Chapter 448: There was a thunder on the ground, Dr. Xu made his debut (Part 2)
"."
Hearing what Witten said.
Xu Yun's right hand hanging by his side clenched his fist slightly, and he breathed a sigh of relief in his heart.
Any specific ideas for discovering probabilistic orbits?
This is a relatively simple question, and it is also the direction Xu Yun is currently most confident about.
After all, this is the foundation of foundations. Academician Pan and the others had asked Xu Yun about this before - this was not something that could be easily fooled.
Without a proper logic, Xu Yun would have exposed his chicken feet a few months ago.
Then Xu Yun thought for a while, took a deep breath, and said:
"Mr. Witten, it's like this. The original cause of the whole thing can be traced back to more than a year ago."
"Lao. Well, Academician Pan introduced me just now. I am currently studying for a PhD in biology and am about to graduate with a master's degree in physics."
"The topic I worked on during my master's degree was the impact of energy levels generated by the strong interaction of Σ hyperons."
Hear this.
Witten and many of the big guys present subconsciously nodded in cooperation.
Σ hyperon.
This is one of the more mainstream hyperons at present, with a lifespan of 0.15 nanoseconds and a mass slightly heavier than ordinary hyperons.
It involves some theoretical areas of quantum chromodynamics, which is currently a lively topic.
Of course.
The excitement here is also relative.
The Σ hyperon topics that most people are exposed to are in the doctoral category. Being able to conduct research as a master shows that Xu Yun's ability is not weak.
Then Xu Yun paused and continued:
"It was an afternoon a few months ago. I was compiling the cascade decay data of Σ hyperons in the library, and suddenly I discovered a relatively special phase orbit trace, which was somewhat different from the Σ hyperons in eigenstates."
"By the way, the provider of this data is the Yanjing Spectrometer III Collaboration Group, and the doi is doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04624-1."
This time.
Several Chinese scholars in the audience had smiles on their faces.
They are all members of the Yanjing Spectrometer III cooperation team invited this time. Although there is no academician to lead the team, they have produced many extremely high-quality results in recent years.
For example, the data Xu Yun mentioned.
In June last year, they used the quantum correlation of positron and antihyperon pairs produced by the collision of electrons and positrons to analyze some of the properties of parity and charge parity breaking in decay.
This is also the most accurate measurement result in the world.
Relying on this achievement, domestic particle physics has made many breakthroughs in the past four months - this is true, but some papers are still under review and it is estimated that it will take some time before they are released.
Then Xu Yun looked at Witten and found that the other party did not interrupt his thoughts, so he said the rest of his words at once:
"Later, I used the auroral system of the Academy of Sciences for analysis and found that it was somewhat similar to the 4685Λ hyperon observed by Academician Zhao not long ago."
"So I optimized the orbit formula and simulated it, replacing the Σ hyperon with the decay parameter of the Λ hyperon. Finally, I found that F=1, which means there should be a new particle on the corresponding probability orbit."
"."
When Witten in front of the stage heard this, he thought about it for a few seconds with his eyes slanting upward, and said softly:
"Oh, I seem to understand."
"Dr. Xu, you considered the discrete-time finite state Markov chain, used a unique state to define the transition probability of each step, and created a σ domain generated by a finite column set. Is this what you mean?"
Xu Yun:
"????"
At this moment.
There was only one thought in his mind:
It must be a rush for Witten to write a novel!
Because in one sentence, this person directly summarized the content of 4,000 words. It was wrong, it summarized Xu Yun’s original thinking!
No wonder many people now insist that Witten is just a mathematician. His mathematical reactions are so sharp.
Actually.
This is not the first time that Witten has shown off its skills.
As everyone knows.
In thermodynamics and fluid mechanics, there is an equation called the Boltzmann equation.
This is a partial differential equation describing the statistical behavior of a thermodynamic system, proposed in 1872.
But not until 2010.
This equation was only proved by two professors from the University of Pennsylvania, Philip T. Gressmann and Robert M. Strain, that its solution is well-behaved.
At that time, the University of Pennsylvania compiled a more than 120-page paper and posted it on a preprint website. It was expected that most people would take three to five days to read it.
