Chapter 378 Strange Monarchs
At this moment, Zhang Juzheng is full of unlimited expectations for the future of the Ming Dynasty. The development of the Ming Dynasty has given Zhang Juzheng an extravagant hope, that is, the Ming Dynasty can wake up from its deep sleep in the hands of His Majesty. Come.
This kind of expectation comes from all aspects of life. For example, the Kan map in front of you has become more and more refined, and the sophistication of the map affects all aspects.
For example, from a military perspective, a very detailed map can better plan campaigns and logistics arrangements based on terrain, hydrology and other environments, and build fortifications based on terrain heights and mountain ranges. Build forts and passes to carry out better operations in foreign operations.
Qi Jiguang once commented on the Ming Dynasty’s more sophisticated Northern Parallel Capital Sika Map: An army without reliable maps would be blind in all its actions, and would often be limited to the narrow information of military intelligence, unable to make accurate decisions. decision. Not understanding the details of the terrain often negatively affects decision-making. If he had such a precise map, Tuman Khan would have stayed at the eastern foot of the Great Xianbei Mountain forever.
For example, from an economic perspective, a more accurate map represents more reasonable road planning, more reasonable resource allocation, and more water conservancy construction, so that there will be more food and more Population, more possibilities, Ming Dynasty's map of the hinterland is also extremely distorted. There are many places on the Kowloon Post Road that can be changed to make the flow of goods and information more convenient.
All of this is the result of sophisticated Kantu maps. This is also the result of the Dr. Gewu of the Gewu Academy who spend all day typing out the data on the abacus. The data collected by the Tiqi and the postmen are very primitive. Yes, it requires massive calculations to fill in the huge and embarrassing map in front of us bit by bit.
When the Ming Emperor said he would send Dr. Gewu there, Zhang Juzheng immediately expressed his full cooperation.
“This has to mention the new ship just sent by Guo Rulin and Zhao Shizhen, the general office of Songjiang Shipyard. I named it Star Observer Ship. The main purpose is to use it for Dr. Gewu of the Ming Dynasty. Stargazing." Zhu Yijun asked Feng Bao to carry a model. This new ship was modified from the three-masted plywood ship after Zhu Yijun issued an imperial edict to explain the needs of the Imperial Palace.
The biggest feature of this ship is that it has many observation instruments, such as wind speed and hydrograph located at the bow of the ship, as well as two downward-penetrating water collectors, which are specially responsible for measuring the salinity of seawater. In the middle of the ship In the other position, there is a sextant and other stargazers embedded in the deck, where people can sit and watch the stars.
On the side of the ship are artillery, blunderbuss, bowl-mouth blunderbuss and other firearms. The cabin cannot carry cargo, but is filled with oil and gunpowder.
A stargazing ship, its artillery, fire blunderbuss, and bowl mouth blunderbuss are all used to prevent pirates. The design of Ming Dynasty ships is somewhat phobic about insufficient firepower, even for stargazing ships that never go out alone. , there is also firepower allocation, this is a disease, but Zhu Yijun cannot cure this disease. After the 23rd year of Jiajing, no matter how ferocious the Japanese invasion was, this disease had multiple types, and it could not be cured at all.
What Zhu Yijun cares most about this boat is the matching glass dial theodolite. This thing is extremely precise and one is worth a lot of money. Just the lens on it is made of crystal. One piece costs twenty-four taels of silver, and a theodolite costs more than two hundred taels.
“With this kind of ship, the Ming Dynasty opened the sea without headless flies wandering around.” Zhu Yijun looked at the model and was in a good mood. He introduced everything on the ship one by one with Zhang Juzheng and Qi Jiguang.
“What is this thing at the bottom that is said to be a rudder but doesn’t look like a rudder?” Qi Jiguang asked curiously.
Zhu Yijun bent over and looked at the position pointed by Qi Jiguang, who was squatting on the ground, and said with a smile: "Ocean current meter, measures ocean currents, direction, speed and depth, Qi Shuai, there is a river in the sea, Hong Maofan's The large sailing ship can travel from Peru to Luzon, especially in the windless zone of the equator, relying on the rivers in this sea."
