Chapter 473 My achievements in this life are all due to my own efforts
What is Wang Chonggu opposing? In fact, he was worried that the New Deal would come to nothing under the violent impact, just like Wang Anshi's reform. If Zhang Juzheng's New Deal collapsed, the Ming Dynasty's New Deal would collapse.
Wang Chonggu is reminding His Majesty that any government order requires people to implement it. The administrative power of the Ming Dynasty is not as strong as imagined.
Power is not so mysterious. The more information you have, the more 'substantive authority' you will have to your subordinates. If the information you grasp is not clear enough, you will only have 'formal authority'. Due to the complexity of the information, The uncertainty of the entire society has led to the blurring of the boundaries of various types of affairs, which is why the "top leader is responsible" system with a high degree of human governance has emerged.
At the local level, it was the governor who was solely responsible for major events, such as the Japanese invasion of Japan, but at the imperial court, it was the emperor who was solely responsible for the rise and fall of the Ming Dynasty.
When the top leader takes full responsibility, dictatorship will appear, and dictatorship is power, and power will inevitably breed corruption.
Substantial authority leads to the responsibility of the top leaders, gives birth to dictatorship, and breeds corruption. This is an inevitable shortcoming of all bureaucratic systems, or it is also the basic logic of social operation. No one can escape, from large dynasties to small companies. , business gangs, workshops, and every household, this is the case.
At present, there are very few female workers in the Ming Dynasty, so all responsibilities in the family are borne by the husband, including all living expenses of the family, education and literacy for future generations, the development of the family, etc. The wives and concubines do not leave the house at home. If the door is closed and the external information is vague, then the husband has absolute authority in the family, so there is a saying that when you marry a chicken, follow the chicken, marry a dog, follow the dog. This is also the case when concubines and outhouses act like cows and horses, and they are called partners. It is actually due to the slave relationship.
The head wife at least has the recognition and protection of public order and good customs and the law, so she can kill and seize the concubine's house.
Wang Chonggu must persuade his majesty to actively understand the information, have formed substantial authority, fully shoulder the honor of the rise and fall of the Ming Dynasty, have the ability, strength and responsibility, and possess complete imperial power. Otherwise, if Huan Tian Fa is launched with such a big fanfare, the Ming Dynasty will be destroyed. It must be riddled with holes.
Wang Chonggu loudly told His Majesty that there are no grassroots organizations in Ming Dynasty, and it is impossible to implement the return of farmland and dredging. Policies need people to implement them. Without the construction of grassroots organizations, just talking about government orders is like a flower in the mirror.
Maintaining the status quo is the best way.
"You are right." Zhu Yijun fully agreed with Wang Chonggu's opinion. The imperial power of the Ming Dynasty did not extend to counties. In the early days of the country, this was possible. However, as time went by, the grassroots organizational structure completely collapsed.
The grassroots construction of the Ming Dynasty is the lijia system. On the basis of the lijia system, there are the yellow book and the fish scale book. The li chief, the grain chief, and the postman are the grassroots organizational structure of the Ming Dynasty. This set It has been completely destroyed, the village chiefs have been replaced by wealthy households, and the grain chiefs have become hard labor.
Grain chief, starting from the fourth year of Hongwu, a place with a grain payment of about 10,000 shi is a district. Large households are appointed as grain chiefs for generations, collecting and transporting grain, and also formulating rules, compiling atlases, reporting disasters Apologize, report tax evasion, and urge grain evacuees.
This was a good thing at the beginning. After all, if you hold power, you can enrich your own pockets and bring trouble to the countryside. However, as the official land decreased, more and more people fled, and mergers became serious, the grain chief urged him to handle the grain difference. The taxes that could not be collected had to be paid by oneself. After it became hard labor, the grain chief also began to flee.
The grassroots organizations of Ming Dynasty completely collapsed.
The Ming Dynasty now urges grain collectors. Most of them are sent by the county government officials to find someone to be named as the grain chief, and then bring the government servants who are full of different religions and unknown origins to collect grains with arms, while the people use They used all the weapons they could to fight against taxes. This kind of struggle has been going on in the Ming Dynasty.
Therefore, the county government must rely more on large households to pledge donations, so that they do not have to go to the countryside to collect excessive amounts and cause civil unrest. In the long run, the Ming Dynasty has essentially formed a social and political order in which the landlords and rich people are the grassroots leaders in the countryside. .
