhengguo blankly.
Classmates who have transformed into Tiga should know this.
Among all existing particle models, one particle is extremely special.
It is the photon.
The speed of photons in vacuum is equal to the speed of light, and other particles cannot accelerate to this magnitude anyway.
The core reason for this situation is not the technical problem of the acceleration equipment, but the particularity of photons:
There is no definition of rest mass.
Notice.
There is no definition of static mass, not 0.
Students who have studied high school physics should all know this.
If a particle is accelerated to a certain speed v, Newtonian mechanics defines the momentum p of the particle.
Momentum is proportional to velocity v, and its proportional coefficient is called the mass m of the particle.
And in special relativity.
Lao Ai popularized the definition of momentum p in Newtonian mechanics.
Although p and v point in the same direction, they are no longer proportional and are connected by relativistic mass.
When a particle is at rest, its relativistic mass has a minimum value.
This value is the static mass.
In the current particle framework, the rest mass of almost all particles can be measured.
For example, based on the electron-positron annihilation reaction and the electron pair effect of high-energy gamma-ray photons, the mass of the electron can be calculated to be approximately 9.10956×10^-31kg, etc.
The only exception is photons, which never stand still.
At present, you can often see some articles such as "The static mass of a photon is 0" or "The mass of a photon is 10-^55kg". They essentially discuss four-vector light.
What is involved is the conserved quantity of translational invariance in uniform space in Noether's theorem, rather than the true static mass of the photon.
The current real definition of photons is this;
There is no definition of rest mass for a photon, but it does possess energy.
There is no definition of static mass, which is also one of the supports for action at a distance.
Of course.
Still the same sentence.
There is still a lot of room for supplementation in the existing particle models, and some disruptive discoveries may occur at any time.
For example, the Higgs particle.
For example, gravitational waves - when I wrote about gravitational waves before, some people actually said that gravitational waves are a concept, and no one can prove that they exist.
Anyone who says this either regards gravitational waves as gravitons, or is a time traveler who came 15 years ago.
Another example is the neutrino oscillation that won the Nobel Prize in 2015.
Neutrino oscillation is a proof that neutrinos have mass. According to the theoretical derivation in the standard model, neutrinos actually have no mass.
Human science and technology and theories are perfected through repeated overthrows and repairs.
And obviously
This time.
Humanity has discovered another 'ghost' particle that cannot be touched.
"."
In the laboratory.
After learning the experimental results from Zhao Zhengguo.
Xu Yun was silent for a long time before slowly exhaling a breath.
Tell the truth.
When calculating that particle orbit, what he really cared about was not the particles that could be captured, but the orbit equation.
Because in a strict sense.
The term "particle orbit" actually contains a certain misleading of the classical mechanical framework in its expression.
Many people may think that this track is a fixed slide similar to a four-wheel drive vehicle. The particles move back and forth on the fixed track like a whirlwind charge.
But actually.
The so-called orbit is just the intrinsic wave function of the electron movement of hydrogen-like atoms.
It does not mean that electrons are stuck in a certain orbit or framed in a certain region of space.
Any wave function is dispersed throughout the space, but the probability amplitude of electrons appearing is different.
Therefore, the orbital equation calculated by Xu Yun at that time was, in a sense, a probability result.
It’s just that the probability is relatively high.
In Xu Yun's opinion.
If this orbit can capture particles, it may be helpful to other particle observations in the future - all the current 'orbits' that are in line with everyone's knowledge are actually drawn by backward calculation after the collision results. .
And generally.
A particle collision costing hundreds of thousands of Chinese coins can produce twenty resonance state samples, which is considered very good.
The result was unexpected.
The protagonist this time is not that track, but
Found particles?
Think of this.
Xu Yun had some guesses in his heart, looked at Zhao Zhengguo again, and asked him:
"Academician Zhao, that's why you came today"
Zhao Zhengguo nodded, picked up the water glass and took a sip of water. After putting down the glass, he said:
"Well, I have two main things to do with you today."
"The first thing is very simple, just to remind you not to tell this matter."
"Although lone point particles need to be found with orbital equations, the actual confidentiality level is not that high - otherwise I wouldn't be talking to you here, but it's better not to publicize this kind of thing everywhere."
Xu Yun nodded:
"No problem, I understand."
Then Zhao Zhengguo looked out the window, pondered for a moment, and then said;
"The other thing is related to the particle itself. After Xiao Pan discovered this particle, he named it a solitary point particle."
"This lone point particle has similar characteristics to photons, but it is much easier to capture, so Xiao Pan is now planning to use it as an entanglement source for quantum teleportation."
