Chapter 602 The regret that must be filled
As everyone knows.
From a general perspective, physics can basically be divided into two directions:
Applied Physics and Fundamental Physics.
The so-called applied physics refers to the discipline that uses physical knowledge to solve practical problems.
To put it bluntly, it is a relatively broad technical application discipline. To put it more bluntly, it is engaged in technology and invention. Computer light bulbs can also be considered as one of the concepts
In 2023, when Xu Yun traveled through.
When it comes to applied physics in China, even those who hate the Kuomintang party find it difficult to find clear black spots. At most, they are just mindless black spots.
In this direction, China is in the first or even top echelon of standards, with many achievements and big names.
Examples of achievements include radiation physics, quantum encrypted communications, optoelectronics technology, iron-based superconductivity, and Mott insulators.
Big names include Pan Shuai from the University of Science and Technology of China, Wang Yan from the School of Physics at Peking University, Yao Hong from the Shuimu Institute of Advanced Research, Zhu Shining from Jinling University, etc.
But if you change the perspective to basic physics, then the situation in China is completely different.
Basic physics refers to the discipline of in-depth understanding of the composition, connections and operating laws of matter in order to establish and improve the theory of physics and promote its development, which is what everyone calls
Theoretical Physics.
As of now.
The highest level of Chinese theoretical physics is still Li Yang, but when they achieved their achievements, they were not Chinese nationals, let alone the results of domestic cultivation.
At present, only Academician Wang Yifang and Mr. Zhang Shousheng are the only ones with Chinese nationality who have achieved results that can influence the field of theoretical physics.
Today, Academician Wang Yifang is still alive, but Zhang Shousheng unfortunately "passed away unexpectedly" across the sea in 2018.
If it were not for Xu Yun's discovery of solitary point particles in reality, the Chinese theoretical physics community would really not be able to achieve much in the field of popular cognition.
What is the reason for this phenomenon?
There are various factors leading to chaos in scientific research, but it is mostly due to China not catching the early train of theoretical physics:
Various international academic blockades have caused China to pay attention to the modern rather than the modern times. In the 1960s and 1970s when modern theoretical physics sprouted, the soil for cultivating theoretical physics was missed.
When the international community is studying neutrinos, domestically, even the knowledge that the isospin triplet state of the pion and the second-order Casmir operator of the Lie group are commutable with all generators is still vague.
When a group of foreign experts were discussing the Higgs mechanism, domestic people did not even know that a mass term would appear in fermions after the symmetry of the Higgs field was broken.
But now with the appearance of Xu Yun, some things are different.
Mentioned earlier.
In 2023, the fundamental particles discovered are mainly composed of four major categories:
Quarks, leptons, gauge bosons and the Higgs particle.
These four major types of particles are further divided into 61 types of particles.
That is, 12 kinds of leptons:
Electricity/Miao/tauon + 3rd generation neutrino, positive and negative X2.
(positive/negative)*(up/down/odd/charming/top/bottom)*(red/blue/green) 36 kinds of quarks;
There are one type of photon, three types of Z/W^+/W^- particles, 8 types of gluons and one type of Higgs particle.
But at this time.
The physics community’s understanding of particle physics is limited to only four types:
Photons, electrons, first-generation neutrinos, muons. And then it’s gone.
That's right.
Just like the eunuch's lower part, it's gone.
among the remaining particles.
Tau was discovered by Martin Lewis Pell in 1977.
The Z/W boson was to be discovered by CERN in 1983 - but it was calculated earlier.
Gluons were discovered by Ting Zhaozhong in 1979.
Not to mention the Higgs particle, which was only taken out of the high-energy range in 2012.
As for the 36 kinds of quarks.
Even its model would not be proposed by Gell-Mann until three years later, and the existence of quarks would not be proven until more than ten years later.
In other words.
At this time.
If you say that no one has ever imagined that there is a structure under neutrons, that is certainly not true. After all, this era has long been separated from the scope of modern physics.
But if the conditions are limited to knowing how deep this structure is and how significant its significance is, then the final answer is obviously only Xu Yun.
Later, he and the Chinese Academy of Sciences spent countless efforts and almost risked everything at the press conference, just to add a new member like the solitary point particle to the microscopic particles
But now.
Are the microscopic particles that have not yet been discovered by the physics community more than just one or two? !
What was placed in front of Xu Yun was the entire basic particle model!
An important tool for discovering these particles is the tandem particle accelerator at the University of Cambridge.
True.
With an energy level of just 80 MeV, it would be a pipe dream to find the Higgs particle.
However, the discovered energy levels of tau, Z/W bosons and gluons are completely within its operating range.