Therefore, the local government and the rural gentry have a cooperative and symbiotic relationship. The local government needs the rural gentry to cooperate in paying taxes and paying taxes to the court.
The economic base determines the superstructure. Local government offices need rural gentry and gentry to pay grain, so they can only open the door for the virtuous and gentry gentry. Everyone can accept it and determine the cadastral ownership. There are too many tax evaders. It makes sense that the Ming Dynasty suffered a huge financial loss and the imperial court wanted to find out how much land it had and who owned it.
(Grass-level structure)
What Wang Chonggu said makes sense. The law of returning land will eventually fall to the countryside. The law of returning land is logically unworkable. It makes landowners The rich people and the rural gentry cut their own flesh and feed it to the people who used to be able to dominate and take away from them. The rural gentry are not the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas who cut their meat and feed it to the eagles.
Most of the virtuous rural gentry are actually bullies who bring trouble to others. The bricklayers who build a house for their family have to give them change while others pass by without peeling off their skin.
This is the same as the failure and limitations of the public land law caused by Jia Sidao. The grassroots are rural gentry and gentry. It is logically unfeasible to ask the rural gentry and gentry to implement policies that are unfavorable to themselves.
"So, the big Situ and the young Situ were right, they have to wait for the Ming Dynasty's capital camp to return to the capital." Zhu Yijun had a thorough understanding of the corruption of the Ming Dynasty's grassroots organizations, so he never said that it would be done overnight. Zhang Juzheng has already Three stages have been drawn out, and it will take ten or twenty years to realize these three stages.
The Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty were stumbled into the tenth year before they finally completed the measurement of acres.
Using "Returning Fields and Dredging" as the program, constantly tinkering and perfecting "Returning Fields" in practice is the reality.
Zhu Yijun said quite accurately: "I never said it would take a short time to complete it. Wang Cifu was overly worried and took his time to figure it out."
Wang Chonggu bowed his head again and said: "Your Majesty is well versed in the theory of contradictions and is extremely accomplished in the theory of contradictions. Once the fundamental contradiction between man and earth is ignited, there is no way to explain it away. The moment the fundamental contradiction is ignited, it is the moment it becomes most intensified. .”
Many times, courtiers avoid talking about some things, because they can only avoid talking about them, otherwise big trouble will happen.
Just like when Tan Lun was impeached for coughing at the Asahi Temple, the officials of the Ministry of Science and Technology just used the banner of strict etiquette to force Tan Lun to either let Wang Chonggu’s family dog eat imperial food in the Beijing camp, or to become an official , and Zhang Dang played his cards equally in order to protect Tan Lun, Lu Shusheng, the Minister of Rites, also coughed.
But no one mentioned it on the promotion list.
Everyone tacitly refused to touch the untouchable topic, but in the end it was Tan Lun who broke the news himself.
Throughout the struggle, we avoided talking about the fundamental contradictions, and instead focused on specious and trivial matters.
This is the basic rule of the court, because everyone knows very well that once the fundamental contradiction is touched, it will be shocking, blood will flow like a river, and the fig leaf will be torn away, and it will be a bloody reality.
Returning the land and dredging it up, as long as it is implemented through court approval, even if it is not announced, will light the oil pot. How can the country sages and gentry let the court prepare and touch it? Among their core interests?
In the worst case, there will be another Japanese invasion, or a layer of civil unrest will be used to let the emperor know who is the master of the world.
Without anything else, without planting land for tenants, without leasing acres to tenants, the number of refugees would increase, and the court would be unable to cope with it.
Therefore, the objections of Wang Chonggu and Zhang Juzheng are highly consistent. Your Majesty wants to give the people of the world a home so that they can live and work in peace and contentment. However, once the decree is implemented, it will cause the people of the world to be displaced.
The system is designed so perfectly that when there seems to be no harm, it is the most dangerous moment.
Zhang Juzheng and Wang Chonggu were both assistant ministers involved in the cabinet. They were all too aware of the dangers of taking this for granted.
Zhu Yijun was silent for a moment, nodded and said: "What Wang Cifu said is reasonable."