"After all, like photons, this particle has no static mass definition. Two solitary point particles can perform extremely sensitive differential measurements, and the relative accuracy can even reach 26 millimeters."
"So another thing I came to you for today is to ask you."
"Are you interested in joining Xiao Pan and my team to help?"
Xu Yun was stunned for a moment.
After coming back to his senses.
A warmth suddenly rose in my heart.
Not long ago, the 2022 Physics Prize was awarded to quantum physics, and the direction was quantum entanglement. (I didn’t write this concept after seeing the Nobel Prize to gain popularity. I mentioned this concept in the first chapter of this book, which is Chapter 58. The plot of particles is in Chapter 217. I wrote it in May this year. Chapters 124-125 of the book describe quantum entanglement in two whole chapters, which was published at the end of May last year. At the same time, the principle of teleportation array in the old book is also the same, and the corresponding chapters have release dates)
Although according to the urine nature of the Nobel Prize, it is difficult to win repeated awards in the same research direction, but this is only for most cases.
The characteristics of isolated point particles.
Obviously not in the 'most cases' category.
In the current scientific community, data correction of particles has always been a popular direction.
Just like the 2015 Nobel Prize was awarded to neutrino oscillation, and the 2013 Nobel Prize was awarded to Higgs, the proposer of the Higgs particle.
Solitary point particles are undoubtedly a Nobel Prize-level research direction.
If you can join the team of Zhao Zhengguo or Pan Shuai, this resume is no longer ordinary gold-plated, and represents an infinitely bright future!
But
Xu Yun sighed slightly in his heart.
Although Zhao Zhengguo's idea was good, he was not ready to take over this olive branch.
After all, he has an aura around him, and it may be inconvenient to enter the project team and have long-term contact with others - especially after returning to reality after the mission.
Also
Say something without being arrogant.
Now that Xu Yun has a halo to help him, the Nobel Prize is actually not some nihilistic dream that is hard to reach.
So he pondered for a moment, preparing to politely decline Zhao Zhengguo's kindness:
"Academician Zhao, I appreciate your kindness, but Huadun Biotech is currently in..."
As a result, before he finished speaking, Xu Yun suddenly thought of something, and his whole body froze in place.
Then he turned his head mechanically, stared at Zhao Zhengguo, and asked word by word:
"Academician Zhao, you just said."
"What is the accuracy of differential measurement of isolated point particles?"
Zhao Zhengguo glanced at him in surprise:
"26 Ami, what's wrong?"
"26 Ami"
Xu Yun murmured the number again. Under his seemingly calm expression, his heartbeat jumped to 140+!
Less than half a minute passed.
He took a deep breath, straightened his face, and said to Zhao Zhengguo:
"Academician Zhao, regarding the research on the characteristics of isolated point particles, can you subcontract part of the project to me? - The damage to the instrument can be fully borne by Huadun Biotech."
Looking at Xu Yun, who had completely different attitudes before and after, Zhao Zhengguo couldn't help but have a question mark in his eyes, and said in a deep voice:
"Instrument damage and project subcontracting can be discussed later. It's just Xiao Xu, why did you suddenly..."
"Why did I suddenly change my mind?"
A complicated smile appeared at the corner of Xu Yun's mouth. He put down the kettle under Zhao Zhengguo's puzzled eyes, walked to his console in the laboratory, entered the password, and took out a document.
Then he walked back to his position and handed the document to Zhao Zhengguo:
"Academician Zhao, look at this."
Zhao Zhengguo took it and shook the page like an old doctor, reading word by word:
"Gravity gradiometer. Measurement module design?"
Xu Yun nodded in cooperation and explained:
"Yes, Academician Zhao, to be precise, these are some inspirations that I came up with when I was studying the Bose-Einstein condensed matter topic."
"The first atom to obtain a Bose-Einstein condensate was rubidium, so I screened some applications in this direction, and found that the only one that left the laboratory was the gravity gradiometer on the GOCE satellite."
"That gradiometer relied on ultra-cold rubidium atomic clouds to achieve a precision of 10^12m/s. I was wondering if there was any chance to achieve higher precision."
"However, due to the limitation of static mass, in theory, even if particles are used as measurement intermediaries, it is difficult to achieve that level of magnitude - so at first I just kept it aside as a YY idea."
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"I just didn't expect it"
Zhao Zhengguo held a design drawing with some scrawled handwriting in his hand, or Xu Yun's 'essay', and answered thoughtfully:
"It's just that you didn't expect that lone point particles break through the conventional definition of static mass, so you want to set aside part of the project equipment to try it?"
Xu Yun nodded slightly.
That's right.
The design drawings Xu Yun took out at this time were part of the design plan for the gravity gradiometer!
