Chapter 230 So far, it has become a scientific
reform. It has become a prisoner of the constitutional monarchy and a puppet of the constitution.
Reform, becoming bad is the fate of Louis XVI, and the guillotine is set up for you.
Reform is a thankless job for the emperor, so the courtiers can't figure out why the emperor supports Zhang Juzheng's reform. The military, politics, culture, and economy are all subject to the most extensive Under this round of impact, the emperor could no longer maintain his transcendent status above all classes.
The laws of the ancestors are immutable, and the translation is: Lao Zhu will be passed down forever.
The little emperor's throne came from Jiajing, and Emperor Jiajing had to thank the smoke from his ancestral tomb, and Emperor Wu Zong had no heirs.
The side clan got the throne by luck, and now they are still fooling around with Zhang Juzheng all day long?
In particular, Zhang Juzheng’s reforms should be opposed the most.
Of course laws can be changed, and ancestral laws can also be changed, but the first priority of reform is to unite those who occupy the dominant position. Whether it is war or government decrees, the rise and fall of the Ming Dynasty were all initiated by the meat-eaters. Decision-making, and the price is always the majority of the people, or statistics one by one.
The common people do not have the ability to make their own voices heard. It is true that when they make their own voices, it is so deafening and so shaking that it changes the color of the heaven and the earth and overthrows the country, but that requires nothing, You need to be desperate, you need to lose all the shackles, and after you send out your cry, all you get is a new group of meat-eaters, standing on the heads of the people, continuing to dominate.
The meat-eaters have all the say. They can even completely mold the people who are always struggling for food and clothing into a short-sighted, mean, greedy, and cunning person. Through the monopoly of education and the right to interpret knowledge, they occupy All the wind and public opinion will eventually further control all power.
In prosperity, the people suffer, in death, the people suffer, this is the basic logic, which is the basic logic of the operation of society.
But Zhang Juzheng’s reform is uniting the people at the bottom, the poor and coolies. All the new policies are harsh on the meat eaters and the bureaucrats who occupy the dominant position. Why does Your Majesty support this kind of reform?
This is the doubt of the courtiers. It is indeed for the rejuvenation of the Ming Dynasty, but the Ming Dynasty's finances and taxes are gradually becoming healthy. If we can achieve this, it will be enough. It is almost done. The emperor should start his own extravagant and luxurious life.
Just like Emperor Jiajing, overcoming the ultimate difficulty, from beginning to end, not forgetting why you set out, and persevering to the end requires great perseverance, great courage, and tyrannical force or even violence.
And violence is gunpowder, steel, silver coins, theories and human hearts.
Yongzheng was the only Mingjun in the Qing Dynasty. The new laws of Yongzheng's reign almost copied all of Zhang Juzheng's new laws, including official administration, finance and taxation, etc. When Yongzheng died, Emperor Qianlong gave him his share of the land on the day he ascended the throne. Even though it was abolished, it wasn't the end. Qianlong even introduced a system of silver for discussing crimes, which made Taqing's officialdom fall down like a mudslide, with no possibility of improvement.
Yongzheng's new law had goals, a program, a system, and capable ministers and officials, and it was very successful. However, once he died, the fate of the people and the government would inevitably end.
In the eyes of the courtiers and the gentry of the world, the correct reform should be to make the cake bigger. When distributing it, 99% should be given to the meat eaters, and the remaining 1 point should be given to the poor. While working hard for the people, let the poor coolies be grateful. This is the way to maintain rule and correct reforms.
Zhu Yijun is indeed making cakes, but he is also taking advantage of the greed of the Jin gentry and taking out all the money they buried in the pig pen. This is a human mine.
Is it Zhu Yijun who doesn’t give cake to meat eaters?
The brothers Sun Keyi and Sun Kehong of Songjiang have something to say, and King Chonggu of Pucheng has something to say. His Majesty is willing to share this cake with meat eaters, and even has an unrealistic fantasy that he expects meat eaters to After they were full, they gave the poor coolies a sip of soup.
Sun Keyi did donate a lot of money to the Maritime School after having a full meal. Wang Chongguzheng also followed the boss’s advice and built a water air conditioner to prevent the temperature of the wool washing factory from being too high and killing people. As long as he gave When a poor coolie takes a sip of soup, Zhu Yijun will even feel that meat eaters are not so disgusting.