At the same time, today's physics community is still slowly digesting the Yang-Mills field proposed by Mr. Yang, and the experiment can only be violently cracked. This situation will continue until the emergence of T. Hooft.
So it's not an exaggeration.
Although the University of Cambridge regarded the accelerator as a treasure, only Xu Yun understood its true value.
If you don’t seize this opportunity.
So is Xu Yun still a human?
"Within the neutron"
Just when Xu Yun was feeling confused, Qian Bingqiong suddenly spoke.
But the person he asked was not Xu Yun, but Lu Guangda, who had a somewhat subtle expression:
"Director Lu, if I remember correctly, our country seems to have done some analysis and research on the lower-level model of neutrons, right?"
Lu Guangda was originally thinking about this, and he nodded immediately after hearing this:
"Yes, Comrade Zhu Hongyuan from the Theoretical Office of our Institute of Atomic Energy and the project team led by Comrade Hu Ning from Peking University have all conducted research on this aspect."
"Among them, Comrade Hu Ning has done relatively in-depth research and achieved some results in the theory of symmetry of elementary particles SU(3), but unfortunately he cannot continue due to lack of sufficient data - the only reference material we have is A hadron mass spectrum ”
"I had a chat with Comrade Hu Ning before coming to the base. He called this possible model meta-hadrons—oh, by the way, Comrade He Zuoxiu of our base has also participated in related research."
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"Now Comrade Zhu Hongyuan and others have been applying for reports, hoping to organize a relatively high-level international conference and conduct discussions with outside scholars."
"Even if you can't invite scholars from across the sea or Europe, you can find scholars from Neon, Malay or even Pakistan."
Yuan Qiangzi.
Hearing the words spoken by Lu Guangda, Xu Yun's eyes moved slightly.
Mentioned a long time ago.
Gell-Mann independently proposed the quark model in 1964, but in order not to be beaten to death, he called it a mathematical concept.
This kind of hiding-and-hiding approach is equivalent to being scooped out and stir-fried with chicken essence in future generations, but they pretend to be dead and say nothing on social platforms, and even go to foreign countries to hold concerts and sell out.
Later, with the discovery of the J particle by Mr. Ting Zhaozhong in 1974, the quark model was finally proven correct.
But what few people know is this.
The rabbits back then were only one step away from the quark model.
This one step away is the meta-hadron, which is also the stratoton model.
The background of that time was the early 1960s, which was about two years later than now. There were only a few hundred people in the national particle physics theory team.
Their ancestor was Academician Zhao Zhongyao, but the actual teachings were mostly from three academicians: Zhang Zongsui, Hu Ning, and Zhu Hongyuan.
For example, the later famous Academician Dai Yuanben was a graduate student of Academician Zhang Zongsui.
At that time, Academician Zhu Hongyuan was one of the few people in China who understood quantum field theory, and was considered one of the founders of quantum field theory in China.
After learning that Gell-Mann proposed the quark model, he did not reject the model, but became very interested in it.
Later, he pushed for the formation of a research group by the Institute of Mathematics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Atomic Energy to study the quark model.
After careful derivation later.
Starting from the physical image that hadrons have an internal structure, Academician Zhu Hongyuan innovatively proposed that hadrons are bound states composed of meta-hadrons, the next-level basic component that actually exists in physics, and named it meta-hadrons. Later, Officially renamed Layer.
But sadly.
At that time, due to the lack of sufficient calculation data, the entire team's calculation process encountered great obstacles, and they had no choice but to stop the research.
Give an example.
The internal motion of hadrons can be approximated by non-relativistic methods.
But hadrons moving as a whole must have the property of relativistic covariance.
Therefore, we must first calculate the hadron stationary coordinate system, and then apply the Lorentz transformation to obtain the relativistic hadron wave function. For the physical process, we use the hadron internal wave function and the overlap of the initial and final state hadron wave functions in the physical process. Only by correlating these physical processes with integrals can more certain theoretical predictions be given.
Based on manuscripts decrypted by later generations.
At that time, several teachers from Peking University had already used the SU(6) symmetry properties and the universal properties of the relativistic wave function to systematically express the model calculation results.
However, when deriving the bound state wave function of SU(3) symmetry and relativistic covariance, China could not even produce a physical image of the bound state.
Without this kind of data reference, it is impossible for you to calculate anything by Gauss Riemann.
So Academician Zhu Hongyuan and others could only publish this theory in a domestic physics journal as a guess.
Due to the blockade, these journals cannot be known internationally.
Ever since.
This model, which was at least two years earlier than similar relativistic quark models in the world, sadly died in this way.
