Chapter 361 This chapter actually reveals a truth (Part 2)
Observant readers may have noticed.
In the experimental plan previously designed by Xu Yun.
He first ruled out the possibility of excitation of lead ions in the same direction, and then planned how to screen out excess charged particles.
But there is another step that is not explained, that is
How can we collect isolated point particles?
To know.
At present, many so-called particles are actually difficult to see - or not very likely to be seen by the naked eye.
Such as quarks.
Quarks are subatomic structures, and currently no microscope can observe subatomic structures.
Even the scanning tunneling microscope STM and its derivative scanning probe microscope SPM, with resolutions of up to 0.1nm and 0.01nm in directions parallel to and perpendicular to the sample surface, can still only resolve single atoms.
Just because of the principle of color tightness, we can judge many of its characteristics.
For example, mesons can be obtained by combining red Up quarks with anti-red anti-down quarks.
Combining three colors or three anti-colors can produce baryons and so on
At present, most of these particles that are smaller than atoms are just large accelerators and other experiments that collect scattered particle signals, and then use models to explain their properties.
That is, those particles do exist, but they are difficult to touch.
Except for a few cases such as protons and electrons, the generation of other particles requires certain technical skills.
As for isolated point particles?
Obviously it is not in the category of easy collection - even in the microscopic world, it has no "entity".
Therefore, if they want to treat the isolated point particles in the ground state, Xu Yun and the others still need to solve a number of links:
That’s how to ‘capture’ isolated point particles alive.
Only by ‘catching’ the isolated point particles alive can they be gathered together and form the ground state.
Just like the example of the highway mentioned above, the prerequisite for a forklift to push all the cars together is that the car itself must be an entity.
This concept in the real world seems so simple that it is almost mentally retarded, but it is a difficult problem in the face of isolated point particles.
And Xu Yun’s method of ‘capturing’ isolated particles alive.
There is an old saying in China.
It is called untying the bell, and the person who ties the bell must also be tied.
This means that if you want to untie the chastity belt, you must let the person who locked the chastity belt come.
This sentence also applies to today's experiment.
As for the person holding the bell of the lone point particle, it is naturally the 4685Λ superon.
That's what happened in the original particle love story.
heroine.
It was through its interaction with the solitary point particle that Academician Pan and the others initially observed the information of the solitary point particle.
Just this time.
The task of the Λ hyperon is no longer to die with the solitary point particles, but to attract the solitary point particles together.
This step relies on.
The meson in the Λ hyperon.
As everyone knows.
In physics, there are many ways to excite mesons.
For example, Neon's T2K experiment uses a stream of protons to hit graphite to produce pions and k mesons.
They then decay, producing primarily muons and muon neutrinos.
What Xu Yun designed this time was to let Λ hyperons hit P-type semiconductors.
This method can generate mesons with a life span of 10^8 seconds. These mesons can give solitary point particles a very short-term 'entity' state - in the original particle love story, it was the 4685Λ hyperon that gave a meson. Only then can the solitary point particle touch the body of the hyperon.
This short period of time is enough to enter the magneto-optical trap.
In a sense.
Is this a honey trap?
His gaze returned to the experimental passage.
After screening through various means.
Only lone point particles and 4685Λ hyperons are left in the channel.
The two are mixed with each other, you have me, and I have you.
But soon.
As the preset program, or code, is activated, a set of collimators begins to focus.
Mentioned a long time ago.
Accelerators generally accelerate particles by electric field acceleration or microwave energy feeding, which requires the particles to be charged.
4685Λ hyperon, as an uncharged particle, naturally cannot achieve acceleration.
But it doesn't matter.
Electrically neutral particles cannot be accelerated, but they can be decelerated.
For example, neutron moderators can be applied in nuclear reactions, and the deceleration of 4685Λ hyperons only requires.
Borax with water.
The collimator determines the coupling parameters from non-reacting photons, and a ceramic plate filled with water-added borax is dropped from above the channel.
Phew——
One after another, the mixed beams of solitary point particles and 4685Λ hyperons pass through.
The solitary point particles are not affected due to their incorporeal nature and fly by as usual.
The 4685Λ hyperon is decelerated.
The two particles are separated.
Then quickly.