As a result, 49 minutes after the paper was released, Witten corrected a small error in the sofic group on his personal social media.
It was not until four days later that the mathematical community formally concluded that there was indeed a problem with what Witten pointed out.
Fortunately, this error had little to do with the final result, so two weeks later Penn published a new article, which was the final paper confirming Boltzmann's equation.
Compared to today's show off, the difficulty that time was even higher.
Then Witten thought for a while and asked Xu Yun:
"Dr. Xu, when you are calculating this probability orbit formula, what is the spin of the final state of the two-photon? 2 or 3/2?"
Xu Yun did not hesitate and said with certainty:
"It's 2."
"What about the expected background?"
Xu Yun thought for a little longer this time, and he used his index finger to draw a curve with high left and low right in the air:
"3.2fb^-1 is in the early days, I can't remember clearly whether it was 3.224 or 3.226 in the end."
Witten suddenly closed his eyes.
In fact, don't look at what Witten said before, it was quite mysterious, Pluto and Neptune were all out.
In fact, it is not difficult to see from the expression on Academician Pan's face after Witten interrupted him that he was not very sure that the 'Pluto' particle really existed.
The reason why he stood up at this time was because he did find some problems in mathematics.
Secondly,
During the previous data calculation process, a guess suddenly appeared in his mind.
A guess that made him willing to risk offending the Chinese Academy of Sciences in order to ‘trouble’ the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
A guess that was so outrageous that even with his current status, he dared not state it directly.
And now as Xu Yun said these words.
The confidence in Witten's heart has increased by two centimeters
Just at this time.
On the screen behind Academician Pan, the probability orbit formula calculated by Xu Yun was also displayed, as well as some related data.
F(t):=N(t)/N(0)=e^(-t/π).
N=N(0)[hexp(-λt)+hexp(-λt)+...hnexp(-λnt)].
y(xn+1)y(xn)/h≈f.
After the formula appears.
Witten also quickly understood some of the inner meanings of the formula.
For example, the ":=" is a definition symbol, which means that the thing on the right is defined as the thing on the left.
That is, Xu Yun gave F(t) a physical meaning:
The probability that an atom is still alive (not decayed) at time t.
The formula N=N(0)[hexp(-λt)+hexp(-λt)+...hnexp(-λnt)] describes how many atoms are left at time t. As long as the number of remaining atoms is compared with the initial number The total number of atoms can be expanded to smaller particles.
At the same time that Eq.
Including Mr. Yang next to Witten, many big guys at the scene picked up paper and pens and began to calculate the relevant data of flux values and exponential mapping generators.
True.
The human brain is inferior to machines in calculations of this magnitude, so the accuracy of their written calculations must be far lower than the results of ultra-sophisticated instruments and supercomputers.
But don't forget.
They don't actually need to calculate accurate values, but just need to confirm Witten's statement.
In other words, just analyze whether these two values are as Witten said, one is too large and the other is too small.
This way.
The difficulty will be much less.
soon.
Swish Swish Swish——
There was a sound of fingertips scratching the paper.
Of course.
While many big shots were concentrating, the media and the audience in the live broadcast room were relatively tortured.
On the one hand, they were eager to understand the accuracy of Witten's guess, but on the other hand, due to the direction, they could only watch the big guys enjoying themselves.
Little-known troubles.jpg.
that's all.
About ten minutes passed.
Tehuft, who was also sitting in the front row and two seats away from Witten, was the first to stop writing.
Mentioned before.
Yang Lao, Tehuft, Glashow who is currently being rescued in the ICU, and Weinberg who passed away are internationally recognized as the four kings of modern physics.
Each of them has many fans who believe that they are the first person in physics today, and Lily is often beaten to the point where her brain almost comes out.
And among these four people.
What Glashow and Weinberg are good at is physical intuition and taste, that is, divergent thinking, which is wild but accurate guesses.
Mr. Yang is better at mathematical frameworks, which means introducing new mathematical concepts and methods to solve problems.
Tehuft is good at arithmetic, finding and solving problems through calculations and details.
This is very similar to his senior brother Pieter van Nieuwenhuizen.
Therefore, compared to Mr. Yang, Tehuft's time to obtain results will naturally be faster.