Feng Bao and Zhang Hong looked at each other, the three most powerful people in the Ming Empire. The emperor, the prime minister, and the general were all over a hundred years old in total. They squatted on the ground without caring about their appearance. They were almost the same as the old woman under the big locust tree at the head of the village. When the three of them talked, they also looked like the parents of the east and the west. Like an old woman, excitement flashed between her brows.
Really strange monarchs and ministers.
"When Felipe II comes to pick up the ship again, he will definitely hire some of our Ming Dynasty's boat masters and sailors, and then let this non-trading ship go with him, hehehe." Zhu Yijun's smile Antonio has experience, but Daming has science. No matter how experienced you are, once Daming studies this sea route and understands whose new world the new world belongs to, it will be hard to say!
"Oh! Your Majesty's idea is good!" Qi Jiguang looked understanding and kept nodding in agreement, fully agreeing.
Both Zhang Juzheng and Qi Jiguang understand His Majesty's thoughts very well since they are all in the same camp.
"How much does this ship cost? How many people can it bring..." Zhang Juzheng began to ask about the detailed parameters of the star observation ship. He had to ask clearly about the configuration before he could arrange for people to start it and observe it. This thing is easy to use, and it is You have to measure the pile.
Zhu Yijun communicated with Zhang Juzheng and Qi Jiguang for a long time. Zhu Yijun turned left and right three times around the star observation ship. He obviously liked it very much, but Zhu Yijun knew that this thing was an important weapon of the country. See No matter how greedy he was, he never touched it. When he broke into the side hall and almost broke the emperor's figure, Zhu Yili remembered His Majesty's murderous look very clearly.
"Okay, take one away if you like it. The shipyard sent four models just to let me know what the shipyard is busy with." Zhu Yijun generously gave one to Zhu Yixi.
"Thank you for your majesty's grace!" Zhu Yili asked the two small yellow doors to lift up, and slipped away with the model. He wanted to put the model in Prince Lu's Mansion. In addition to the beauty of the world, Zhu Yili also liked it very much. Figures are one of the few hobbies that the two brothers have in common.
The Emperor of the Ming Dynasty was a bit unprofessional, and it was no secret that Zhu Yijun liked to do such things by hand.
"Brother, I'm leaving first!" Zhu Yili told Xiaohuangmen to slow down and don't fall. He said hello to the emperor as he walked.
Zhu Yijun sneered, shook his head and said, "This child only calls me your Majesty when you reward him with something he likes."
Zhang Juzheng looked at Zhu Yijun's back, his eyes There are some complications here. He not only hopes that Zhu Yili will become a talented person, but if the emperor suffers from three disasters and six illnesses, Zhu Yili, who is now the de facto prince, will sit on the throne. On the other hand, he does not want Zhu Yili to really become a talented person, so Zhu Yili's The emperor and the bachelor were responsible for the banquet. If King Lu was virtuous, then King Lu would probably become a powerful figure in the court.
Zhang Juzheng said that if the connections between things are common, contradictions are common.
"I want to second the six five-masted ocean-going ships deployed in Dianbai Port in Guangzhou and Yuegang in Fujian to Luzon so that they can be used in the attack on the Malacca Strait. The national surnames are Zhengmao and Yingyanghou. No matter how talented you are, it's hard for a clever woman to make a meal without rice." Zhu Yijun looked at Qi Jiguang and Zhang Juzheng, thinking about the pros and cons of this matter.
The Luzon Governor's Palace is, after all, an overseas governor's palace. Once the six five-masted ocean crossing ships are deployed to Luzon, if there is a war in Ryukyu and Nagasaki, ten five-masted ocean crossing ships from the Matsue Prefecture Navy will be dispatched. If the four points are exceeded, the maritime military power will be unbalanced. Luzon will be stronger than the Ming Dynasty. Since ancient times, the princes have been stronger than the imperial court, and problems will arise.
Zhu Yijun promised Lu Yi that he would kill all the people. The emperor speaks his words, and naturally he must keep his word.
"Your Majesty, the country's surname is Zhengmao is trustworthy, but I don't think it is a good thing. People's hearts cannot stand the test." Zhang Juzheng's attitude was relatively clear. He disagreed and expressed clearly The reason for objection is that people's hearts cannot stand the test.
"Your Majesty, I think what you said is reasonable. The fight for Malacca must be a long-term and difficult matter. The secondment of six five-masted transoceanic ships is just the icing on the cake. We still have to rely on the hard work of water mills to complete the task. The fortresses established by the Hong Mao Fan were removed one by one. "Qi Jiguang explained from a military perspective that this kind of secondment actually did not change the war situation much.