The decelerated 4685Λ hyperon hit another P-type semiconductor hard, and the baryon number of the 4685Λ hyperon lost its conservation.
In just 10-^15 seconds.
Tens of thousands of mesons appear around the P-type semiconductor.
at the same time.
The lone point particle that was one step ahead seemed to be attracted, and instantly flashed around the P-type semiconductor from the position in front of the head.
After combining with mesons, they briefly gained physical form.
Then
These isolated particles were like the five brothers who came to rescue Ultraman Ace, and were firmly captured by the Hippolyte trap (magneto-optical trap).
All this, from beam launch, collision, screening to end, has only passed in reality.
1.14514 seconds.
Before Xu Yun, Lu Chaoyang and others could even feel various emotions in their hearts, a green rectangular frame appeared on the display screen in front of them:
【Captured】
This is a prompt that the preset program will automatically pop up after capturing a solitary particle. The logic to confirm success or failure is mainly based on changes in regional energy.
"Xiao Xu!"
Because he was too focused, Liang Haoran, who was responsible for observing coupled state data, did not bother to call Dr. Xu Yunxu, and subconsciously shouted out the usual name for Xu Yun:
"The solid isolated point particles have been captured. According to the attenuation chart, if we don't use other methods, they can last for about 15 seconds in the 'solid' state!"
See this situation.
Xu Yun couldn't help but look at Lu Chaoyang, and quickly turned around and ordered:
"Cool down, cool down now!"
Bang bang bang——
Ye Yingying, who was in front of the temperature indicator, heard the words and quickly entered the command, and asked at the same time:
"Dr. Xu, how low will the temperature drop?"
Xu Yun waved his hand:
"200nk, anyway, we are not Europeans, so there is no shortage of electricity!"
"Understood!"
nk.
This is a unit commonly used in the field of low temperature, which is 10-9 K.
Humanity had already achieved this accuracy when it completed the first Bose-Einstein condensation in 1995.
Now the lowest temperature record in the laboratory has exceeded the pK level, which is the order of 38 trillionths of a degree Celsius above absolute zero. (/doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.13.1236)
It’s just that the ‘Eye of the World’ test cabin does not currently have such sophisticated equipment, and Xu Yun’s demand this time is not that high, 200nk is about the same.
The temperature soon began to drop.
Minus 26 degrees.
Minus 38 degrees.
Minus 73 degrees.
Minus 206 degrees.
Until
199.996nk.
In just 3 seconds, the temperature in the capture zone was extremely close to 200nk.
As the temperature decreases.
A large number of isolated point particles that temporarily had a materialized state were completely frozen around the P-type semiconductor.
Then a double achromatic structure vertex detector with a magnetic stiffness of 9.4T·m slowly dropped from the top of the channel, and began to study isolated point particles using cloud chamber methods.
Liang Haoran once said earlier that the solitary point particle lasts approximately fifteen seconds.
After all, during this experiment, the 4685Λ hyperon disappeared first, instead of directly colliding with the solitary point particle like before.
The magnitude of the interaction is far less high than in Academician Pan's first experiment, and the duration will naturally be longer.
The entire process from him reporting the situation to Xu Yun giving instructions, Ye Yingying inputting the password, and the temperature dropping took about .
About 10 seconds.
That is to say
The frozen lone point particles have actually begun to decay at this time.
As everyone knows.
When a particle decays.
Although its final state carries momentum.
But if we look at it from the stationary coordinate system relative to the initial state particles, the sum of the energies of the final state particles is the mass of the initial state particles.
Therefore, when calculating the constant mass of the final particle, there will be a delta function here for the final particle mass.
At the same time.
Since the initial state particle is unstable, according to the principles of quantum mechanics, the unstable particle will have a "width" - the reciprocal of the half-width is its lifespan.
Therefore, in terms of technical means, a two-dimensional graph of constant mass-number of instances can be made based on this situation, and then the obvious peaks can be used to determine whether the particle is in the ground state.
So it's quick.
The project team started relevant testing.
"Injection is in progress, and the tree diagram level has been transmitted to the main operating terminal!"
"The high-energy photon results are not obvious, and the constant mass distribution seems to have no rules"
"It doesn't matter, this is normal. After all, the solitary point particle itself has no definition of static mass. It is not surprising that our equipment cannot accurately measure those data - what about the results of high-energy muons?"