As long as he is a human being, he is a human being to the emperor.
But if he doesn't behave as a human being, the emperor will turn into an indescribable monster and prevent him from being a human being.
Zhu Yijun supported Zhang Juzheng’s reform because it included a whole set of new logic. In the lectures and banquets, Zhu Yijun and Zhang Juzheng fully confirmed the feasibility of this logic. As Zhang Juzheng said, this The road is too difficult and long.
It is not easy to do it, but it must be done. This is to release the labor force. The people of the Ming Dynasty who are trapped in labor have no way to work in factories because they need to perform labor regularly. Complete rural and local allocations.
Only by releasing the people from labor and private service can the productivity of Ming Dynasty further grow.
Zhu Yijun discovered that Zhang Juzheng's New Deal was always so intertwined, like grass and snakes, with a clear context. He had a clear and clear plan for the system of the country.
This is why no one can beat him.
The reason for Invincible is very simple. He is using Taoism to fight, while the other ministers are using martial arts.
"Your Majesty, today's bimonthly issue of the Gewu Bao has been delivered." Zhang Hong delivered a newly printed newspaper. The bimonthly Gewu Bao is a journal of the Royal Gewu Academy. It contains Many things are difficult for ordinary people to understand and seem far away from ordinary people.
"Uncle Huang's first miscellaneous newspaper is a declaration of war on the retro-religious faction." Zhu Yijun took the fortnightly issue and commented after reading it.
There has been a fierce quarrel between the DPRK and the Central Government recently about why the water press can only press out water within three feet. In this regard, a group of capable people and strangers represented by the Gokuwon think that it is because of the strong atmospheric pressure. , and the Hanlins, led by the Hanlin Academy, said that there was no need to explore because Zi Buyu had strange powers and confused gods.
Zhu Zaiyu published the principle of atmospheric pressure in detail in this miscellaneous newspaper, but it was not recognized by the Hanlin Academy.
Zhu Zaiyu asked the officials to come to Gewuyuan on March 15th. Zhu Zaiyu wanted to prove the existence of air pressure.
And Zhu Zaiyu used a person, a mountain man. A mountain man is also a hermit, a capable person and a stranger.
It was a mountain man named Huang Zifu. Huang Zifu was a Yanshi, a puppet master, or an artist of various arts called puppet show. He invented a tea-serving beauty, a puppet in a box. , the beauty serving tea, uses the mechanism to move, just like a stranger, holding the teapot out of the box, giving it to the guests, and then slowly returns.
The power of this wooden beauty serving tea is actually the water tank on the wooden box. Press the switch and the water will flow down to drive the mechanism. As for going back, it is similar to the reverse gear of a car. The wooden plate in the beauty's hand is actually a lever. After the teapot is empty, the other section of the lever falls, the gear clicks, and the reverse is achieved, and the beauty goes back on her own.
It is four cylindrical gears.
There are gears in China. From the actual bronze gears in the pre-Qin period to the "Agricultural Book" of the Yuan Dynasty and the "Tiangong Kaiwu" that will be published in a few years, there are various gear devices, including transmission gears and Ratchets, as well as horizontal and vertical axis conversion gears, are widely used in agriculture and water conservancy, and Huang Zifu is such a Yanshi who is good at using gears.
This thing later spread to the Japanese country, where it was called Luo Zun and tea-serving boy.
In the third year of Wanli, Huang Zifu was recommended to the court by Tan Lun. After passing Zhu Zaiyu's examination, he entered the Academy of Wushu and was responsible for the manufacture of crafts. The acquaintance between Tan Lun and Huang Zifu dates back to that year. During the War of Ping-Japan, Huang Zifu was half of Tan Lun's ordnance staff. Later, Tan Lun became an official in the capital, and Tan Lun's son went to secretly play with this tea-serving beauty, but was scared away by two moving wooden snakes. .
Tan Lun did not deceive Zhu Yijun with his talk of gods and ghosts, but asked Huang Zifu to explain the truth clearly.
Huang Zifu had a pair of skillful hands, and had many topics in common with Zhu Zaiyu. Zhu Zaiyu collected fragments of a guqin, and the two of them discussed repairing the guqin. The sound was soft and unrivaled.