The battle for the Strait of Malacca must be a meat grinder. Since it is a meat grinder, it naturally wants to eat people. The Red Haired Fan refused to give in, and the Ming Dynasty forced it. Since it wants to eat people, it can only use The lives of the natives were filled in.
Zhu Yijun thought for a moment and said: "What you two said makes sense, so let's each borrow one to go there. In this way, Luzon will have five five-masted transoceanic ships. Let the surname of the country do things, and we can't do anything at all. If you don’t want to give me anything, just let Ye Guang carry out the errands with an imperial edict.”
“I want the horse to run, but I don’t want the horse to eat grass. This doesn’t make sense.”
“Your Majesty. "Shengming." Zhang Juzheng agreed. There were five five-masted ships in the Luzon Governor's Palace, and a total of 18 five-masted ships were stationed in Songjiang, Ningbo, Fujian, and Guangzhou in the Ming Dynasty. On the large ships, the hinterland of the Ming Dynasty was at an absolute military advantage. middle.
"Ning Yuanhou is going back to Beijing." Zhu Yijun talked about another thing, Li Chengliang.
Zhu Yijun looked at Qi Jiguang and said with great conviction: "Qi Shuai must entertain Marquis Ningyuan well, and don't get into trouble or cause any trouble."
"Your Majesty, please be at ease." Qi Jiguang made a promise to His Majesty , Li Chengliang has always been loyal to the emperor and the country, so of course it is good for you and me. Hello everyone, if Li Chengliang really conspired to rebel, Qi Jiguang will also let Li Chengliang know how powerful he is.
Li Rusong was extremely excited. It had been three years since he last said goodbye to his father, and it had been seven years since he left Liaodong. The gangster he was at the time had now grown up. With twenty cavalry, he rode fast. After visiting Jizhou, I didn't see Li Chengliang when I arrived, because Li Chengliang went hunting in the mountains with his thirty followers.
Li Chengliang thought that when he entered Beijing, there would be quarrels in the court for a few days, so he went to relax.
At dusk, Li Chengliang returned home with a full load. On the cart, two wild boars were lying on the cart. One was shot in the eye with an arrow and was killed directly, while the other was shot and turned into a hedgehog. This wild boar is the overlord of the mountains. Especially in the vicinity of Gyeonggi Province, where there are no such beasts as tigers.
There were many birds hanging on the bodyguard, as well as some small animals, rabbits, deer and other prey.
"Dad! You're back." Li Rusong saw Li Chengliang's figure and immediately greeted him. Twenty-year-old Li Rusong was fearless. Thirty-year-old Li Rusong already had a few hints of handsomeness. Style, Li Chengliang saw no rebelliousness or arrogance from between Li Rusong's brows. Li Rusong, who was the boss in heaven and the second in earth, and the third in command, has obviously become a master.
"How many times have I told you! When doing business, you must call your job! There are no fathers and sons in the military camp." Li Chengliang looked at the group of people behind Li Rusong, as well as the two eunuchs, and subconsciously admonished him.
"I know, Dad!" Li Rusong agreed, but he refused to change.
“You bastard, I can’t beat you now, so I’m going to kick you in the face, right?” Li Chengliang laughed and cursed, and the bastard son let him go.
"The Marquis of Ningyuan received the decree." The two eunuchs stepped forward and announced the decree, both in the words of a chariot. They mainly commended Li Chengliang for his achievements in Liaodong, and at the same time, they also praised Li Chengliang for his loyalty to the emperor and the country. , Li Chengliang has become a model of bold loyalty.
Who has nothing to do and puts the whole family’s heads in their belts to rebel?
When Li Chengliang was granted the title of uncle, he came to the capital to express his gratitude. Your Majesty treated him with great courtesy. Now that he has entered the capital to resign, your majesty even specially sent his son to come here. This is because the feudal lords give each other face, and the court gave it to him. Face, Li Chengliang must take it, otherwise the court will lose face, and Li Chengliang will lose face too.
"Two angels, I have a memorial here, and I hope that the two angels will present it to the emperor." Li Chengliang took out a memorial from his sleeve and handed it to the two angels. He also handed over a memorial worth two thousand yuan. One hundred taels of silver banknote issued by the Banknote Bureau.