All Wang Chonggu's objections are based on reality, based on practical opposition, not like Confucianism. The barking barks, carrying the banner of etiquette and chattering endlessly, but there is no actual content. The success of the field restoration method is certainly gratifying, but the pain of the process and the slim hope of success must be considered.
Zhang Juzheng taught Zhu Yijun to think twice before acting. One must not not think about things, but also not overthink them. Those who are good at responding to the affairs of the world should focus on poor reasoning and respond with decisiveness.
It means that people must think over and over again when doing things, but at the same time, they should not overthink. Everything in the world must be based on reason, and decisiveness is also needed.
Wang Chonggu's advice not only convinced Zhang Juzheng, but also convinced the emperor that this was not to stop eating because of choking, but to prevent the Ming Dynasty from falling into the quagmire. Since it was not feasible, it could be postponed until later.
Zhu Yijun was at his peak in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Wang Chonggu looked around and said in a low voice: "Your Majesty, in fact, we can secretly visit Chencang and understand the decree of returning the fields in reverse. From the time we go to the time they come on their own initiative, sometimes people and donkeys In the same way, standing or not standing means kneeling or kneeling, and holding someone back while holding him back is called stubbornness. The more you ask him to stand up, the more he will kneel down. "
Wang Chonggu is a bit jealous now, obviously he is. He knew that his idea was completely crooked. In the final analysis, it was just the opposite of what he was doing.
Wang Chonggu further said: "Sometimes, the more you try to persuade him to give up, the more he refuses to give up. For example, for this farmland, whether the court reduces the rent, sells it to the public, and releases the land, it is a life-threatening matter that cannot be mentioned. But we do the opposite and encourage farmers to grow mulberry trees.”
“The imperial court also encourages farmers to grow mulberry trees. The more attention they pay to farming, the Zheshe households will feel that they are being treated like cattle and horses. , on the contrary, the more unwilling they are to annex any more, and are even willing to give up their land.”
The more the court tries to persuade farmers, these luxury households will feel that the masters are taking huge benefits for themselves. Inside, the construction of official factories and factories was in full swing, and the opening of sea trade was in full swing, but they were left to roll around in the earth with their backs to the sky and their faces to the loess. The Zheshe households themselves would find ways to enter handicraft workshops and even machine workshops.
The investment in these assets requires money, and with continuous investment, acres of land can be replaced by money.
Wang Chonggu’s land reclamation plan and Zhang Juzheng’s purpose were exactly the same, but their methods were completely different.
"How did Wang Cifu come up with such a trick?" After hearing this, Zhu Yijun was full of disbelief. He planned to give up for the time being and wait for the productivity to further improve before discussing the matter. As a result, Wang Chonggu made a secret plan to assassinate Chen Cang. Law.
Wang Chonggu knows His Majesty very well. His Majesty is not a person who gives up so easily. For example, everyone thought that after the exchange between Yang Bo and Zhang Juzheng ended, the assassination of the king and the murder of Jia Jia came to an end. However, they did not expect that Zhang Juzheng Siwei was executed by his clan, and Zhang Siwei himself was made into a specimen; for example, everyone thought that Longqing's peace talks had settled the grudges with the Beilu, but His Majesty still sent the capital camp to capture Anda Khan and behead him in the capital.
This is His Majesty the Emperor who must take revenge. Your Majesty has never been a person who gives up easily. At this time, I persuaded Your Majesty to withdraw his thoughts. Your Majesty just temporarily suppressed the heart that was ready to move. In the future, he will definitely will continue to be implemented. This is also the reason why Zhang Juzheng brought Wang Chonggu here, and Wang Chonggu provided another solution.
How did Wang Chonggu come up with such a weird method? He was full of melancholy and said with a little helplessness: "There is a troublesome rebellious son in the family. The more he is not allowed to do something, the more he has to do it. Now that we let him do it, he dare not do anything. Done.”
Wang Qian was indeed the most rebellious son of the Ming Dynasty. By relying on himself to inherit the family business, he really had no taboos in doing anything. The more he was not allowed to do it, he would do it. If he was not allowed to make money, he would have to overturn the Pearl Case. Wang Chonggu started from Wang Qian He found a way to break the situation.
The more the imperial court controls, the gentry will only feel that the gentry is too lenient and wants to touch their family's ancestral property. However, another way of thinking is to stimulate the subjective initiative of the gentry to give up their acres and divide them little by little. , lowering the will to resist and clearing up the fields can actually be implemented.