Huang Zifu was proficient in music theory and had a very harmonious relationship with Zhu Zaiyu. Mechanical inventors often have amazing musical talents. For example, John Harrison, who invented the marine clock, was an excellent musician.
This time Huang Zi invented many strange objects again. The Institute of Observations held a meeting specifically for his inventions and invited the Hanlin Academy to witness the miracle of the atmosphere.
Zhu Yijun was very interested in this Gurwu Conference and asked Zhang Hong to ask for an invitation to go to the Gurwu Academy.
On March 15th, the sun was shining brightly. The little emperor changed into his regular clothes and headed to the Gewuyuan with a long string of tails. The reason why he wanted to go was to be a referee.
He knew clearly that Gewuyuan's idea was right. This was a debate that the Confucians would lose. The sophistry of the Confucians seemed so weak, because Confucianism never touched upon this. place, the mystery of the infinite principles of all things, when they cannot worship the ancients and cannot find the expositions of the Confucian sages, they seem so powerless and embarrassed.
Gewuyuan is different. From the beginning of its establishment, Gewuyuan has been deviating from tradition.
Zhu Yijun's car stopped steadily in front of the gate of Gewuyuan. Zhu Zaiyu led a group of strange people from Gewuyuan to pay homage to His Majesty.
The Gewu Academy urgently needs the emperor's support. They only grasp the truth, while the retro-style faction represented by the Hanlin Academy have grasped everything except the truth.
In terms of criticizing each other, there is no official in Gewuyuan, which is a natural disadvantage.
But Gewuyuan has a backer, the biggest backer of the Ming Dynasty, the only piece of heaven in the Ming Dynasty, the Emperor of the Ming Dynasty.
The Ming Emperor’s support for Gewuyuan was unreserved.
Zhu Yijun saw Zhang Siwen and Jiao Hong, frowned, and asked Zhang Juzheng beside him: "Sir, don't you want your children to pursue an official career? Why are you here at Gewuyuan?"
After working hard and passing the Jinshi exam, I came to the Gewu Academy to become a doctor of arithmetic!
“Back to Your Majesty, he likes arithmetic. If he were to be in politics, his father would always have a lot of gossip when he was in court. It would be better not to enter the official career. He is not that kind of material. This officialdom is like a dragon’s pond and a tiger’s den. If you are not careful, you will be shattered into pieces," Zhang Juzheng said with a smile.
Zhang Juzheng knew that his son did not have the talent to be an official.
Being an official requires tolerance, but his son Zhang Siwen couldn't tolerate it and was even a little stubborn. This was a taboo in officialdom.
For the sake of his father's reputation, Zhang Siwen was an indifferent official and would not receive any dispatches at all. He might as well come to Gewuyuan and study arithmetic to become more clever.
Besides, is this officialdom a good place? They are intrigues and deceitful, and they are at odds with each other.
Zhang Siwen himself is still a very stubborn donkey. If he enters the officialdom, he will only die in an unknown manner. This has nothing to do with whether His Majesty protects him. If Zhang Siwen enters the officialdom, he will really be punished. Playing to death, and also bringing Zhang Juzheng's father into trouble.
Wang Chonggu’s son, Wang Qian, is not like that. People like Wang Qian are born for officialdom, cruel and vicious.
Zhu Yijun looked at Huang Zifu. This time, Huang Zifu was the protagonist of the Goku Conference. He was not tall, even a little hunchbacked, and his hands were very slender and skillful.
"Are you Huang Zifu?" Zhu Yijun asked with a smile.
"If I return to the emperor, the common people are Huang Zifu." Huang Zifu immediately knelt down and replied when he heard His Majesty's inquiry. Standing in front of him was the supreme emperor of the Ming Dynasty, the largest sponsor of the Gewuyuan, although it seemed Extraordinarily kind.
"Get up and call yourself a minister from now on. Since you are a doctor from Gewuyuan, you don't need to call yourself a commoner. You don't need to kneel down when you are right." Zhu Yijun doesn't like people kneeling very much. This is also a privilege. The ministers of the Ming Dynasty did not have to kneel down when playing correctly.
"Thank you for your kindness, Your Majesty." Huang Zifu said with sincerity and fear.