The two eunuchs took away the memorial and left without taking the money. After taking the money, these two will have no choice but to sink the well tomorrow. Feng Bao's restraint on his subordinates was extremely strict. Especially when dealing with internal officials and the external court, money must not be taken. However, Feng Bao's handling of internal corruption issues was not drastic.
Taking money from the outer court is collusion between internal and external parties, while taking money from the inner court is a moth. Different crimes lead to different punishments.
"What is the memorial written about?" Li Rusong asked curiously.
Li Chengliang said angrily: "Don't ask about adults' matters!"
"I am a cavalry battalion general now! Not a child!" Li Rusong was so angry, He has repeatedly made military exploits. Among his father's Ningyuan Marquises, he has a share of the credit. He sacrificed his life as a vanguard in Daning Guard, Quaning Guard and Yingchang, plus Li Chengliang's support and stability. In the rear, Li Chengliang was granted the title of Marquis. "Yes, he has grown up." Li Chengliang looked at Li Rusong. Qi Jiguang really taught him everything he could. Li Rusong himself had a strong military talent. Li Chengliang looked around, stepped back, and then said carefully. : "Do you know what Jizhou is called?"
"What?" Li Rusong frowned.
"Jimen, the gateway to the capital, you see there are three roads here, one goes to the Fourth Pass of Xifengkou, one goes to Shanhaiguan, and one goes to Beigukou. As long as there is a strong army here, the Beibei can't break through here. Unable to plunder the capital." Li Chengliang went hunting, and it was not in vain. He discovered the reason why Jizhou was called Jimen and wrote it in his memorial.
Li Chengliang explained to Kanyu Tu and Li Rusong that the geographical location here is extremely important. Jizhou is located in the capital.
"This is the reason why Qi Shuai guarded Jizhou back then." Li Rusong once again affirmed the key to this place. It was the last line of defense for the capital, and it was also the place where Qi Jiguang guarded the city two years later.
Li Chengliang put away the Kantu Map and put it away carefully, glancing left and right like a thief. This Kanmap was given to him by His Majesty, and included the details of the Peking and Shuntian Prefectures. He always carries the map with him. If Dongyi guys get their hands on it, Daming will be in big trouble.
On the third day after Li Chengliang settled in Beidaying, Zhu Yijun met with Li Chengliang at Wuying Building in Beidaying. The meeting was another business exchange. Zhu Yijun praised Li Chengliang for doing well in Liaodong, and Li Chengliang praised the emperor for doing even more. He was very heroic and the atmosphere of the meeting was very harmonious.
Li Chengliang stayed in the capital for less than half a month. After meeting Zhang Juzheng, Tan Lun, Shen Shixing and others, he left the capital unsteadily.
The third lady left early in the morning, and the process of Rui leaving was not very smooth.
The Emperor of Ming Dynasty generously forgave Lu Yi's offense, but when he arrived at the Ministry of Rites, the officials were not so polite. He threw Lu Yi out of the Siyi Pavilion on the same day, losing all respect. Are you still eating and drinking freely in the Ming Dynasty's Siyi Pavilion, thinking that the Ming Dynasty's money fell from the sky?
Ruy's departure was not smooth. He didn't have much money on him, so he went to Legas to lend it to him, but Legas simply closed the door. Are Ruy and Diego de relatives, or Diego? Seeing that Rui was in distress, Diego de helped Rui with thirty taels of silver, but he had no more. Diego De also took the money from Legaz and lived a life of dependence on others.
Rui hoped that Diego could help him introduce Zheshe households in Xitucheng. He had this idea from the beginning. The Ming Dynasty was so big that interests would never converge. These wealthy households in Xitucheng were the ones Rui initially planned to contact. The target, but he has no access.
Originally Rui thought that people would definitely come looking for him. This kind of thing was not unusual. Some nobles from the Mughal Kingdom also came to the Governor's Palace of Goa. Almost everyone in the Zheshe household in the Western Tucheng of the Ming Dynasty visited him. My family is all maritime merchants. Isn’t it natural to go to the West to smuggle some things?
But Rui waited and waited, but no one came.
