Chapter 445: A few things in the history of modern Chinese physics (this chapter has a lot of popular science, so it is recommended to subscribe with caution
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Live broadcast.
The audience applauded for a full minute.
Although Academician Pan's face remained calm.
But his back molars were biting the inner wall of his lip, and his hands were tightly holding the edge of the podium.
The eyes of Shaoping, Zhao Zhengguo and others next to the stage were already filled with a layer of mist.
As the second and third generation physicists of New China.
They have been waiting for this day for too long
In 2022.
Relying on many industrial Internet articles such as "Great Power Heavy Industry", "Industrial Overlord" and "Material Empire", many people have more or less understood the early industrial history of China.
Mention that era.
Many people will have images of blood and tears, tragedy and inspiration in their minds.
Although most people still don’t have a deep understanding of that industry, they have some relevant concepts and know that it is a tragic history.
But what few people understand is.
The history of physics in China is even more tragic than the history of industry.
Unlike the many founders of the industrial circle, there are only three founders of the history of modern Chinese physics.
They are Academician Ye Qisun, Wu Youxun and Academician Zhao Zhongyao respectively.
Among them, Mr. Ye Qisun is more sensitive, so I won’t go into details here.
Academician Wu Youxun was born in 1897. He went to the University of Chicago to study physics in January 1922, and met his mentor Arthur Compton in 1923.
Academician Wu Youxun made a very significant contribution in establishing the Compton scattering image. He spent several months independently measuring the X-ray scattering of various scatterers, thereby rejecting the tertiary radiation hypothesis.
Then in early 1925.
Compton officially announced experimental results on X-ray scattering spectroscopy.
At that time, Professor Bridgman, a famous physical experimentalist at Harvard University, personally conducted many experiments on the "Compton Effect" but failed to obtain the expected results. This caused many international physicists to question the "Compton Effect". Doubts about "the sudden effect".
Later, it was still Academician Wu Youxun who assisted Compton in conducting public tests on the scattering of fifteen elements, and this result was finally confirmed.
It was for this achievement that Compton won the Nobel Prize in 1927.
Compton spoke highly of Wu Youxun's work in his book "The Theory and Experiments of X-rays" published in 1926.
He also juxtaposed Wu Youxun's X-ray spectrum chart scattered by 15 elements and his own X-ray spectrum chart scattered by graphite as the main basis for confirming his theory. (The original image is available in a scanned version at the Saint Louis University Online Library)
Therefore, before 1950, the Compton effect was generally known internationally as the Compton-Wu Youxun effect.
But after Academician Wu Youxun returned to China to attend a plenary session, he decided to participate in the construction of basic disciplines such as mathematics, physics and chemistry.
The Compton-Wu Youxun effect was just like Kanye on the Internet, disappearing in an instant.
What replaced it was the Compton effect, even though Compton himself protested many times to no avail.
After returning home.
Academician Wu Youxun formally formulated a long-term scientific research plan in 1956, which condensed many major projects such as atomic energy, computers, semiconductors, computing and statistical mathematics, and aeronautical mechanics. He is a true "national master".
As for students, the famous Mr. Wei Chang was his disciple.
In addition, it has also cultivated many second-generation academicians such as Feng Duan, Hu Hongwen, Wang Zhuxi, Ge Tingsui, Peng Huanwu, Yu Ruihuang, Huang Kun, etc., which belongs to the standard concept of founders.
There is now another physics award in China called the Wu Youxun Award.
However, although Academician Wu Youxun has made great achievements, he relatively focuses on policy formulation and research.
When talking about equipment development and implementation, another person must be mentioned.
That is, the last of the three founders, Academician Zhao Zhongyao.
Academician Zhao Zhongyao was born in 1902. He studied at the California Institute of Technology in college and studied under Professor Millikan, the president of the school and Nobel Prize winner.
At that time, Academician Zhao Zhongyao took the risk of angering Millikan and got a challenging experimental topic.
After more than a year of hard work day and night, Zhao Zhongyao discovered the abnormal absorption and special radiation produced by hard gamma rays when they pass through heavy matter.
He wrote this major discovery into two papers and published them publicly in May and October 1930 - yes, "nature" was published in 1930
This was actually the earliest experimental evidence of the generation and annihilation process of electron-positron pairs, which was eventually perfected by Rutherford, and the Nobel Prize was awarded to Rutherford.
