Chapter 424: Rebellion if dissatisfied, risk your life at the table
The Ming Dynasty did a good job in anti-corruption. Hai Rui took charge of the case and published a memorial. The main content is to discuss the methods of corruption.
Traditional corruption has almost disappeared under high pressure. The spectacular scene of taking money to give filial piety can no longer be seen, and a new type of corruption is taking shape. This model, Hai Rui used a' I summarized it by chance.
The official asked the comprador to open an inconspicuous shop in the city. This shop contained various high-priced goods, such as tea worth fifty silver or even one hundred silver per tael, paintings by a certain master, and poetry collections. , gold and stone (antiques) of certain eras, silk products, ready-made clothes, etc. This kind of shop rarely sees a few customers a year, but every customer is very, very arrogant.
When a guest meets an official, he says "I got it by chance", for example, someone accidentally got a Tuanlong tea table, etc. This is a bribe. The official immediately hears the piano and knows the elegant meaning. At this time, the official The reaction was naturally clear and not ecstatic. The whole process was clean and tidy, because the master next to him was responsible for realizing the guests' demands.
Even in places where there is more gold and silver, customers and officials do not even need to meet each other. They only need to chat with the store about the difficulties they encounter when buying things, and the store will always remind you of this. Money, I have a hard time getting things done.
Ultimately realize power rent-seeking.
This kind of corruption method is already very difficult to verify. If this brokerage comprador is controlled by a local wealthy family, and the local wealthy family then sends the stolen money accumulated every year to this person's hometown, it will be even more difficult. Traces found.
There are countless brokers, compradors, and prosecutors in the Ming Dynasty, and the master is responsible for contacting these people. All of them are evil people in the corruption chain, and they are the worms that corrupt the official administration of the Ming Dynasty.
Hai Rui doesn't have a good way to deal with these people. He can find clues to get to the bottom of it and bring the crimes to justice. However, the crimes are hidden deep under the water, and Hai Rui is a little helpless.
This also involves the issue of anti-corruption costs. This concealment of corruption has caused anti-corruption costs to rise sharply, while anti-corruption benefits have plummeted.
In the past, it was only necessary to ransack homes to get back everything corrupt officials had captured, and to starve them for more than ten days before getting them all back. However, house raids have become obsolete, and property has never been in the hands of officials or even their family members. How to check? The house is clean, and the search of the house has even become synonymous with unjust, false, and wrongful convictions.
Li Le, the prefect of Yingtian, investigated a similar case.
There is a person who teaches in Liuhe County, Yingtian Prefecture. This person is not even an official. He is in charge of the Confucian temple, worship, educate the students, and is in charge of the local county school. There are only 50 students in one county school. It's impossible to get two taels of silver, and you have to be qualified to buy it.
As Zhang Juzheng's disciple, Li Le is extremely capable. He was Zhang Juzheng's sharp weapon against Wang Chonggu. He investigated a Liuhe County teaching, so wasn't he able to capture it? But when he checked Li Le, he found that the resistance was so great that he couldn't even deal with the county government's instructions.
A county government's unpopular teachings and such great resistance aroused Li Le's interest. Li Le admonished the teachings. It seemed that the punishment was over, but in fact Li Le secretly invited the ancestor.
Zhu Yijun learned that Li Le was going to investigate the case, so he ordered the Tiqi to intervene. After half a year of open and secret visits, the Tiqi finally figured out what was special about this teaching.
All private schools and family schools in Liuhe County have inherited this teaching.
Probably in this Liuhe County, all private schools and family schools that do not pay filial piety on time will be banned by this edict in the name of 'rectifying academic affairs', and a family from fifty It ranges from two taels of silver to hundreds of taels of silver. The reason why it takes half a year is that these silvers are not given directly to the teaching. Instead, they pass through the hands of the broker and comprador, and are finally transferred to the teaching. The hometown becomes the land.
The whole process is extremely hidden, and it would be difficult to trace it without the intervention of Tiqi.
According to Tiqi's visit and investigation, this is not just the case in Liuheyi County, but also in the entire Yingtian Mansion and even the entire Nanya.
Private schools, county schools, government schools, and academies in various places will be rectified if they do not provide education, study correctly, and teach filial piety. This is also the source of resistance. Will Li Le's investigation be stopped? In Liuheyi County? The entire Yingtian will inevitably be traced, and then under the leadership of Pan Jixun, the governor of Yingtian, a comprehensive investigation of the entire Nanya will be conducted.