Lu Yi didn’t know that the Zheshe households in Xitucheng had the same interests as His Majesty when it came to maritime affairs, and because of the ship tickets of Yanxinglou Trading House, they were even tied together. They attach great importance to the interests of Kaihai, and contacting Rui will take huge risks and lose their own interests. Zheshehu does not intend to take the initiative, or even have any contact with Rui.
Your Majesty’s dividends are really delicious.
After hearing Rui's plan, Diego fled as if he was running away, not daring to stay at all.
Ru Yi soon discovered the first problem, which was the language barrier. He wanted to leave the Ming Dynasty with the rubbing documents given to him by the emperor, but after leaving the Siyi Pavilion, he didn’t even know the road. , he did not kneel in the palace, simply prepared to go without return, but the supreme Ming Emperor forgave his offense and did not kill him.
After he arrived at the Governor's Palace in Goa, he had not taken a bath for more than 20 years. He is a devout believer, or a fanatical believer. He does not kneel in the palace. This is Rui's plan. He wants to let Your Majesty has seen the courage of the Governor of Goa. Fanatics do things without logic.
Rui stumbled away, and two Tiqi disguised themselves and followed Rui to watch the show. Then they wrote a memorial about the daily excitement and shared the happiness with His Majesty.
Rui will not starve to death. When he is hungry and dizzy, some food will always appear in front of him. This is of course not a gift from the Lord, nor a gift from nature, but a gift from both. Most of the food that Ming Tiqi gave to Rui was made from chaff, which was hard to swallow and did not satisfy him. However, Rui only thanked his Lord every time and did not thank Tiqi for not letting him starve to death.
Lu Yi stayed in the capital of the Ming Dynasty for seven full days, but could not find a way out of the city. He found that he was lost. He didn't know how to get out the way he came.
The officials of Honglu Temple appeared in front of Lu Yi again. Because Lu Yi's stay period had come, the officials of Honglu Temple took Lu Yi out of the city and brought him to Tianjin Wei and the dock. The officials of Honglu Temple left.
But Rui was in trouble again. He had no ships. To be precise, due to the impact of the war, the Ming Dynasty now has no ships to Malacca City. Except for the Ming Dynasty’s official ships that are going to the Mughal Kingdom’s official trade, then There are no more boats to Malacca City.
When Lu Yi almost starved to death at the dock of Tianjin Wei, he paid twenty taels of silver, boarded a painting boat, and headed for Songjiang Prefecture.
When he arrived in Songjiang Prefecture, Lu Yi's language barrier was finally overcome. It was because there was a general in Songjiang Prefecture. He spent five taels of silver to hire a general and asked the general to help him find the ship to Malacca, but Nothing was found.
The official ships of the Ming Dynasty were not so easy to board. The relationship between the Mughal Kingdom and the Governor-General of Goa was bad. The five five-masted ocean-going ships returning from the Mughal Kingdom did not carry any red hair at all. Suddenly, the disheveled Rui fell into despair.
The last three taels of silver he had on him were deceived by someone, who said they could take him back to the Strait of Malacca, but after the man took the silver, he disappeared without a trace.
There is a war in the Strait of Malacca. Originally, the merchant shipping was normal. Menezes detained the Ming Dynasty merchant ship. Things suddenly became complicated. The war has spread to the merchant ships. Since then, At that time, the Strait of Malacca had become an extremely dangerous place. Merchant ships were trying to find ways to bypass the Strait of Malacca, but with little success.
Rui was really desperate, his master seemed to have forgotten him, and he even had no food.
Being hungry and cold, Rui seemed to see his master. Yes, he was dressed the same as the master who brought him food, but this time his master did not leave after delivering the meal, but waited. Rui finished his meal.
Naturally, the person who came to deliver food to Lu Yi was Tishuai from Nanya, the dean of the tax collection institute, and Luo Sigong's father, Luo Bingliang.
"If the Emperor of the Ming Dynasty lets you die, you won't survive the next day. If the Emperor of the Ming Dynasty doesn't let you die, you won't die in the territory of the Ming Dynasty." Luo Bingliang waited for Ru Yi to wolf down his meal. Then he left a cold sentence.