Autumn 1931.
Academician Zhao Zhongyao learned about the September 18th Incident in China and resolutely returned to China to teach at Shuimu University.
The first batch of students he taught included Wang Ganchang, Zhou Tongqing, and Shi Shiyuan.
Subsequently, Zhao Jiuzhang, Peng Huanwu, Qian Sanqiang, Wang Daheng, Chen Fangyun, Zhu Guangya, Academician Deng and others were trained.
China's first nuclear physics laboratory, the first electrostatic accelerator, the Department of Modern Physics of USTC, the Institute of High Energy Physics, etc. were all created by senior academician Zhao Zhongyao.
The dragon's roar in the Western Desert was the hard work of Academician Zhao Zhongyao.
It is a pity that Academician Zhao Zhongyao passed away in 1998 and did not persist until the day when the medal of two bombs and one star was issued.
The same pity as Academician Zhao Zhongyao is his student, Academician Wang Ganchang, who is only 5 years younger than him.
Academician Wang Ganchang participated in the experimental research and organizational leadership of China's breakthroughs in the principles of atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs and the development of nuclear weapons.
At that time, Academician Wang Ganchang changed his name to Wang Jing and remained anonymous for fourteen years.
There is a line in "Born Out of the Sky", a movie about the heroes of two bombs and one star, that must have impressed many people:
"Are you willing to remain anonymous for the rest of your life?"
In real history, the first person to be asked this question was Academician Wang Ganchang.
It's a pity.
In the summer of 1997, 90-year-old Academician Wang Ganchang was suddenly hit by an unknown cyclist and was seriously injured.
Academician Wang Ganchang was ill for half a year due to a broken leg bone. In addition, his wife passed away, and he finally died in 1998.
It is really regrettable that the two meritorious academicians passed away only a few months after the medals for two bombs and one star were issued.
Of course.
Since Academician Zhao Zhongyao was mentioned, let me break up the rumor here.
Nowadays, when many marketing accounts on the Internet mention Academician Zhao Zhongyao, they will inevitably mention a story:
During the Anti-Japanese War, in order to prevent 50 milligrams of radium from Shuimu University from falling into the hands of the Japanese, Academician Zhao Zhongyao dressed up as a beggar, carried the radium to Kunming in a lead can, and delivered it to President Mei Yiqi in Changsha. .
Some marketing accounts will also include a black and white photo of a beggar, saying that this is the image taken at the gate of the Changsha school.
What would be even more outrageous would be written [In order to avoid inspection, he often took small paths, passed through thorny jungles, traveled through mountains and rivers, and once almost lost his footing and fell into the rolling river].
Or maybe the Changsha security guards stopped Academician Zhao Zhongyao, and President Mei Yiqi happened to come out at that time. Zhao Zhongyao called out to President Mei in a hoarse voice. The two shook hands excitedly and handed over the lead can with tears streaming down their faces
And what is the reality?
It's a pity.
Academician Zhao Zhongyao has never escorted radium.
The photo widely circulated on the Internet is of a beggar in Shanghai before liberation. As for the story of escorting Lei
The protagonist of this incident is Yan Yuchang, a technician who stayed on campus from the Department of Physics of Shuimu University, and is also one of the famous martyrs.
At that time, he was working with the cooperation of the workers.
He first moved the radium to his home, and then managed to send it to Tianjin and handed it over to Professor Ye Qisun, where it played an important role in the teaching and scientific research of Southwest Associated University. (tsinghua.org.cn/info/1952/17601.htm, add www in front to access it. This is the history of Shuimu University on the official website of the Shuimu University Alumni Association. It is mentioned in the second paragraph of "The Atrocities of Japanese Aggressors in Tsinghua Campus". There is a record of this)
So I don’t know what the mentality of the people who spread such rumors is, using other people’s stories to create and move themselves.
Even if there is no such thing, Academician Zhao Zhongyao's status and contribution are already very noble.
Not to mention that Mr. Yan Yuchang later continued to manufacture landmines for the Jizhong Supply Department. He was the soul of the vigorous "landmine warfare" in the Jizhong Plains. He died heroically after being captured in 1942.
The deeds of such a martyr have been erased and grafted on by some marketing accounts. It is really shameless. (After I finished writing this plot, I realized that it occupied a large section, but after thinking about it I decided not to delete it. It introduced so many foreign stories of modern physics, and I felt it was necessary to write some of our own history of modern physics)
The topic returns to its original place.