This is Wang Chonggu’s complete advice.
"Nizi, Nizi is good." Zhu Yijun was silent for a long time, agreeing with Wang Chonggu's paradoxical line.
This set of rhetoric is unconventional, but there are too many things that are unconventional in Ming Dynasty. Those who want to be arrogant are like disobedient traitors. The more you restrain them, the more they resist. It's better to let them hand it over on their own. This idea is feasible, but whether it works or not depends on the operation.
Encouraging farmers and mulberry trees is a top priority for the imperial court. This is evident from the fact that Zhu Yijun’s relatives are engaged in agricultural mulberry trees. The more encouraged the court is, the less the powerful people will invest in it and focus more on industry and commerce. , rather than on top of Nongsang.
Steam engines eat people. Wang Chonggu said his second purpose.
The Imperial Academy believes that after the Ming Dynasty’s steam engines improved their production tools, both horsepower and production capacity will experience a terrible increase. People who are not long-term must have immediate worries, and the imperial court must take a longer-term view. Steam engines will not only eat people from overseas, but also people from Ming Dynasty.
Last year, the woolen official factory eliminated 3,000 weavers due to the application of a three-horsepower steam engine. This year, a 7.5-horsepower, smaller and more efficient steam engine was launched, and it was also applied to the weaving bureau. , In the cotton textile industry, how many weavers will be eliminated?
The Xishan Coal Bureau has 1,500 firewood bearers. After the imperial court introduced steam engines, these firewood bearers have been carrying coal for half their lives. These 1,500 firewood loaders must find a way to relocate them. The purpose of government, factory and group construction is to place poor people as coolies, not to create poor people as coolies.
These problems are worthy of Ming Dynasty's attention, and the solution is scale, expanding the horizontal scale. To accommodate craftsmen who may be eliminated.
At this time, the problem mentioned by the Songjiang School came true again. The excessive intervention of the Ming Dynasty required investment, and because the return on assets will inevitably decrease, the investment will inevitably generate liabilities. The more debts, the more the court will will be more dangerous.
If the imperial court wants to expand, it will face the big problem of increasing debt. The Suiyuan Chidao and Mining Industry of the Ming Dynasty already owe a lot of debt. Now it is completely demolishing the east wall to pay for the west wall, and demolishing the interests of maritime trade. , to make up for the losses in land development.
So Suiyuan Chidao and Suiyuan Mining must succeed and completely complete the convection of South Yinbei coal before they can continue to move forward.
Fortunately, the person in charge of Suiyuan was the very reliable Qi Jiguang.
Zhu Yijun’s achievements in this life are all due to his own efforts, Wen Zhang Wu Qi, come on!
Qi Jiguang’s reliability is unquestionable. He even knew how to mine. It was Qi Jiguang who found Taotu Mountain, which provided the entire Great White soil supply, and reported it to the court, organized captive mining, transported it to the capital, and started mining. It is not difficult for Qi Jiguang, especially in open-pit mines. For Qi Jiguang, it is mainly a matter of organization.
On the twelfth day of the first lunar month of the tenth year of Wanli, before the Shangyuan Festival was over, the Ming Dynasty began to encourage farmers and mulberry trees. The content of the edict was similar to that in the past. They all ordered officials to encourage farmers and mulberry trees to suppress idleness. In the first year of Li Gao, he inquired about the sufferings of the people, collected public opinion reports, and heard about those whose officials had committed abuses and could not be promoted, and discussed the severity of punishments, etc.
But there are only two more things, that is, local officials are not allowed to engage in unhurried battles, and they are not allowed to let the people go their own way to prevent the farming season from being taken away.
It is just some unhurried labor. You are not allowed to carry out major construction projects without authorization, and you must persuade the people to cultivate the land and farm well without delaying the farming season.
In terms of implementation, the Songjiang Prefecture Municipal Shipping Department no longer issues a government order to exchange land for land. After the Songjiang Prefecture Municipal Shipping Department was established in the second year of Wanli, 10,000 acres of fertile land can be exchanged for a ship's quota. This ship's quota must be exchanged in the city every year. If the shipping company conducts reconciliation, it will be postponed for up to six months.