"Take me to see it." Zhu Yijun walked into the gate of Gewuyuan.
Spring has arrived, and everything is recovering. The spring breeze is like a clever girl, with slender hands, cutting willow leaves, dancing with the wind. Willow trees are shaded, and catkins are flying in the sky.
Miss Chun cut out apricot blossoms and peach blossoms, and carefully decorated these flower bones, which are as white as snow and as red as fat, decorating the spring in a variety of colors.
Zhu Yijun walked through the small square at the main entrance, walked through the shade of the trees, and stepped on catkins into the Tianyi Building.
“It’s not on the first floor, but on the third floor?” Zhu Yijun asked Feng Bao doubtfully.
Feng Bao said mysteriously: "It is indeed on the third floor, because you can only see it on the third floor."
The Hanlin officials from the Hanlin Academy were also waiting for the emperor to take his seat. After that, the gathering of objects officially began. Huang Zifu and his assistants began to work.
“First of all, it is the water press published in the civilian newspaper. In order to understand this principle, we made a water press out of glass so that we can clearly see the traces of water flow.” The first thing Huang Zifu demonstrated was the water press, but it was made of glass.
Huang Zifu began to demonstrate. As he pumped, the water began to rise continuously in the pipe, and finally filled the chamber of the water press, and began to pump out water. The water was pumped out one by one, not continuously. .
Huang Zifu’s demonstration was clear and unambiguous. An artesian water press does not mean that it does not have to do any work, nor is it a perpetual motion machine. It needs to be pumped continuously to continuously discharge water. This is a very magical scene. What exactly makes the water flow? Rise and not fall?
This is the strong force of atmospheric pressure.
Huang Zifu continued: "The Minbao's water press only has one chamber, but we turned it horizontally and transformed it into two chambers, so that when the piston reciprocates, air or water can be extracted from both ends. ”
This time Huang Zifu took out a reciprocating water pump. Huang Zifu held the handle and began to shake the flywheel. The flywheel drove the crank, which drove the piston, and both chambers had water inlets and outlets. , the piston reciprocates, driving the two water inlet and outlet valves to open alternately, directly doubling the efficiency.
And this time the water flow became continuous.
Sun Jigao stood up suddenly and stared at the thing made entirely of glass. The internal structure is clear and clear. It is indeed a good thing for the people, and as long as there is power, it can pump water continuously. This Power can be human power, animal power, or firepower.
The key is that Huang Zifu proved one thing, that is, changes in production tools can improve efficiency.
This is the terrifying effect brought about by technological progress. Haste makes waste, and those who have machinery must have something wrong. If pure white is not prepared, the spiritual life will be uncertain, and if the spiritual life is uncertain, the Tao will not contain it. These deep-rooted Confucian principles have had a strong impact.
But Sun Jigao couldn't say a word when faced with this ironclad fact.
"Dr. Huang, you really have a pair of skillful hands." Zhu Yijun couldn't help but admired when he looked at this thing.
Huang Zifu bowed his head and said: "Thank you for your high praise."
Zhu Yijun, Zhu Zaiyu, Huang Zifu, Cheng Dawei and others all looked at the Hanlin Academy members, each with pale faces. Is it more efficient or better? Are you old-fashioned and unwilling to make any changes?
Huang Zifu and Zhu Zaiyu brought a glass tube, which was about three feet long, and another glass vessel was filled with mercury.
Zhu Zaiyu introduced a sufficient amount of mercury into the glass tube, then pressed the glass tube with his hand and pushed it deep into the mercury, then let go of his hand. After the mercury dropped for a while, it stopped. After sliding down, the height of mercury is two feet two inches and eight minutes.
At the upper end of the glass tube, there is an obvious cavity. In that cavity, it is obviously not air, but nothing.
“We found that the mercury height has nothing to do with the thickness of the glass tube.” Zhu Zaiyu took out a thicker tube and started the experiment again. The mercury height was still two feet two inches eight. point.
This scene shocked everyone present. According to the general belief,
"Later, we experimented with water. We had already discovered the water press, but it could not be pressed no matter what. The water was more than three feet high, so we made a pipe that was more than three feet high, right outside the window." Zhu Zaiyu motioned for everyone to look out the window.