Said it earlier.
The gravity gradiometer is different from other technologies. This thing is quite different from the current research methods of Huadun Biotechnology.
Xu Yun must find a reasonable logic to slowly bring it into reality.
So in the past month, he has been thinking about a suitable entry point.
This entry point must first of all involve the research and development process of the gravity gradiometer, and secondly, it is best to be in a position that can affect the whole body.
At the same time, the gap between post-breakthrough technology and existing technology cannot be too large. Ten years at the theoretical level is considered a limit.
After final thought, Xu Yun locked in three entry points:
The launch platform of the gravity gradiometer, the measurement module for feedback data, and the elimination module of resonance variables.
One or three of them all involve aviation and engineering. It cannot be said that they have nothing to do with Xu Yun's major. At least they are very difficult.
Therefore, the most appropriate among the three entry points is the measurement module.
In a traditional gravity gradiometer.
The measurement module is mainly based on gyroscope-like equipment, and the accuracy is basically limited to within 10^6.
As for the way to measure further up.
That would break away from classical physics and involve the microscopic realm.
For example, the GOCE satellite mentioned before.
It uses two ultra-cold rubidium atomic clouds vertically separated by one meter to perform differential measurements to obtain high-precision data.
Only the size of particles can ensure a higher level of accuracy.
And what a coincidence is
Differential measurement of rubidium atoms
It happens to be the category of Bose-Einstein condensates.
What is a Bose-Einstein condensate?
Its abbreviation is BEC, and it is one of the most classical models in quantum physics.
Around 1924-1925.
Based on the principles of quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics, Lao Ai deduced that when the temperature is lower than a critical temperature Tc, a bunch of non-interacting bosons will slowly occupy the same "orbit" and form a "condensation" ".
Translate it in human language:
When the weather is cold, animals all know to huddle together for warmth.
After all, it’s cold, so it’s more comfortable to squeeze together.
The same goes for the boson, one of the fundamental particles.
You can run around when the temperature is high, but when the temperature is low, your energy is also low. If you can't run anymore, you huddle together in low-energy places to keep warm.
When the temperature gets as low as possible, no matter whether you are an honest person or a dissolute boson, no matter what your original composition is, no one will dislike anyone, they will all gather together, not exclude each other, and face the extreme crisis together, loving each other. cold.
This is the Bose-Einstein condensate.
This model has good application prospects in the fields of chip technology, precision measurement and nanotechnology. After the 1990s, research on BEC developed rapidly, and a series of new phenomena were observed.
Such as coherence in BEC, Josephson effect, spiral, ultra-cold Fermi atomic gas, etc.
Until 2022.
Dozens of laboratories around the world have implemented BEC of eight elements, and six people have won the Nobel Prize in Physics for related work.
That’s right!
Seeing this, smart students must have remembered:
The mathematical model of BEC is exactly the research direction of Xu Yun in physics!
This direction is not even an elective subject, but his main position.
And the first Bose-Einstein condensate of matter in history
It's done through rubidium atoms.
From this perspective, Xu Yun can perfectly link to the design of the gravity gradiometer.
That is [Boss, I discovered XX atoms/particles. The measurement magnitude in the Bose-Einstein condensate is higher than that of rubidium atoms. At present, the only use of rubidium atoms outside the laboratory is the gravity gradiometer, so we are Isn’t it possible to try using it in a gravity gradiometer] Yun Yun.
Perfect.JPG.
Just
Although the idea is smooth, the actual implementation is very difficult.
Because
Xu Yun tmd cannot find the corresponding particles.
The reason why rubidium atoms can be used as a measurement material for gravity gradiometers is mainly because it belongs to an atomic frequency standard:
Both this thing and cesium can be regarded as hydrogen-like atoms, that is, a real structure of one electron plus one atom, and the energy level structure is relatively simple.
At the same time, the selection and preparation of their quantum states are relatively easy to achieve with current technology.
Otherwise, Europe would not use rubidium to measure particles.
In other words.
It is very difficult to find particles of the same magnitude as rubidium, let alone particles that are four orders of magnitude more precise than rubidium atoms.
Because particles other than photons have a static mass, this static mass limits their own influence on the effect.
According to Xu Yun's idea.
At present, the most suitable particles should be neutrinos, but if this thing could be stably captured, science and technology would have been ahead of the competition for countless generations with the gravity gradiometer.
So after coming up with this idea, the practical operation fell into a closed loop.
The result was unexpected.
Xiao Heizi, who had been searching to no avail, actually showed his little chicken feet at the solitary point particle? Note:
Thanks to the leader of Mars Giant for the reward, I feel like selling myself out QAQ
(End of chapter)