The reasons are very, very good. The people are not doing their business and the fields are deserted. This is a top priority and must be dealt with, so the window for free exchange of ship's notes is closed.
Bad! bad! bad!
At the moment when the imperial edict was promulgated, the ship tickets of the entire Yanxinglou Trading House rose in response, and the price rose again and again. From the initial seven silver to ten silver, a three-masted ship can be used for ten years. Time, or even longer, and when a ship ticket costs five silvers, it can be repaid in two and a half years. Even taking into account the 95% return rate, ten silvers per ticket is a business that doubles the profits. Ship tickets are also a trading line. Strongest ticket.
After the opening of the 10,000-acre field to break the ship's guide is closed, there will be no place where the ships of the entire Ming Dynasty can freely obtain the ship's guide! To join the five major ocean-going trading houses, you must accept the arrangements of the trading companies.
The Ming Dynasty has extremely strict management of ship leads. After closing this gap, the Ming Dynasty can only obtain ship leads from the five major ocean-going trading houses. Without a ship lead, it is equivalent to a pirate, and if found, the goods will be confiscated. Detention, exile, or even death.
Yao Changzhen of Xitucheng still didn’t believe the rumor after hearing it, so he asked his son Yao Guangqi to inquire about it before confirming the authenticity of the situation. He suddenly slammed the table and stood up, saying in horror: "Your Majesty, this is What are you going to do? Are you going to kick us off the boat? Go and invite the prince! Master Lin!”
The prince is Wang Zhigao, the former minister of the Ministry of Justice. Wang Menglin is preparing for the next imperial examination. He was a figure who was in the heart of the emperor, and Wang Zhigao and Zhang Ju were the sons and daughters of the family, and they were very well-informed. They both lived in Xitucheng, so Yao Changzhen and Wang Zhigao's family maintained a relatively close relationship.
Lin Fucheng is the Master Lin in Yao Changzhen’s mouth. Master Lin is very popular recently. Poetry societies are asking him to write manuscripts and invite him to give lectures. However, Master Lin does not accept any work and is nowhere to be found. Not going, just writing "Xiaoyaoyiwen". Lin Fucheng's poetry club was rented to him by Yao Changzhen at a friendly price, so Yao Changzhen invited him to Lin Fucheng, and he had to go.
Lin Fucheng and Wang Zhigao arrived soon, and Yao Changzhen, Yao Changxing, Yao Guangqi, Wang Zhigao, Wang Menglin, and Lin Fucheng gathered together.
"The way I see it, Your Majesty may think that the money is coming too slowly, and he plans to follow the old Yongle business and complete the official ship and official trade." After Lin Fucheng understood the details of the matter, he said with an unkind expression. This is a very dangerous move. This is a signal that Ming Dynasty’s maritime trade is losing its freedom.
The official ships and official trade during the Yongle period, Zheng He's voyages to the West, supported the five Northern Expeditions, the construction of the Beiya capital, the official roads and post roads of Nuergandusi, and the In the Yongle Ceremony, it was obvious that the Ming Emperor wanted to exercise the imperial court's complete freedom of official ship and official trade.
At this moment, everyone present remembered the horror of the imperial court's ban on the sea. It would only take ten years for the sea to be fully opened, and it would only take fifteen years for the Hong Kong Shipping Department to open the sea!
The Ming Dynasty intends to eat alone!
"What does the prince think?" Everyone looked at Wang Zhigao. Wang Zhigao was from Jingzhou Prefecture. He was from the same hometown as Zhang Juzheng, and they were also relatives of his children. What the court meant by this move had to be revealed by this insider. .
Wang Zhigao shook his head and said: "Don't you know Yuan Fu yet? What will he tell me about what he wants to do? I don't know very well. I haven't heard Yuan Fu mention it, but I know one thing. Last year The major events that brought disgrace to the court, such as the national debt, Suiyuan Chidao and mining certificates, were the debts borrowed by the court and His Majesty from the people."
"Since the beginning of the New Deal in the first year of Wanli, the government's finances have been increasing day by day. The soldiers on the border are all in six books and one account, and they are well fed with money paid in kind. The court's borrowing from the people can be said to be a total loss of face. Your Majesty is still frugal in wearing green clothes, but the government's finances are still insufficient. , Insufficient money is a problem that the court must face now."
"Everyone, there are Jinshan, Yinshan, Tongshan, and Coal Mountains in Womagang."
