Wei Guangde opposed the ban on the destruction of academies and only retained the official school, which made Zhang Juzheng frown and fall into thinking.
In fact, later generations debated endlessly about Zhang Juzheng's reform move to "suppress the old rules and regulations to instruct learning government". Some people think that the benefits outweigh the disadvantages, while some people think that it is feudal dictatorship idea.
The ban on academies from giving lectures was already started during the Longqing period under the promotion of Gao Gong and others.
However, the memorial that Zhang Juzheng wrote this time was to push it to a higher position.
In terms of teaching, whether in terms of content or participants, it can be said that there are mixed things and mixed quality.
However, scholars and officials are flocking to lectures and new lectures are emerging one after another. As far as the lecture activities themselves and the mainstream content of lectures are concerned, it reflects the progress of society.
If the ministers fear public opinion and even do not hesitate to fight against the imperial edicts and despise the official laws, it further reflects the awakening of folk thoughts and the strength of public opinion power, which is considered to be progress in the history of thought, social history, and political history, and has received widespread consensus.
The truth is not clear, which has been supported by most people in later generations.
But in the Ming Dynasty, as a feudal dynasty, there was no need for any argument.
Strengthening autocratic control is what Zhang Juzheng needs to pursue in his administration.
Strengthen autocratic power, suppress different opinions, and implement orders. Whether it is the autocracy of the emperor or the autocracy of the chief minister, the purpose and result are the same.
It is precisely because Zhang Juzheng actually regarded the folk academies as a disaster in his heart, and it was a natural barrier that he needed to overcome in his governance.
He has received a lot of news, and many scholars who opposed the examination and clearance of land and land in Zhangzhou often gathered in the academy to talk about this matter.
It doesn't matter if they talk about it. There are students who are studying around them. As they hear and see, the thoughts of these people will be affected by them.
When these students grow up and enter the court, they can have a rough guess what they think.
Zhang Juzheng wanted to avoid this, so he not only had to ban lectures, but also academies.
Not to mention anything else, there is a struggle between Neo-Confucianism and Mind in the Ming Dynasty, especially after Wang Yangming was gone, such a struggle became more and more intense.
The origin of the study of mind is Jiangxi Academy, including Bailudong Academy.
Jiangxi is already in a prosperous culture. The reason why the study of mind can stand out from the siege of Neo-Confucianism is because the cradle of literati in Jiangxi has been constantly emerging, and their thoughts are somewhat biased towards the study of mind, becoming the mainstay of study of mind, and accelerating the dissemination of study of mind.
"Shandai, have you studied at Bailudong Academy?"
Thinking of this, Zhang Juzheng had to suspect that Wei Guangde was also a disciple of Xinxue, although it seemed that he had never mentioned it before.
When Wei Guangde was stunned when he heard Zhang Juzheng's question, he nodded, but soon shook his head again.
Wei Guangde nodded and shook his head, which made Zhang Juzheng stunned and didn't understand what he was trying to express.
"After failing the provincial examination in the early years, I traveled all over Jiangxi. In the past two years, I have not only visited Bailudong Academy to read and study, but also visited Yuzhang Academy, Ehu Academy and Bailuzhou Academy."
Wei Guangde did not understand Zhang Juzheng's intention and smiled faintly, "It's not considered entering school, but just going there to read books and asking the principal and professor in the courtyard for teaching.
Unlike his uncle, he had two Jinshi as his teacher and taught knowledge. Shandai only studied the Four Books and Five Classics with Master in his early years, but he was just a juren.
After passing the test in our college, the Master said there was nothing to teach and asked me to go to Nanchang or other places to study and choose a good teacher."
Wei Guangde has never said much about these things before. This is the first time someone has asked about his early school experience.
Of course, there is nothing to hide from these, and if you are determined to investigate, it will be easy to find them.
Zhang Juzheng was still a little sad when he heard that Wei Guangde had completed the imperial examinations by going to the academy to take a free class.
He was better than Wei Guangde. He was famous for his name as a "child prodigy" in his early years and was appreciated by the prefect of Jingzhou Li Shiao.
Everyone knows that Zhang Juzheng is also known as Zhang Baigui, which was taken by Zhang Juzheng's great-grandfather. Because he dreamed that the moon fell in the water jar, and then a white turtle floated up from the water, his great-grandfather gave him the nickname "Bai Gui", hoping that he would shine his ancestors in the future.
"Bai Gui" is naturally better than "White Turtle", and "Gui" also has the meaning of beautiful jade.
So only, Zhang Juzheng's name was still used during the trial.
Li Shiao believed that "Bai Gui" was too sharp and seemed to be difficult to reach the elegant hall, so he suggested changing it, so he got the name Zhang Juzheng.
Zhang Juzheng passed the imperial examination all the way, and went directly to the provincial examination, and then failed like Wei Guangde.
However, that time, Zhang Ju was lucky enough to meet Gu Lin, who was then the governor of Huguang.