A glass tube appeared outside the attic. A three-foot-high platform was built for the test. The test method was the same. A three-foot-high glass tube was filled with water. In water, a cavity appears at the top of the glass tube.
You can’t see clearly in the attic, but when you get to the railing position, you can clearly see it. There is ink in the water for easy observation.
"The water is three feet high. In other words, if it exceeds three feet one foot, it is impossible to use a water press to press the water." Zhu Zaiyu explained, indicating to the Hanlin Academy that they could I went to observe. There was a wooden ruler inlaid on this high platform with the height on it.
Sun Jigao and his fellow officials looked left and right for a long time.
"Why is the mercury two feet, two inches and eight inches high, while the water is three feet and one foot high? What's the reason for this?!" Sun Jigao still couldn't believe it and asked a question. If the Gewuyuan could not answer this question, That is playing tricks and deceiving the emperor, which is a serious crime.
“Because mercury is heavy and water is light, mercury is about 13.6 times heavier than water. Therefore, water is 13.6 times higher than mercury. This specific gravity changes with temperature. Oh, by the way, we designed A glass vessel with an inner diameter of one foot by one foot is filled with mercury and weighed. Then the mercury is drained and water is poured in and weighed." Zhu Zaiyu clapped his hands, but there were no five hundred swordsmen. Want the little emperor's life.
Two assistants brought up the glassware.
Vacuum is real, and atmospheric pressure is real, and it is certain that water can be lifted three feet high.
"If the atmosphere really has pressure and can lift water three feet high, why won't we humans be crushed to death?!" Sun Jigao immediately realized the crux of the problem. If the atmosphere really has a If someone could lift water, why wasn't that person crushed into a cake?
Zhu Zaiyu thought for a moment and signaled his assistant to bring a wine carrier. He inserted the wine carrier into the barrel, pressed the air hole on it, lifted it out of the water, and released his fingers. The water in the hollow tube of the wine lifter falls back into the bucket again.
"Do you understand?" Zhu Zaiyu looked at Sun Jigao and asked.
Sun Jigao shook his head blankly and said angrily: "Answer my question!"
There was Jiao Hongjiao in the Gewu Academy, and Sun Jigao in the Hanlin Academy. They were both champions, but the gap was still very obvious.
Zhu Zaiyu thought for a while and said: "Sun Zhuangyuan, take a breath."
"Ah? Ah..." Sun Jigao's face was confused, and he really took a breath before he understood what was going on. The reason is that he also has air in his body.
Zhu Yijun discovered a very interesting thing, that is the struggle between the Gewu Academy and the Hanlin Academy. What he, the referee, has to do is very simple, which is to provide a fair fighting environment. Then the Gewu Academy can really Explosively killing a bunch of weak chickens in the Hanlin Academy.
“So, in order to prove the existence of atmospheric pressure, we have prepared a very novel experiment.” Zhu Zaiyu bowed his head and said: “Your Majesty, please move outside the first floor of the sky.”
"Okay." Zhu Yijun nodded and headed outside Tianyi Building, waiting for Zhu Zaiyu's further actions.
“These are two copper hemispheres, the left hemisphere and the right hemisphere, with oil-soaked leather as padding. We close the two hemispheres and then inject water from the left hemisphere.” Zhu Zai Chu introduced the experimental procedures.
After the left and right hemispheres were closed, Zhu Zaiyu screwed the two hemispheres together tightly with screws, and then started filling them with water.
The left hemisphere is the entrance, and the right hemisphere is connected to a copper pipe nearly four feet long. When the water comes out, Zhu Zaiyu closes the valve on the copper ball, and then unscrews it. After moving the sealing valve a few times, the ball was completely sealed.
Under the pull of four strong men, the copper ball was gradually hoisted above a pool, and Zhu Zaiyu released the valve at the bottom of the copper pipe. Then the people on the high platform lifted the copper ball up. The valve is closed, and then the sealing valve above is tightened.
The copper ball was put down, and the copper tube at the bottom was removed. Then Zhu Zaiyu pointed to the copper ball on the ground and said: "If there is no atmospheric pressure, then I unscrew the screws fixing the copper ball, and the two hemispheres should be easily Separate."
"Sun Zhuangyuan, do you agree?"
"Yes!" Sun Jigao was silent for a moment and said through gritted teeth.