The court wants coal. Gold, silver, copper and iron, but lack of money to build roads and open mines, so we had to borrow money from the private sector. However, at the end of last year, it was the top priority.
It is not that the imperial court has no money, but that it is not enough. This is a confirmed fact.
"It's broken! It's broken! It's completely broken this time." Lin Fucheng immediately stood up and said loudly with a very excited expression: "Your Majesty is so desperate!"
The Emperor's Festival (lin) Everyone knows frugality in the world. While this Juzheng is still there, the imperial court is short of money again. It makes perfect sense to focus on maritime trade!
The freedom of sea trade is disappearing!
The Zheshe households in Xitucheng were the first to make an effort, and then the maritime merchants of Nanya began to make an effort. If they could not directly exchange the ship's quotation from the City Shipping Department, they had to rely on the five major trading houses affiliated with the City Shipping Department. , and these trading houses can only be regarded as semi-official, and the price of obtaining ship leads has suddenly increased.
Soon, a large number of memorials appeared in front of Zhu Yijun's imperial case. The contents were very similar, preventing His Majesty from reversing history and returning to the era of forbidden seas. , and it needs to be extended to the five hinterland shipping companies. Not only Songjiang Prefecture must have a policy, but also the shipping companies in Michigan, Ningbo, Yuegang, and Guangzhou Dianbai City must have the same policy!
Zhu Yijun was silent for a long time while looking at the memorial in front of him. Zhang Juzheng's style of doing things was extremely serious, while Wang Chonggu's style of doing things focused on cheating and tricking people around. Zhu Yijun couldn't help but think of the time Wang Chonggu gave him Ke Dao Yan Guan tricked them into telling the old story of Huangjimen Fugu.
This is Wang Chonggu's style. He does not have the burden of an idol like Zhang Juzheng. As a treacherous minister, Wang Chonggu does not act treacherously, so how can he be worthy of the title of treacherous minister?
This time, in order to make progress by retreating, the imperial court promoted the method of returning farmland, which started quietly. Moreover, it was a proactive request, and it also used available connections to try every means to dissuade the emperor.
Zhu Yijun complied with the public opinion. Zhu approved these memorials, but he still looked like "you have harmed me" and repeatedly emphasized that agriculture and mulberry trees are the foundation of the country. In ancient times, the sage kings all put the encouragement of agriculture as their first priority. Gold, Pearls and jade cannot be eaten when hungry, and cannot be clothed when cold. However, with the prosperity of litigation and commerce, agricultural affairs are much neglected, and the officials are ordered to prevent the fields from being left uncultivated.
These words are very reasonable. The Emperor of the Ming Dynasty was personally involved in farming and mulberry farming. He took Baoqisi to breed and raise seedlings. He understood the pain of reclaiming wasteland and farming. It was not a secret. This was one of Zhang Juzheng’s sins. Your Majesty was a born noble man. , how could anyone bully the emperor like this for the sake of education?
This round of retreat has been extremely effective.
This is a set of combination boxing. Even if the understanding people in Shi Yao Haoyou understand what the purpose of the imperial court is, they will be unable to recover. The differentiation has been completed. This is Wang Chonggu's move to retreat. In order to enter the most dangerous places, the virtuous and gentry of the country were divided, and the powerful and powerful were divided.
Originally, the imperial court's move to change the land system was a thing that triggered a rebellion in the world, but now there are different voices, and political correctness has also formed. Closing the window for land exchange and shipping is equivalent to the lack of freedom of maritime trade. This is politically correct.
The Ming Dynasty officials in the imperial court are still extremely cautious about "Returning the Fields". Most of them are trying to implement it slowly with the idea of giving it a try and stopping it immediately if it causes bad effects. .
On the Lantern Festival, the fifteenth day of the first lunar month of the tenth year of Wanli, the capital was extremely lively. Lanterns were decorated on both sides of the streets. Red lanterns were hung high, swaying gently in the wind. People were coming and going on the streets, bustling with people. And a car came from Tongzhou, entered Beijing from Chaoyangmen, and stayed at Huitongguanyi.
Pan Jixun, the governor of Yingtian in the Ming Dynasty, will go to Suiyuan to regulate the Yellow River after returning to Beijing to report on his duties.
(End of this chapter)