In addition to his actual contributions, Academician Zhao Zhongyao is most famous for his long-term vision.
Perhaps it was because he and Mr. Qian had both had their personal freedoms restricted across the sea.
After Academician Zhao Zhongyao returned to China, he always regarded the opposite side of the sea as an imaginary enemy.
At the same time, on the day when the Department of Modern Physics of the University of Science and Technology of China was established, he said a very famous saying.
At that time, he was holding a handful of sand in his hand and said to the audience:
"Have you seen these (sands)? Compared with aircraft and cannons, we have to pay more attention to areas smaller than sand."
"In a few decades, let alone let us study sand on the other side of the sea, they will probably not even give us a chance to hold sand."
Everyone knows the subsequent story.
China has developed atomic bombs and even hydrogen bombs.
The heavenly palace flies up to the sky, and Chang'e ascends to Guanghan.
But only in the field of high-energy physics, China does not have the slightest say.
A single ∧ symbol can shout out countless accents.
What lambda, namuda, and even kabuda have come out
So at this moment.
What Zhou Shaoping and others are excited about is not simply the recognition of their achievements, nor is it the fact that this year will be the birth of the first Nobel Prize winner in physics who was a Chinese national at the time of the award.
But because
The seal that had been covering China for more than 70 years was completely lifted.
From now on, when we talk about dark matter, we must mention China!
At the same time, neutral or even friendly institutions, especially laboratories that are different from the Liner Laboratory and specialize in dark matter research, but have a need for dark matter or dark energy, must also inherit the sentiments of the Chinese physics community.
Don't think that this kind of sympathy is of little use in the scientific community.
For the scientific community in Europe and America, where letters of recommendation for admission are more important than grades, a favor of this nature is priceless.
Other than that.
It is also difficult to estimate the impact this news will have on national scientific research sentiment.
In recent years, due to some external slander and internal problems, the reputation of China's scientific research circle in public opinion is second only to the national football and entertainment circles.
But just like a lot of news about the national football team is actually distorted, there are also a lot of misunderstandings in the Chinese scientific research circle.
True.
In recent years, there have indeed been some news breaking out involving academic misconduct or sexual dealings by academicians.
But from January 2019 to January 2023, the number of academicians who were exposed for academic misconduct or pornographic news in the four years was only four.
And how many academicians are there in China?
1,700 people!
I said something a long time ago:
In any matter, it is very unfair to use an individual example to deny a group.
I don’t know how many academicians who devoted themselves to scientific research were inexplicably turned into idiots by AOE.
But if you explain this kind of thing, people will reply to you:
Why doesn’t China produce top results?
In fact, this sentence is essentially wrong. It is not that there are no first-class achievements in China, but that many achievements are simply incomprehensible to the public
For example, the Daya Bay neutrino oscillation matrix angle measurement results mentioned twice before were released just a few months ago, which shocked the industry.
But how many ordinary people know about it?
There is also the anomalous Hall effect, which is also a Nobel Prize-level achievement. (You can keep an eye out. These two results are indeed amazing. Maybe I can win the Nobel Prize in a few years. Then I will be a prophet, Jiejiejie)
But from a broader perspective, this sentence is actually correct:
China does not have top-notch results that the public is familiar with.
But now with the discovery of dark matter, this problem will be solved.
At least during the three-to-five-year cycle, the popularity of physics will be relatively high.
There will be more people jumping into this big pit. Ahem, entering this field.
Just like Liu Xiang and Yao Ming back then.
Of course.
This situation is bound to give rise to many false research groups to defraud funds, but this is not an issue that needs to be considered now. The ones who need to worry are Hou Xingyuan and the senior officials of the academy.
Academician Pan then took a deep breath and forced himself to calm down.
At this time, the press conference is still completely over, and you must not open the champagne at halftime. AC Milan is still hanging on the pillar of shame, staring at the next unlucky guy.
After the whole person calms down.
Academician Pan looked around, adjusted the microphone, and asked the person in the audience:
"Mr. Millsap, do you have any doubts about this result?"
The Millsap described by Academician Pan is an old man in his seventies, wearing a neat and elegant suit, and coming from the Gaul Wesson Laboratory.
Unlike CERN and Liner laboratories.