This isn’t anything YY. Weinberg personally mentioned this in “The First Three Minutes”:
“A group of theoretical physicists in Yanjing have long held to a theory of one type of quark, but called it stratons rather than quarks because these particles represent a deeper level of reality than ordinary hadrons. ”
Not an exaggeration.
If the rabbits could complete the relevant derivation and publish it at that time.
Then the rabbits in the field of particle physics in the future can at least get a share of the pie, instead of having to consider whether to spend a lot of money to build a high-energy particle collider after all the low-energy particles have been found.
Because of this.
Now that he suddenly heard the news that Lu Guangda mentioned Layer, Xu Yun couldn't help but feel a wave of emotion in his heart.
The types of hadrons mentioned in the stratoton model are neutrons and protons. If you can get your hands on a tandem accelerator.
Bliss.
Then Xu Yun wiped away the non-existent saliva and continued to treat Lu Guangda:
"Director Lu, I don't know much about the stratons you are talking about, but there must be smaller models inside neutrons. I personally think it can be regarded as a final conclusion."
Then he paused, then picked up the pen and started writing:
"Director Lu, according to the Yang-Mills theory, the electromagnetic force corresponds to the U(1) group, the weak interaction force corresponds to the SU(2) group, and the strong interaction force corresponds to the SU(3) group. You should understand this, right?"< br>
Lu Guangda nodded.
Yang-Mills theory.
How could he not understand this?
After all, one of the names of this theory is his best friend
Xu Yun was not surprised by Lu Guangda's answer, so he quickly continued to write:
"The Lagrangian density of the free fermion field is L=ψ(iγuum)ψ. According to the Yang-Mills theory, if the Lagrangian density is invariant in the SU(n) local gauge, a gauge field needs to be introduced.
"At this time the spatial derivative becomes a covariant derivative, that is, Du=uigTaAua."
"Then write the D component of the color space Duij=δijuigTijaAua. Du only needs to satisfy: (Duψ)′=UDuψ(uigTaAu′a)ψ′=U(uigTaAua)ψ to get the gauge field kinetic energy term"
A few minutes later.
Xu Yun finally wrote down a field strength tensor of a non-Abelian gauge field:
Fuva=uAvavAva+gfabcAubAvc.
Lu Guangda frowned subconsciously.
What does Xu Yun want to do?
Write a generator matrix?
But Lu Guangda's frown didn't last long before he let out a whisper from his nose:
"Huh?"
Only in front of him.
Xu Yun substituted this field strength tensor into a rank spinor whose basis function is exactly 1-, and wrote the Hamiltonian of the three-dimensional isotropic harmonic oscillator in another form.
As everyone knows.
Since Y and T3 of the SU(3) group are both diagonal, the basis vectors of the SU(3) irreducible representation space should be distinguished by their two eigenvalues t3, y.
Just like the point line segment method for the irreducible representation of SU(2), the representation of SU(3) can be represented by a finite grid of the t3y plane.
In this process, there will be three raising and lowering operators that play three different roles:
T+ increases t3 of the state by one while keeping y unchanged.
U+ decreases t3 of the state by 1/2 and increases the y value by one.
V+ increases the state's t3 by 1/2 and increases the y value by one.
If a hexagon is drawn on this basis, then the state with the largest eigenvalue must be in the outermost layer, and the state at this point is unique.
But at this moment.
What Xu Yun wrote was an identity between structural constants.
Lu Guangda didn't have the time to think about the physical meaning of this identity, but the mathematical meaning is.
What is the largest state among direct product states?
That is.
Can the internal model of Neutron be converted? -- at least mathematically.
Suddenly.
Lu Guangda thought again of the Sakata model proposed by neon man Shoichi Sakata.
Even though Sakata Shoichi's name is the same as that of Sakata's team in Bright Sword, this one is actually one of the few respectable neon people.
He was a true pacifist, and in 1952 he believed that Neon should not research atomic energy because it might be used in war.
After Rabbit founded the People's Republic of China, he traveled between China and Neon many times, bringing a lot of very precious particle physics materials to China.
It was mentioned above that Zhu Hongyuan wanted to organize an international physics conference. When the conference was held, Sakata Shoichi and another Pakistani expert were the only foreigners present.
Later, Sakata Shoichi met with a certain big boss. While calling for not using atomic bombs in war, he also made suggestions that China should strengthen theoretical physics research.
It is indeed quite rare for a foreigner, especially a neon person, to be able to do this.
The Sakata model proposed by Shoichi Sakata is a particle model, which believes that not all hadrons participating in the strong interaction are elementary particles, and the representational states and quantum numbers inside each particle are the same.