Although Gu Lin stopped him from placing him out of the provincial examination list, he also hoped to sharpen Zhang Juzheng more to become a great man.
Afterwards, he even took off the rhinoceros belt and gave it to Ju Zheng, saying that he hoped that he would set great ambitions and be Yi Yin and Yan Yuan, and not just be a juren who became famous in a young age.
Because of this sentence, Zhang Juzheng's word came from this.
"Shu" and "Shu" are homophones, just like "Gui" and "Gui". Zhang Juzheng ranked third in his family, and "Shu" also means three.
Shu is a common character in Chinese and was first seen in the bronze inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The original meaning is picking, and it also speaks of "shu", which refers to beans.
Later, he pretended to be uncle's uncle, that is, his father's younger brother, and also refers to the husband's younger brother, and also refers to the third place in the brother ranking of Biebo and Zhongxiao.
With Li Shiao and Gu Lin's instructions, Zhang Juzheng was naturally much better than Wei Guangde.
"Jiangxi Academy talks about learning more carefully, and is good at lending and his disciples?"
Zhang Juzheng nodded slightly and continued to ask.
"Minology and Neo-Confucianism actually have the same end of the same path, but it is just a different understanding of a thing by each person."
Wei Guangde frowned slightly when he heard this. He was not a disciple of Xinxue, but he was not considered a disciple of Neo-Confucianism. He was a pragmatist and a person who was oblivious to his righteousness when he saw profit. However, what was better than others was that he had the knowledge of later generations and could distinguish between importance.
This is actually similar to Zhang Juzheng.
It is said that Xu Jie is a disciple of Xinxue, but in fact it is just a rural rumor. Although Xu Jie participated in many gatherings held by Xinxue, he never said that he is a disciple of Xinxue.
The reality is that at that time, the study of mind developed very rapidly, which led many students to learn.
In order to gain reputation in the scholarly forest, Xu Jie ran away to show his presence.
As a politician, how can there be a clear bias? He will use it if it can bring benefits. He will naturally not consider it without benefits.
Zhang Juzheng is actually similar, but he has learned all the true teachings of Xu Jie.
"Different understanding, it's good to say."
Zhang Juzheng nodded slightly, and this actually came to his heart.
Zhang Juzheng learned Neo-Confucianism in his early years, but he had a lot of contact with people from the School of Heart, so he had his own judgment.
In his opinion, those who learn from their hearts are just speculators who cheat, and few of them understand Wang Yangming's Yangming's Yangming's Heart Studies.
Wang Yangming's mind study is not a science, but an attitude towards things. When encountering things, studying things leads to knowledge, that is, relying on practice and self-reflection, that is, "integration of knowledge and action".
Although Zhang Juzheng considered himself not a disciple of Xinxue, his political choice was to "integrate knowledge and action", to know what is right, and then to do it firmly and persist.
Zhang Juzheng can enjoy himself comfortably, after all, he has already been at the throne of the prime minister, so there is no need to continue to take risks and take another step forward.
However, Zhang Juzheng knew that the various problems facing the Ming Dynasty urgently needed solutions, otherwise it would cause endless harm, so he did it without hesitation.
“As for whether I am a disciple of Xinxue, haha
My teacher is a disciple of the Orthodox Neo-Confucianism. When I was about to travel, my Master firmly opposed me from going to Bailudong Academy. ”
Wei Guangde laughed happily, "But I still went because I was really curious about the study of the mind, but the Master never taught this."
"Haha."
Zhang Juzheng smiled when he heard this. Wei Guangde's meaning was very clear. He was not a disciple of Xinxue, but he was curious about reading Xinxue's works in the academy, otherwise he would not have said that.
"Then Shandai should know that the Taizhou School of Heart Studies is now very active in academies in various places and often gather to criticize the government."
What Zhang Juzheng said is half true and half false.
The Taizhou School is indeed the most active sect in the study of mind now, but criticizing the government is not the main purpose of their gatherings, but it is only occasionally discussed.
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More, in fact, it is just about discussing the study of mind and promoting the study of mind.
As for those who attacked the court, they mainly gathered with officials who were in power. They did not curse the court at home and criticize Zhang Juzheng, but held it in public.
It can only be said that the atmosphere of speech in the Ming Dynasty was actually very relaxed, and it was really "freedom of speech".
In fact, Zhang Juzheng was just a target of learning to fight a group of political struggles, suppressing the use of the academy's broadcasting ideas and gaining the support of Neo-Confucian disciples.
After all, Neo-Confucianism is deeply rooted and does not need to be widely spread through academies.
In this era, Neo-Confucianism accounts for more than half of the scholars, and the rest is the study of mind. The reason why the study of mind seems to be of great power and has a faint momentum beyond Neo-Confucianism is that the study of mind is used to gathering and giving lectures, and the noise caused is relatively large, which gives those political entrepreneurship a new idea.