In the previous research process, or to be precise, from the day when the Chinese Academy of Sciences issued the announcement, the Wesson Laboratory showed strong hostility and distrust towards the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
At that time, they posted a thumbs up and clown emoji on their official Twitter account, and their attitude is self-evident.
Now that many participants have stood up and applauded to express their stance, Academician Pan's question is undoubtedly an insult to Millsap.
Of course.
The Academy of Sciences really needs to get their personal admissions from the representatives participating in the meeting, so that the matter can be considered nailed down.
"."
Below the podium.
Looking at Academician Pan looking at him with a smile on his face, the muscles on Millsap's face twitched faintly.
Millsap's full name is Millsap Andre Octave, and his ancestor, five generations back, was Luc Andre, who massacred the third largest number of civilians in the Gallic coalition during the Eight-Power Allied Forces' invasion of China. Octave.
Based on incomplete statistics.
Luc Andre Octave killed no less than 70 civilians during the entire invasion, and looted a large number of cultural relics from the Forbidden City, including the jade Ruyi auctioned by Christie's in 1994 - the then The auctioneer is none other than Millsap Andre Octave.
So sometimes I really have to sigh at the magic of certain things, and the coincidences are even more amazing than the plot of the novel.
Atsushi Suzuki is like this.
The same goes for Millsap Andre Octave.
However, at this time, Millsap Andre Octave did not feel happy at all, but felt strong anger and embarrassment.
Why?
Why did these Chinese people really find dark matter?
them
Also worthy?
However, even though there were countless dissatisfactions in his heart, Millsap Andre Octave could only be like Louis XVI at this time, watching the guillotine fall but unable to resist.
After all
What he represents at this time is not himself, but the Wesson Laboratory and the Gallic scientific community.
Think of this.
Milsap Andre Octave couldn't help but clenched his fist, took a deep breath, and said to Academician Pan:
"Yes, Pan, there is no problem with the experiment of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. You have discovered the real dark matter."
There was a burst of sparse applause, barely giving him some face.
Academician Pan also thanked Millsap Andre Octave graciously, and then looked at another representative across the sea:
"Ms. Linna, what do you think?"
The participant named Linna is a woman in her fifties who still retains her charm, and comes from the Kentucky-Polbo Laboratory across the sea.
It is not difficult to see from the order of Academician Pan’s questions that the Kentucky-Polpo Laboratory’s attitude towards China is obviously not much better.
But compared to Millsap, Linna is obviously much thicker-skinned.
I saw her slowly standing up from her seat and saying with a 'sincere' face:
"Mr. Pan, this experimental process of the Chinese Academy of Sciences is indeed eye-opening. On behalf of the Kentucky-Polbo Laboratory, I am honored to congratulate the Chinese Academy of Sciences. You have used your bodies to open the door to dark matter for the physics community."
Hear this.
Xu Yun in the audience couldn't help but curl his lips.
She is indeed the old witch across the sea. She is quite disgusting when she is angry.
The words "bumping the door open with your body" are not good words on today's Chinese Internet.
However, no matter how much personal feelings Lina packed in and how reluctant she was, at least she did express her stance on the main body of the content.
Therefore, Academician Pan did not delve too deeply into it, but continued to look at the third person:
"Mr. Apache"
that's all.
Academician Pan asked each person one by one. The people he called had different expressions, but they could only reluctantly express their agreement.
After all, the results achieved by the Academy of Sciences this time are really hard.
More than ten minutes later.
Academician Pan, who was quite refreshed, could no longer suppress the smile on his lips and looked at the audience with a happy face.
Things have come to this.
He could finally breathe a sigh of relief and say that his mission was accomplished.
Next, it only needs to be concluded simply, and the remaining links can be left to Hou Xingyuan.
Then there are some interviews.
Academicians Zhao Zhengguo and Zhou Shaoping will also appear one by one, just like the CERN and Kamiokanen press conferences.
This is the honor each of them deserves.
As for the accident
joke.
At this point, what surprises could there be?
If an accident really happened, he would go and chew the ax carried by John Ellis in the audience on the spot!
Then Academician Pan took a deep breath and prepared to make a conclusion:
"Dear guests and audience friends, now I."
As a result, he didn't finish his words.
A standard American male voice sounded from the audience:
"Yixi Q Simi, Mr. Pan, can I interrupt you for a moment?" (End of Chapter)