The Jiaoyu did not enjoy this profit exclusively, but the entire Liuhe county government. The county magistrate took the lion's share, those who received the imperial salary received part of it, and the Jiaoyu took part.
This is the revenge of killing my father.
Destroying a person's wealth is like killing his parents.
After Li Le found this point, he knew that he couldn't play any more. He immediately wrote a letter to his husband, and then wrote a letter to his junior brother Zhu Yijun, asking if he should continue to investigate. The final answer he got was Once we get to the bottom of it, whoever stops him will die.
This case was concluded in early September of the eighth year of Wanli. There was a major earthquake in the entire Nanya officialdom. Nearly 700 people were arrested and taken into Nanzhen Fusi Yamen, waiting for the final verdict. After the trial, he was exiled overseas. The four major governor-general offices of Luzon, Ryukyu and Jiugang were not wanted by the Ming Dynasty. Instead, they became popular in the overseas governor-general offices.
The Ming Dynasty weightlifting team is really too thin. In the Ming Dynasty, these officials were rubbish, but in the overseas governor's mansion, they were all rare talents.
In the Ming Dynasty, Xu Fan relied on his father to gain an official position, but when he arrived in the West, Xu Fan became the minister of state, and he did an excellent job.
Is it just that the rectification of academic affairs has become a political tool for making money during its implementation?
There are also Qingzhang and Huantian.
When the imperial court wanted to clear out its abbots, the extravagant households took shelter from local officials, especially the houses that were specifically handled. When the abbots were being cleared, some land that was not listed in the fish scales was revealed through the fingers of the houses. Or Li Daitao will be more stalemate, and the cost of the New Deal will be borne by the people.
"The Ming Dynasty's New Deal has been implemented until now, and it has finally encountered Wang Anshi's dilemma, or the New Law Dilemma." Zhu Yijun closed Hai Rui's memorial and rubbed his eyebrows slightly anxiously.
Wang Anshi's Green Crop Method has good intentions. It flexibly uses the grain stored in Changping Cang and Guanghui Cang, converts it into capital, and lends it to bankrupt farmers and urban handicraftsmen at an annual interest rate of 20%. While helping people tide over difficulties, it also eases the bloody exploitation of private loan sharks, increases the government's fiscal revenue, promotes industrial and commercial development and production, and achieves the effect of "the people do not increase taxes but the country uses enough".
From the perspective of system design, there are indeed no loopholes in this system.
But in the end it became a knife that cut into the people.
Money always flows to places where there is no shortage of money. When local officials implement this order, the first consideration is to take it back, rather than letting it out. If you give money to the people, what will the people pay back? Woolen cloth?
So when we lend money, we usually give it directly to the big households. The big households have big businesses and they can still collect the debts if they can’t afford it, but they don’t give it to the small households. Small households with small doors will collapse when the wind blows. After the large households obtained these resources, they lent them to small households layer by layer, resulting in the final interest rate even exceeding that of private loan sharks.
In the end, the three words "good young money" became synonymous with loan sharking in the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties.
And the two cores of the Ming Dynasty's New Deal, the clearing of the abbot and the rectification of academic affairs, have also quietly become like this. In the process of clearing the abbot, the fields of the big families were hidden through various methods, while the fields of the common people were hidden. There was a lot of land, and even extra acres that didn't exist were allotted to the people, which was extremely miserable.
The rectification of academic affairs has also become a poison in local education, causing endless harm.
The officials of the Ming Dynasty always have policies at the top and countermeasures at the bottom to make adaptive adjustments and obtain their own benefits in the new era and new context.
Zhu Yijun completely woke up from the dream that the Ming Dynasty had become great again. He completely understood how Zhu Yuanzhang's four major cases, which often cost tens of thousands of heads, came about.
As soon as Li Lezhuo heard about these things, not only in Nanya, but all over the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yijun wanted to kill them and create two more cases of clearing his father-in-law and the case of academic administration.