Then another two minutes passed.
Mr. Yang let out a light sigh, held a ballpoint pen and drew a horizontal line under a certain result.
See this situation.
Tehuft could not help but whisper to Mr. Yang:
"Yang, what are the results of your calculations?"
Lao Yang did not keep the results secret. He gently pushed the calculation paper towards Tehuft:
"The flux value is about 30% larger, and the exponential mapping generator is an order of magnitude smaller. What about you?"
Tehuft glanced at Witten not far away:
"The specific value is slightly different from yours, but it can be regarded as a range - after all, we are not computers."
Mr. Yang nodded slightly, and there was a rare trace of curiosity on his face that was a little sluggish after sitting for several hours.
Mr. Yang and Tehuft are both top tycoons in the industry. During the years when they were active, let alone supercomputing, the functions of ordinary computers were still relatively limited.
Therefore, in terms of computing skills, they can definitely beat today's few classmates.
If there is a problem with someone's results, there may also be some calculation errors.
So when two people have the same result and both are in an approximate range, the possibility is very low.
In other words.
Most of the flux values and index mapping generators are indeed abnormal, one is too large and the other is too small. Witten's judgment is correct.
However, these two sets of data were able to discover dark matter even though they did not conform to the theoretical values
At this moment.
Lu Chaoyang, who also calculated the results, suddenly had a story in his mind.
That is a certain chapter in "The Legend of the Cervical Spine, which has been serialized for 28 years and is still a first-grade elementary school student". Its animated version is also one of the childhood shadows of many people:
At that time, the Shinigami elementary school student and several classmates went to the library to read. When they got on the elevator, they suddenly found that the elevator should not be overloaded, and an overload warning suddenly came out.
But there is no problem with the elevator's sensing device itself, so the problem is naturally the elevator itself - later Conan and others found a corpse lying on the top of the elevator, and the corpse became the invisible overloaded person.
And how similar is the current result to the plot of Death's Elementary School Student?
Dark matter actually exists, but flux values and exponential mapping generators show "overload".
Then there may really be an invisible 'overloaded passenger' in a certain orbit.
But the problem is
How can we find this passenger?
Academician Pan was obviously aware of this problem, so after most of the participants put down their pens, he couldn't help but look at Witten:
"Mr. Witten, since you believe that there is an unknown particle surrounding the Pangu particle, do you have any practical ideas to prove its existence?"
Academician Pan’s words actually have another meaning:
Today is a physics conference. Mathematics can be used to prove or disprove, but if it is used to prove, other stronger evidence is needed.
Just considering that Witten has been criticized for its M theory in recent years, Academician Pan is still very proud of it and did not fully clarify it.
However, as a leader with a top-notch IQ, Witten naturally understands the potential significance of Academician Pan.
So he nodded quickly:
"Yes, but I need a little help."
"Please tell me."
"First of all, you need paper, pen, and an operating system with an English interface that can calculate probability matrices."
Academician Pan waited for a few seconds after hearing this. After hearing Hou Xingyuan's answer, he nodded:
"No problem."
Although the emergence of Witten disrupted the original plan of the Academy of Sciences, the content he involved did not have much to do with the results of dark matter, or it would not affect the status of dark matter at all.
Even if it ultimately proves to be a failure, it will not be the Academy of Sciences that is embarrassed.
And if Witten's proof can be successful, he will rely entirely on data from the Academy of Sciences.
At that time, it may lose a little bit of popularity to Witten, but the benefits to the Academy of Sciences will only be greater.
This was a business that was sure to make a profit, so Hou Xingyuan naturally didn't have that big of a burden.
As for Witten’s request
It is indeed not very high, let alone pen and paper. At present, most domestic operating systems have the function of switching between Chinese and English.
It only takes about ten minutes at most to prepare the resources Witten needs.
The result was just when Academician Pan was about to watch the show with his arms folded.
Witten suddenly thought of something again and patted his head lightly:
"By the way, Mr. Pan, I have one more request."
"What request?"
Witten turned around and pointed at Xu Yun, who was still standing:
"I want Dr. Xu to give me a try. After all, he is the discoverer of the Pangu particle orbit." (End of Chapter)