Wei Guangde was silent at this time. He vaguely guessed Zhang Juzheng's purpose, and the academy must be banned.
Yes, Zhang Juzheng was very disgusted with the model of gathering and lectures, and thought it was a good way to demagogue people.
The court prohibited lectures, but if there were no strict restrictions on private academies, what would happen if these people turned into professors in the academies?
They can give a big lecture in the college class and instill their own ideas into the students, but they still cannot achieve the effect Zhang Juzheng wants.
When scholars enter school, they can go to the official schools opened by the government in various places, so why do they have to go to the academy?
"Brother Uncle, the academy has a great influence among the people, you should think twice."
Wei Guangde did not respond to Zhang Juzheng's words, but reminded him sincerely.
The academy is an ancient Chinese educational institution and first appeared in Lizheng Academy in Ziwei City, the eastern capital of Luoyang during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty.
Although the name of academies appeared in the Tang Dynasty, the academies in the Tang Dynasty were similar to the pavilions of later generations and were not educational institutions.
Academies, as folk lecture bases, appeared in the Five Dynasties. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the intellectual class represented by Neo-Confucianists consciously established academies in order to revive Confucian culture.
The Ming Dynasty academies are divided into official and private academies. The official academies are appointed by local officials. Private academies are self-employed by mountain leaders. They must submit them to the official office for filing, and there is no fixed number of students.
The academy focuses on free study and gathers teaching as a supplement. The mountain master or famous teacher teaches scriptures, texts, and poetry at regular intervals.
To maintain academies, wealthy businessmen and scholars often raise funds by themselves, build school buildings in secluded places in mountains and forests, or purchase school land to collect rent to supplement funds.
This allows academies to be free from being slursed by the government and to develop freely. Therefore, since the Song Dynasty, academies have been a place of collision of ideas.
In the early years, the development of science and technology was to promote it in the academy and gradually became the mainstream.
Nowadays, hard work is also following the old path of the early years of Neo-Confucianism and spreading through academies.
Therefore, the academy has a high status among Chinese scholars. It can be said that once Zhang Juzheng's memorial was released, it would inevitably lead to a lot of criticism from all over the world.
It is not just the disciples of the Xinxue school who would object, but the Neo-Confucian school may not necessarily choose to stand on his side and join forces to suppress it according to his wishes.
"What I hate is that I hate the purple that robs the red, the weeds that chaotic seedlings, the Zheng Sheng that chaotics and elegance, and the false that chaotic studies.
If the academy cannot be eradicated, the Shilin will be in a state of confusion and sooner or later there will be a big mess.
The goal of learning from the Taizhou School with a heart is because they are too radical in their thinking, criticizing Neo-Confucianism, criticizing corruption, and corrupting the reputation of the court. ”
Zhang Juzheng continued.
Unconsciously, Wei Guangde's hand shook slightly, and he had only one thought in his mind, "He Xinyin Pill".
Yes, Zhang Juzheng repeatedly mentioned the Taizhou School, but was actually giving Wei Guangde a reminder.
He Xinyin, the leader of the Taizhou School, now fiercely criticized autocracy and put forward the shocking view that "no father and no monarch are not just father and monarch."
Wei Guangde and He Xinyin were actually not very familiar with each other, but when Wei Guangde was worried at home, He Xinyin had come to Pengze to meet him.
However, He Xinyin's thoughts were too radical and did not conform to the mainstream values of this era, so Wei Guangde took the initiative to alienate him after seeing him twice.
Wei Guangde was not sure whether Zhang Juzheng was making a deal with He Xinyin's life and asked him to agree to close the academy.
Yes, He Xinyin’s proposal is actually the way to die.
Among the five relationships, he valued the most not the monarch and ministers, nor his parents or brothers, but his friends. It can be seen that his originality is neither the traditional Confucian ethics nor the social view of Han Feiye.
But just because of the view that "no father and no monarch are not a father and a monarch", it is enough for the court to punish him heavily. In the era of imperial power and full-time, it was a rebellious and against Tiangang.
Well, just because He Xinyin is from Jiangxi and a fellow villager in Wei Guangde, when someone is about to use him as a typical example, as a fellow villager, he naturally needs to be rescued, just like before.
Wei Guangde would help him, naturally not for the benefit, but for the support of the scholars in Jiangxi, but for the reputation.
"Brother, do you really have to do this so amazing?"
Wei Guangde's tone became stern and he questioned.
Wei Guangde could feel that Zhang Juzheng seemed to have been determined to be a typical clerk, and this person was He Xinyin, the leader of the Taizhou School.
Recently, this person has been too active and some of his views have even touched on imperial power.
"That's just everyone's thoughts. Even his students may not really agree with his words."
Wei Guangde continued.
"Shandai, what I am doing now, so you can't let other voices be heard below."
Zhang Juzheng really made up his mind. On the way back, he had already thought about this question seriously. (This chapter ends)