Zhu Zaiyu didn't move, looked at Sun Jigao and asked with a smile: "What about the opposite?"
"The opposite exists!" Although Sun Jigao didn't want to answer, he still answered. This question, after all, His Majesty looked at him.
"Of course." Zhu Zaiyu wanted Sun Jigao to say these words himself to save him from further trouble.
Zhu Zaiyu began to twist the screws on the copper ball. After all the screws were removed, the two hemispheres were still firmly buckled together.
"Sun Zhuangyuan, try and see if he can pull away?" Zhu Zaiyu looked at Sun Jigao and said.
Sun Jigao led Hanlin and tried their best, but still couldn't pull the copper ball away. Sun Jigao looked at the two hemispheres blankly, confused. Could it be that this is really the infinity of all things? reason?
He would rather believe that there are gods and ghosts in this world than believe that this thing can be cracked by humans.
Zhu Zaiyu clapped his hands again and signaled to pull the horses of the Royal Horse Supervisor. There were more than ten horses on the left and right. When these horses exhausted their strength, the two hemispheres were finally pulled apart by the horses.
At this point, it’s science.
Sun Jigao ran to the hemisphere and looked at it for a long time before he finally had to admit the fact that atmospheric pressure really existed. The faces of all the Hanlin Academy officials were ashen and they had to admit that the Gewu Academy really existed. There is something.
Zhu Yijun originally thought it was over here, but Zhu Zaiyu said: "Your Majesty, in fact, there is not a vacuum in this ball, there is something inside."
"Is there something else? "Zhu Yijun was stunned and asked doubtfully.
"Your Majesty, please come with me." Zhu Zaiyu took the emperor back to Taiyi Floor, placed a glass of water on the plate, and then placed a glass cover on the plate. The edge of the plate, Leather and oil are responsible for sealing.
Zhu Zaiyu called three Tiqi and brought over a one-way reciprocating water press.
Then the three Tiqiu began to pull the piston and began to extract the air in the vessel. After just a few times, the water began to boil.
“So, in fact, there is steam in the copper ball just now, not a vacuum.” Zhu Zaiyu explained why he had to vacuum like this, because he found in the inverted test that the mercury surface and water surface, violent boiling will occur.
This proves that the cavity above the mercury and water surface is not empty, but there is a large amount of water vapor.
So in the experiment just now, the copper ball was only a low vacuum environment, not a vacuum.
In an ideal state, a reciprocating air extractor can be used to extract the air inside, but this is also an ideal state. It is impossible to achieve a complete vacuum.
“This is what I have discovered.” Zhu Zaiyu opened the valve of the glass cover and bowed his head.
"Uncle Huang has solved many of my doubts." Zhu Yijun affirmed Zhu Zaiyu's research. Zhu Zaiyu took the Institute of Gewu and kicked open the door of science and began to study the infinite The universal connection between all things was studied and summarized.
Science is through practice, understanding, induction, and summary, establishing an orderly knowledge system that can explain the laws of development of all things and can withstand testing, and systematically conduct in-depth research.
This is science.
And Zhu Zaiyu opened the door to science and led Ming Dynasty into the world of science.
Maybe in the future, people will criticize Zhang Juzheng and Zhu Yijun, but they can only praise Zhu Zaiyu.
Although Zhu Zaiyu’s achievements today are all achieved with the full support of the little emperor, people will still praise Zhu Zaiyu’s intelligence and outstanding contributions to human development.
Huang Zifu, a mountain man, is good at ingenious thinking. He makes a puppet and uses machines to move, which is no different from a human being. The beautiful woman is engraved, holding a tea bag (teapot) in her hand, and she can move around to serve the guests. When the guest holds up the wine cup and sips tea, he immediately waits. When the guest returns to the wine cup, he turns around and goes inward. Tan Erhua opened his mansion in the north and went to Yiguan Valley. Say goodbye to him for the time being, check out his apartment, and be careful not to open it without permission. Tan's son wanted to search for his weapons to learn his skills. As soon as I opened the door and entered, there were always two snakes coming towards each other from under the couch. They were afraid and refused to enter. Tan Erhua is Tan Lun's nickname. Please give me a monthly ticket, wow! ! ! ! !
(End of this chapter)