"The Feynman diagram has been produced, and its nature is somewhat similar to collinear divergence, that is, it is very close to a certain final state."
"Dr. Xu, I have also sent you the diagram for reconstructing the hard scattering process."
"Dr. Xu, the takeaway will be delivered in about an hour"
All kinds of information slowly and regularly arrived at the console.
Everyone is concentrating on their work, collecting, entering, and calculating various data.
Xu Yun and Lu Chaoyang didn't stop watching, and both went to process the data themselves.
that's all.
Time passed slowly minute by minute.
Two hours later.
A somewhat strange image was displayed on the display screen in front of Xu Yun and Lu Chaoyang:
The content of the image is a 3D model with some undulations like hills. Although most of the areas have ridges and depressions, the amplitudes are relatively small.
The only exception is the leftmost area.
I only see this moment.
In the area on the far left, there is a bulge that stands straight like Optimus Prime. The painting style is extremely unusual.
In front of it, other undulating areas are as small as ordinary humans standing next to Diga.
As if
Everything adds up here.
Look at this image.
Xu Yun couldn't help but look at each other and Lu Chaoyang, a hint of joy flashed in their eyes at the same time, and they exhaled softly.
Then Lu Chaoyang took the initiative to give up half of his body and walked aside. At the same time, he cast a look at Xu Yun and said:
"Xiao Xu, let me tell you this."
Xu Yun knew that Lu Chaoyang was giving him a chance to build momentum, so he nodded to him politely.
Then he turned to look at the people in the audience, was silent for a moment, and said:
"Everyone, please be quiet."
The audience could hear the needle drop immediately.
Xu Yun's chest swelled slightly, he took a deep breath and said:
"Now. I officially announce that with everyone's unremitting efforts, we have successfully completed the ground state treatment of isolated point particles!"
"Considering the special characteristics of isolated point particles, there should be no other group competing on the same track as us at present."
"So in a sense, we are also the ground state of solitary point particles in the entire physics community."
"First break!"
As Xu Yun said these words.
The atmosphere at the scene condensed slightly, and then a burst of cheers and applause broke out:
"Wuhu~Xu Shenniubi!!!"
"Ula!"
"Oye, first break!!!"
This atmosphere was not a pretense that everyone put on to cheer Xu Yun up, but a reflection of their true inner thoughts.
After all, this is the result of the joint efforts of everyone, and it is also a good start for the project team.
From a metaphysical point of view, it is undoubtedly an excellent blessing.
Come on second.
There is also a very practical reason.
That is, with the first breakthrough of the ground state of isolated point particles, even if the project team does not produce any results in the future, they will be able to securely get a second article in a journal started in the second area of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
That's right, starting in the second area.
If you are lucky enough.
Maybe even higher!
This is not conjecture, but is supported by real data.
Until 2022.
The physics community has observed only 18 types of highly oscillating particles/quasiparticles in ψ.
The earliest was rubidium in 1995, and the latest was exciton in 2011.
These 18 kinds of particles are in addition to strontium that has been published in "ADVANCESINPHYSICS-X" and calcium that has been published in "SciPostPhysics", the second area journal of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
The other 16 kinds are all published in the journals of the first region-including the ultimate peak of CNS.
Therefore, if we discuss today's experimental results of Xu Yun and others alone, there is actually no such thing as luck in getting into the journals in the first area, but it is something that is guaranteed to be in the bag.
Just
Don't forget.
The paper on the discovery of solitary point particles by Academician Pan and Zhao Zhengguo has not yet been published.
Wait for the right time.
They will inevitably publish a paper describing solitary point particles with Xu Yun as a co-author.
That is a result that will definitely be published in CNS journals and will definitely arouse a lot of discussion.
In this way.
The ground-state technology of simple solitary point particles may be regarded as derivative research, and it will automatically fall down a notch.
Just like the two teams participating in the League of Legends S competition, one broke through history and entered the semi-finals, and the other won the championship.
Although the top four teams have created the best results, in front of the championship, most of the heat will inevitably be taken away.
This is almost the situation Xu Yun and the others are facing at this time.
But even so, the probability of the project team reaching the next area will not be lower than.
40%! With this, how could everyone not be happy?
(End of chapter)