Feng Bao thought for a moment and bowed his head and said: "Your Majesty, it is far from that point. As far as the case reported by Li Le and the case of the head of the village are concerned, every case found will be severely punished, and the case will be severely punished. The effect of intimidation is good. Conflicts are endless and widespread. After the contradictions are resolved, new contradictions will inevitably arise. Faced with this new situation, there will be new methods. "
"I think things are stable and improving. After all, the majority of the land is occupied by clearing households in various places. There is no widespread crime. Of course, there is some sneaky profit, but it will cause public resentment. It’s not that bad, after all, your head is yours.”
Your Majesty’s reputation for murder is comparable to his reputation for being stingy. Who doesn’t know that the Ming Emperor was still in prison on the day before his wedding? A real bloody wedding.
“Feng Daban’s reading of the contradiction is excellent.” Zhu Yijun agreed very much with Feng Bao’s opinion.
Feng Bao smiled and said: "I also looked at the contradiction and said that it turned out that no matter how stupid I am, the stupid bird flew first and learned something."
"Your Majesty, in my opinion, This matter can be included in the examination law. If the local self-examination cannot solve the problem and refuses to report to the court, the case of former Sichuan Governor Luo Yao will be used as a common practice and he will be exiled. Whether the implementation of this new policy is appropriate and the official hat is hanging If you take the bait, you won’t be afraid of them doing it in disguise.”
"If it is really possible to build a province like an iron bucket, watertight, and no news can be revealed, then it is better not to be a governor or governor, and just rebel."
Feng Bao It is talking about the responsibility system of governors in various places.
As a local leader, you can even be incompetent. Incompetence will only lead to removal, but you cannot lose your faith. You must be loyal to the monarch and the country. This is the most basic bottom line. If you touch this bottom line, you will be exiled. Even beheading.
The Ming Dynasty allowed local problems to exist, and even allowed governors to have problems that could not be solved, and then turned to His Majesty for help. This was part of the Ming Dynasty's imperial system.
This is a decentralization of responsibility, and it is also a decentralization of power to supervise the implementation of the New Deal. It is also the meaning of the existence of governors and inspectors in various places.
"A good idea." Zhu Yijun wrote the Zhubu, handed it to Feng Bao and said, "Send it to Mr. Wenyuange, and ask him to draw up the articles of association."
Zhu Yijun knew Feng Bao very well. What is Bao doing? He is giving eye drops to the officials of the outer court.
This is the natural duty of a eunuch. If you don’t deal with civil servants, what kind of eunuch can you be? Civil servants and eunuchs are naturally antagonistic. This is the rule of the game that has lasted for thousands of years. It is the eunuch's bounden duty to flatter the emperor. Otherwise, what if the eunuch is disliked?
He came up with a bad idea and deceived the governors of various places. From then on, the governors had to keep their eyes open and found problems even if they could not solve them.
Zhu Yijun was right about this bad idea. He thought it was a good idea.
The governor of the Ming Dynasty has been established for more than 170 years since the Yongle period. He has become the de facto local leader. It is not an exaggeration to say that he is a feudal official. With such great power, the inability to fully implement the decree is a question of ability, but he can definitely find out If you refuse to report the problem, it is a matter of attitude, and the result will be exile.
"Your Majesty, Mrs. Zhongshun, has invited the Holy Spirit to thank you. She is already waiting outside the palace." Feng Bao bowed his head and said.
Zhu Yijun met with Sanniangzi and received Sanniangzi’s pledge, a ship ticket worth nearly 200,000 silver. Sanniang reluctantly handed over the ship ticket to the emperor. This cruel man , just accept it directly.
Zhu Yijun explained carefully to Sanniangzi and asked about the details of wintering outside the Great Wall. In the heavy snow, the first ones to freeze to death are livestock, so there will be no shortage of food, fuel, and The lack of warm things is the biggest problem for civilians outside the Great Wall to survive the winter. Sanniangzi was very concerned about the coal mining in Shanxi and hoped that the northern barbarians outside the Great Wall would also be eligible to purchase the coal near Datong Prefecture. Zhu Yijun did not agree, which made Sanniangzi a little regretful.
Everyone knows each other well that without coal, grassland cannot be smelted, and without large-scale ironware, Oara, Tatar, Uuliangha, Dongyi, etc. cannot be large-scale. of going south.
Only after the Ming Dynasty's conquest can the supply of coal be put on the agenda.