According to Xu Yun’s derivation process.
Could it be that Sakata's model is correct?
Or to be precise, can the Sakata model be further optimized?
If Xu Yun's previous calculation of neutron isospin only pointed out one direction, then this time's derivation has truly "hammered" the model under neutrons.
And opposite him.
Xu Yun sighed softly.
Mr. Weinberg, I'm sorry.
Weinberger was one of Xu Yun's most respected physicists. When he was alive, he was one of the few people who could compete with Yang Laoyi as the number one physicist at that time.
However, in the face of national interests, Xu Yun could only say sorry, and then shamelessly showed off his achievements in the SU (3) group.
As for whether the result itself would be too abnormal, Xu Yun was not too worried.
After all, the current generation gap between China and the world is too big, and it is difficult to synchronize relevant results domestically.
As long as Xu Yun pushed this matter to the University of Cambridge, Lu Guangda couldn't verify it even if he tried to find a way - Cambridge University has a tandem accelerator in hand, so it is reasonable to deduce these purely mathematical data.
Then Xu Yun put down his pen again and said seriously:
"Director Lu, as you can see, there must be other particles beneath the neutron."
"Today's basic physics can be simply divided into particle physics theory, quantum field theory and quantum mechanics, celestial bodies and gravity theory - we will not consider statistical physics for now."
"Among the three, gravity is obviously the most illusory, and at the same time, the short-term returns are the lowest."
"Quantum field theory and quantum mechanics have high prospects, but they require a large amount of relevant theoretical foundations. This part of the information is difficult to obtain in our current situation."
"So I think we can focus on particle physics with accelerators. Maybe if we are lucky, we can derive the stratoton model you mentioned?"
"."
When Lu Guangda heard this, a hint of emotion could not be suppressed on his face.
He thought of his good friend again.
The reason why that friend did not return to China with him was largely because of the lack of theoretical physics environment in China.
Then it turned out to be true.
My friend proposed the Yang-Mills theory across the sea and quickly won the Nobel Prize. Now he is famous.
Lu Guangda naturally does not feel any jealousy about this, but many times he will think of one thing:
If the blockade continues, will domestic conditions always lag behind others?
He can tolerate the country being like this for a while, but he cannot accept this situation continuing for a lifetime.
But now Xu Yun saw a possibility for him. At least if the stratoton model could be confirmed, then the domestic environment would definitely change a lot.
After all, we are senior executives with almost invincible strategic vision.
The price paid for this is nothing more than weather Doppler radar technology, the neutron transport equation calculated by their team, and a pile of local donkey hair
Think of this.
Lu Guangda couldn't help but take a deep breath and looked up at Xu Yun:
"Xiao Han, what is your specific exchange plan?"
"Exchange plan?"
The first time he heard this word, Xu Yun didn't realize what Lu Guangda was talking about.
But he soon realized that what Lu Guangda was referring to was the tandem accelerator exchange scheme.
So he quickly straightened his expression and spoke out the draft he had prepared:
"Director Lu, this is what I think."
"We handed over the weather Doppler radar technology to the United Kingdom, the neutron transport equation to Gaul, and the donkey pulp film to Germany."
"CERN is headquartered in Geneva. If the tandem accelerator is to be transported from Cambridge University to Geneva, it must pass through Gaul."
"Suppose. I mean what if, a fire broke out in the warehouse when the accelerator arrived in Normandy. At the same time, Gaul and Britain said that the accelerator was destroyed in the fire, and President Heisenberg also pretended to be stupid and agreed. Do you want to use this script? What do you think?”
Lu Guangda was silent for a moment:
"Are you sure the Germans will get Heisenberg to agree to play dumb?"
"Of course I'm sure."
Xu Yun nodded firmly:
"Heisenberg's purpose in wanting that accelerator was just to produce results and protect CERN from being disbanded. He himself was not firm about whether to keep the accelerator."
"So as long as the German Gaul and the British promise not to disband CERN at the same time, then most of them will just pretend to be stupid."
"Not to mention that he also cooperates very closely with the German Ministry of Technology. Many of his disciples and disciples are studying Germany's first satellite. If it doesn't work, we will make some concessions on the donkey pulp film. Anyway, those donkeys don't have any objections. Well.”
Lu Guangda thought for a moment after hearing this, then turned to look at Lao Guo and nodded lightly:
"Comrade Bingqiong, I agree with Xiao Han's trading plan." Note:
I was spelling with a few writer friends. Others paid 6,000 for two hours, but I paid 1,600 for two hours, and I didn’t make any mistakes the whole time. It was too hard.
(End of chapter)