His Majesty forgave Lu Yi's offense in the Huangji Palace, and then Lu Yi would not die in the territory of the Ming Dynasty. When he was in Beiya, he was the Tiqi of Beiya, and in Nan Ya, he was Nanzhen Fusi. Tishuai, Luo Bingliang threw a letter plate on Lu Yi, and then continued: "Tomorrow morning, go to the port and take a boat. The official ship from the Ming Dynasty to the Mughal Kingdom will set sail tomorrow. If you miss the time, you will swim back. Let's go!"
Luo Bingliang knew that Lu Yi couldn't understand Chinese. He said this in Latin. He is a plague god. Just send him away quickly.
Ru Yi finished the meal sent by Luo Bingliang with tears in his eyes. It was not rich, but there was oil in the food. The reason why Ru Yi shed tears was not how delicious the meal was, but the Lord he longed for. It is not the Lord, but the Emperor of Ming Dynasty walking in the world - Tiqi.
Tiqi was always delivering food, and no miracle happened.
Belief is a deep crack when there is doubt.
Rui's experience of being kicked out of the Seiyi Hall made him have some doubts at this moment, not doubts about the Lord, but doubts about his own life. His persistence and stubbornness seemed to It's all a joke.
Luo Bingliang looked at Lu Yi's absent-minded look, looked towards the north with a smile, shook his head and said: "You are as stubborn and brave as my unfilial son. I only hope that you will be dedicated and loyal. No one can be worthy of your bravery.”
This made Rui’s tears unstoppable. Rui didn’t know who the Tiqi’s son in front of him was, but Rui didn’t know who he was. Know that the people he dedicated to are sorry for his bravery and persistence.
Ru Yi left, riding on the Ming Dynasty's horse boat. The Ming Dynasty's merchant ships once again went to the Mughal Kingdom. This route has been opened. The Ming Dynasty's goods can reach the Mughal Kingdom smoothly, using the Ming Dynasty's cloth, tea, and porcelain. and other goods in exchange for livestock, cotton cloth and grain from the Mughal Kingdom.
This time the size of the fleet has increased from fifty three-masted horse-drawn ships to seventy official ships. The size of the entire fleet has increased to three hundred ships. There is also a One hundred and fifty ships belong to Songjiang Ocean Trading Company, and the remaining ships are merchant ships belonging to major trading houses.
Hundreds of teams compete, and thousands of sails compete.
This huge fleet began to head south. They arrived at Yuegang, then to the Penghu Inspection Department, and then arrived at Miyan Port. After a short stay, they arrived in Manila.
Yin Zhengmao, Zhang Yuanxun, Deng Zilong, Lin Afeng and others were waiting for the arrival of the fleet at the tide watching building at the port. They were waiting at the tide watching building. They were not waiting for commercial ships, but for the ships deployed in the harbor. Luzon's four five-masted ocean crossing ships, coupled with the original Type A five-masted ocean crossing ships, the Luzon Governor's Palace will have five five-masted ocean crossing ships, and will become the most powerful navy on the seawall.
Once the Governor-General of Luzon and the Ming Dynasty separated from each other, how much price would the Ming court have to pay to extinguish the rebellion in Luzon? The Ming Emperor's holy family and the strategy of opening up the sea will be greatly affected.
Lin Afeng was a little restless. He was a pirate. Originally there was no place for him to sit in the Chaoguan Tower. However, in the past seven years, the officials in the Governor's Mansion had been relatively gentle towards him. He was responsible for arresting people on the island. The indigenous people were Lin Afeng's pirates back then, but now they have become part of the Luzon Guard.
"Yin Butang, are you really not the Zhu family?" Zhang Yuanxun asked blankly, looking at the ship on the sea.
Four five-masted ocean-going ships are slowly sailing into the berth of Manila Port. The Type-C ocean-going ships are like giant beasts on the sea. They are full of oppression. Such a sharp weapon, His Majesty has delivered it so easily. In the hands of the Governor-General of Luzon.
Yin Zhengmao looked at the sea and said in the same trance: "It shouldn't be..."
Is it possible that he is really a member of the clan who is living outside? At this time, Yin Zhengmao also had some doubts. These are four C-type five-masted ocean-going ships. If you pull any one of them, it can be used in a local battlefield and overwhelm the opponent. It is an important weapon of the country.
Emperor Wuzong was uninhibited in his actions, and there were a lot of romantic stories about Emperor Wuzong showing mercy everywhere.
Please give me a monthly ticket, wow! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
(End of this chapter)