After Sanniangzi once again solemnly thanked Shengde for blessing the grassland, she glanced at the imperial study room of Tonghe Palace with nostalgia, put on her cloak, and left Tonghe Palace.
This cloak was a gift from the emperor after she entered the capital. She was a loyal and obedient lady, and all the officials in the Ming Dynasty also had it. It was made of worsted wool, with a furry collar, and the cloak was On the chest, the left side is embroidered with the flag of the sun and the moon, and the right side is written with a clear word. The third lady will wear it in winter, not caring about An Dahan's eyes that want to eat people.
On the left side of the waist and belly cloth of the big cloak, there is a small red figure embroidered on it, which is the shadow puppet painting of Sanniang Zi. Sanniang Zi particularly likes this little figure, and she herself shows off her majesty on the other side. The appearance of the shadow puppet painting was of course that of ordinary clothes. No one mentioned the issue of impropriety. No one had time to ask who the shadow puppet painting was.
Zhu Yijun maintains a certain degree of respect for Sanniangzi. This is a political figure who cares about all the people. Her stage is in the vast grassland.
A total of 234 people of the Yang family and their minions in the new capital were beheaded. The execution ground was set up on the Chang'an Long Street outside the Meridian Gate of the Ming Dynasty. The people of the capital of the Ming Dynasty also liked to watch the excitement. Han Di Dong also wanted to come and take a look. Zhu Yijun arrived as scheduled and went to the Meridian Gate to be imprisoned. When hundreds of Tiqi shouted in unison and took it, his head fell to the ground.
When he needed to kill people, Zhu Yijun never cherished his reputation. It was better to be called a tyrant than to die in the New Deal.
These hundreds of heads falling to the ground represent the emperor's great determination to promote the New Deal. If you don't accept it, you will rebel and risk your life on the table!
The memorials of Wang Qian, the censor of Qiandu in the Ming Dynasty, and Wang Tingzhan, governor of Sichuan, made Zhu Yijun breathe a long sigh of relief. The motionless Qingzhang of Sichuan finally began to advance, and the cold winter wind could not hinder Qingzhang's progress. Step by step, the first stop of this Qingzhang journey is Prince Shu's Mansion.
When Wang Tingzhan walked into the Shu Palace, he discovered that the Shu Palace was far less luxurious than the rumors. Many palaces had even collapsed due to disrepair and even looked dilapidated. Jiajing Thirty Years One year, Emperor Jiajing stopped the cost of repairing the palace of the feudal prince's palace. The reason was because of the war. From then on, the prince's palace had no special repair expenses.
The Shu Palace has more than 30,000 hectares of land. The life of the Shu Palace is actually not too bad, but it definitely does not match the 30,000 hectares of land or 3 million acres of land.
The process of Qingzhang in Sichuan also led to the Qingzhang of Henan and Shaanxi, especially in Henan, where there were many royal palaces. His Majesty investigated the matter and resolutely implemented the New Deal without any regard for the friendship between relatives. The princes everywhere could only pinch their noses and return the fields under the name of the princes to the Zheshe households.
The royal palace is part of the hereditary government. They are not actually afraid of the revenge of the local Zheshe households. At worst, they can live their lives by closing the city gates, but they are very afraid of the emperor's wrath.
"I pay homage to your majesty, long live your majesty." Buyan came to Tonghe Palace to meet the emperor and thank the Ming Emperor for his grace.
Tuman Khan was canonized as King Huaiyi in June of the seventh year of Wanli, and Buyan became the crown prince of Prince Huaiyi. After Sanniangzi left the capital, Prince Wang also said goodbye to the caravan. He would not lead the former caravan there in person. Outside the Great Wall, he stayed in the Ming Dynasty.
Since Tuman Khan became king, Buyan has never returned to the grassland. He is a proton.
This time Buyan met the Holy Spirit to discuss many matters regarding Tuman Khan's visit to Beijing to pay tribute next spring, or to confirm the fact that the Ming Emperor was willing to accept Tuman Khan.
"No courtesy." Zhu Yijun waved his hand, and after finishing writing a memorial, he motioned for Buyan to sit down and talk.
"It's interesting, why did Tumen suddenly figure it out?" Zhu Yijun looked at Buyan and asked curiously. He said he was coming to Beijing to pay tribute, but in fact it was surrender, a complete surrender. Zhu Yijun likes to stand on the strength of his strength. On the basis of telling the truth, without beating around the bush.
"Father actually tried his best." Buyan really thought about this question and answered it.
As the suzerain khan of Mongolia, Tuman Khan even had legal claims to the Mughal Kingdom. However, the strength of this suzerain khan was actually a bit weak compared to Anda Khan. Starting from the first year of Longqing , and the Ming Dynasty has been fighting for fourteen years, and it is time to end. The ideal of reviving the glory of the golden blood finally lost to reality.
Tuman Khan really tried his best, but he met Li Chengliang, Qi Jiguang, Zhang Juzheng, and this diligent Majesty. The Ming Dynasty became stronger and stronger. The fixed skills of the prairie people in the Western Expedition were fighting. However, in the Central Plains, Tuman Khan could not bully the Western Regions, because there was still an Anda Khan blocking the west, and the Ming border troops even had the ability to attack.
At this point, it is the end of the road.
Buyan bowed his head and said: "Your Majesty, the traitors in the grassland did not start with my father anyway, but Anda Khan. As a member of the Golden Family, he first betrayed the grassland."
"Ah? This...is the same." Zhu Yijun was also stunned when he heard that, and smiled, with a weird look on his face. The sentimental barbarian Khan spared no effort to promote Anda Khan as a traitor on the grassland. He also had this purpose. Anyway, they are not the sinners of history. The first member of the Gold family of Bo'erzhijin to seek refuge in the Ming Dynasty was Anda Khan. He is the sinner!
"Your Majesty, Huzhong has a large population and depends on China for everything. If there is a shortage, it must be needed. If the demand is not available, it must be plundered. If plundering is not possible, we can only conquer the west. If we cannot conquer the west, we must After the Huns surrendered, and later the Xianbei became Chinese, and then the Turks became attached, Anda Khan could still run west, but his father really had nowhere to go." Buyan made it very clear why he surrendered. It depends on the production of Ming Dynasty, especially the necessary salt and iron.
"The Ming Dynasty is willing to accept your father's tribute. The Honglu Temple of the Ministry of Rites will discuss the matter with you in detail from tomorrow. Don't worry too much about the lives of your father and son." Zhu Yijun gave Buyan a reassurance, and the sect leader sweated profusely. He went to Beijing to pay tribute and stayed in the Ming Dynasty forever. Zhu Yijun would not hurt his life.
This is not Zhu Yijun’s personal decision, but the result of the court discussion.
Don’t chase the poor enemy, and the trapped beast will still fight. After all, it is the suzerain Khan, and there are still three thousand nails in the ruined ship. If the Ming Dynasty wants to completely eliminate the Tuman Khan, it needs to pay a greater price. Accepting the surrender of the Tuman is undoubtedly a The simpler way is to clean up the die-hards and eliminate the last will to resist.
This is actually the reason why the imperial court did not force the major palaces too much. To push a palace to the point of bankruptcy, many of them could not even raise one million silver, but for a palace to rebel, it would take at least five million. The above silver was used to quell the rebellion. Jianwenjun Zhu Yunwen has proved the serious consequences of excessive force with practice.
The problem in Henan lies in the difficulty. It is not the friendship between relatives as the scholar-bureaucrats say, but the problem between costs and benefits.
The vassal kings of Henan were able to take the initiative to clear out the fields under Guiji's name. This approach made Zhu Yijun very happy. If they continued to be stubborn, Zhu Yijun would have no choice but to strike hard.
Buyan suddenly stood up, shook his sleeves, and kowtowed five times and said loudly: "Your Majesty, please give me a surname so that you can reproduce your heirs."
This is an inevitable process. , changed to Han surname.
There were a large number of Tatar officials in the Ming Dynasty who needed to change their surnames to Han surnames. For example, Wu Yuncheng, the respectful uncle, was a Tatar. During the Hongwu period, he brought 5,000 households to the Ming Dynasty and was given the surname Wu; for example, Qian Shi, the governor of the rear army, and Chai Bingcheng, the commander of the Liangzhou Guards, He was also a Tatar. After his death, his son succeeded him, and his son's name was Chai Tiezhu. This lineage lasted until the fall of the Ming Dynasty;
Many people misunderstood Tatar officials as the representatives of high-ranking officials, but in fact they were the representatives of high-ranking officials. It is a developed country.
Please ask the Ming Dynasty to give you a surname, so that this direct bloodline can truly reproduce. In the Ming Dynasty, if the surname is Bo'er Jijin, then extirpation will be the only result. If you change the surname to Han, no one will pay attention to it.
Shang Jiu himself has a Han surname, and Ashikaga Yoshiaki's actual surname is Minamoto, which can barely be regarded as a Han surname, because the Japanese country at this time did not have its own writing, and all culture was Han culture. This is true for all numbers.
"Just give me the surname Bao." Zhu Yijun thought for a moment and chose one of the surnames reported by the Ministry of Rites.
He originally wanted to give the Borzhijin family a very formal surname of Liu. This was not unreasonable. Who knew that Genghis Khan Temujin was really a descendant of the old Liu family? But in the end Zhu Yijun didn’t do that. Do, the prophecy of the golden sword has been a prophecy in the Central Plains for more than a thousand years.
“Thank you for your kindness, Your Majesty.” Buyan kowtowed and thanked him again.
The prophecy of the Golden Sword is that there is a prophecy that the emperor surnamed Liu will definitely save the world from danger. If Liu Bei's Ji Han is really successful, the old Liu family may really become the hereditary emperor. Emperors of all dynasties have responded to this prophecy of the Golden Sword. Everyone is taboo about not being deep, and the same is true in the Ming Dynasty. There is not a single sword made of gold in the palace.
Yang Yuhuan's cousin Yang Guozhong, whose real name was Yang Zhao, almost failed to become prime minister because of Li Daobian, so he took the initiative to change his name to Guozhong, just to prevent the emperor from seeing Li Daobian and thinking of this prophecy.
After Buyan left, Zhu Yijun looked at a book in his hand. This was a solution he thought of. Regarding the issue of Qingzhang in Henan, Zhu Yijun actually had a complete set of solutions, but he had not taken action yet. Henan The vassal king was timid first, which really made Zhu Yijun a little regretful.
This is a great gift prepared by Zhu Yijun for the vassal kings.
Zhu Yijun plans to invite all the vassal kings to Nanjing to participate in another great event of the Ming Dynasty and carry out the vassal ban to the end.
On the pretext of offering sacrifices to the Xiaoling Mausoleum, vassal princes from all over the country were summoned to Beijing to worship their ancestors together. This was an ancestral law. During the Jianwen period and the early Yongle year, vassal princes from all over the country would go to the Xiaoling Mausoleum to offer sacrifices. bye.
Because of Zhu Yuanzhang's decree, vassal kings from all over the world are not allowed to enter Nanjing to worship within three years. However, the heirs of vassal princes from all over the country must observe filial piety in Nanjing Xiaoling. In order for Zhu Yunwen to secure the throne, Zhu Yuanzhang did everything he could All done.
Zhu Di's sons, Zhu Gaochi and Zhu Gaoxu, both stayed in Xiaoling for a long time.
These vassal kings came to Nanjing. After worshiping, they could not go back. Zhu Yijun planned to imprison them all in the high wall of Fengyang. When it comes to raising pigs, both free-range and concentrated farming keep.
Concentrating the pig farming method, Zhu Yijun was planning to launch another attack when the Sichuan Zhutou case came to an end and Henan became the only big problem for Qingzhang. For this matter, Zhu Yijun also discussed with Wan Shihe for a long time. Wan Shihe provided the ancestral law, and Zhu Yijun was responsible for its implementation.
And not everyone of these vassal kings scattered throughout the Ming Dynasty lived a life of bells and whistles. Even the princes like King Zheng of Shu lived a tight life. The Ming court repeatedly lowered the ancestral status. The salary of the feudal lord made life very difficult.
But the vassal kings are not stupid either. The current emperor is already a relative of the fifth service. The Ming Dynasty vassal vassal has completely lost its original role and has gradually become one of the chronic diseases of the Ming Dynasty. The emperor wants to clear his father-in-law , the vassal princes still insist that the farmland be placed in the name of their own palace, which is inviting trouble.
Zhu Yijun’s concentrated pig raising method is still based on his imagination.
As Zhu Yijun grows up, he now hopes that a vassal king will rebel, so that he can suppress it with force and tell the world.
The current sword of Ming Dynasty is so sharp.
(End of this chapter)