Chapter 512 Royal Institute of Technology
It is never an exaggeration to say that the road is covered with blue strands to open up the mountains and forests. Before the Western Zhou Dynasty, the forest coverage rate in the Yellow River Basin exceeded 53%, and could even reach 65%. The world's largest tropical rainforest, the forest coverage rate of the Amazon rainforest is 58%. At that time, the Central Plains, from temperature to climate, was no different from Yunnan today. The land was full of elephants, hippos and crocodiles.
The emperor of Zhou gave enfeoffments to the princes with a promise and a team of soldiers and horses. The princes led this team to control the main transportation routes, build cities, cut trees and cultivate fields. This is the background of the enfeoffment system.
The typical example of the enfeoffment system in the Ming Dynasty has never been the royal palaces in various places. Especially after Hongwu, after Jianwen cut the vassal, Yan Wang Jingnan, and Yongle vassal ban, they were enfeoffed without tin soil, and the nobles did not come. A vassal king of the people, a vassal palace with no administrative power, and even leaving the palace required petitioning the court for approval.
The typical example of the feudal system in the Ming Dynasty was the Duke of Guizhou, which guarded the southwest.
However, the Duke of Guizhou still had no administrative power. The Ming Dynasty had complete governors, inspectors, three divisions, and government offices in prefectures and counties in Yunnan. Therefore, it still followed the basic principles of the Ming Dynasty's enfeoffment system. Tin soil, nobles but not the people.
It is not a shame to lose the battle and have the commander and thousands of households killed. Qi Jiguang always told the emperor that victory or defeat is a common matter for military strategists.
There has been no war in the southwest for many years. It is normal for some problems to arise. As long as they can be corrected in time, it is enough. If there is insufficient prevention of seedlings, then the Han army will be used. Sichuan General Liu Wei has led his troops. After arriving in Yunnan, the situation improved.
Zhu Yijun is still relatively optimistic about the war situation in the southwest. Regarding Akbar of the Mughal Kingdom, Zhu Yijun hopes that Emperor Akbar will be worthy of his name as the great emperor and not make wrong choices.
Shah Maimaiti didn’t know the emperor’s concerns, otherwise he would have told the emperor: The respected Emperor Akbar is a normal person, not a brainless person like Mang Yingli. If you talk to Daming, can you still do business? Now Akbar just wants to sell cotton to the Ming Dynasty, obtain a large amount of cheap, high-quality cotton cloth from the Ming Dynasty, and then act as a middleman to sell the cotton cloth everywhere.
Zhu Yijun, Zhang Juzheng, and Wang Chonggu finally made the decision to take another look at the situation in the southwest. After observing and observing, if they were really unable to do what they could, they would imitate the three expeditions to Luchuan and dispatch the Beijing camp to go there. It would really be a waste. For sores, use a sharp knife.
But in that case, the price would be a bit high.
"The treasures of the Japanese country..." Zhu Yijun looked at the memorial from the Nagasaki Governor's Palace and said with some mockery: "These big names are really greedy."
< br>The Governor-General of Nagasaki, Xu Wei, Sun Keyi and others were controlling the flow of treasure notes. The throughput speed of the Governor-General of Nagasaki for Japanese silver, Japanese slaves, and wandering girls was not infinite, so Zhu Yijun sent ten million gold coins to the Japanese country. Money can be used for a long, long time, but the great names of the Warring States Period are generally dissatisfied with this kind of control! Seigniorage is a bit like the Three Treasures of Fortune and Fortune. Once you get into it, it’s hard to get rid of it.
"I have never thought that the Japanese daimyo could receive the annual income from eight public officials and two citizens, and also collect seigniorage." Zhang Juzheng also said sincerely, these Japanese and Warring States daimyo, and the Ming Dynasty Rural sages and gentry, the more they look at each other, the more they look like each other. One is a man who did not reduce the rent during the disaster years, which led to the disaster of annihilation. The other is a man who is not satisfied with the tithe and needs to collect seigniorage.
"Oda Nobunaga hopes to pay tribute to the Ming Dynasty through the Nagasaki Governor's Palace, and Oda Nobunaga hopes to be canonized by the Ming Dynasty." Zhu Yijun talked about the purpose of the Nagasaki Governor's Palace, and Oda Nobuo went there first Negotiations were held at the Nagasaki Governor's Office. After the negotiations failed, Oda Nobunaga sent an envoy to Nagasaki and asked the Nagasaki Governor to express Oda Nobunaga's willingness to surrender.
The Ming Dynasty's methods were so cruel and ruthless that Oda Nobunaga couldn't stand it anymore.
“Oda Nobunaga is willing to bow his head and be enthroned by the Ming Dynasty; pay an annual payment of 300,000 taels of silver; accept the issuance of Ming treasure banknotes in the Japanese country; open the Japanese ports; Oda Nobunaga promises to implement a public policy The two-citizen tax system settled the common people and reduced Japanese pirates; cooperated with the Ming Dynasty fleet to attack Japanese pirates." Zhu Yijun handed the memorial to Zhang Juzheng.
Political, military and economic aspects accept the strong control of the Ming Dynasty. I only ask the Emperor of the Ming Dynasty to be merciful and not to issue excessive treasures. The Japanese country is already corrupt. Now is the critical time to end the war. The Emperor of the Ming Dynasty is here. Once mixed up, the Japanese country was devastated.
After reading it, Zhang Juzheng handed it to Wang Chonggu.
"Since the Onin Rebellion 110 years ago, Japan has entered the Warring States Period. Under the hands of Oda Nobunaga, there is finally a tendency to end the chaos. For the Japanese people, Oda Nobunaga is not the last one. "Zhang Da Fool is not a demon king, but a heroic figure. In order to end the civil strife in Japan, Oda Nobunaga gave up the previous ideas of the people of the world and chose to compromise with the Ming Dynasty," Zhu Yijun said with deep feeling.
There are still a few people who are so reckless and ignorant. Under heavy pressure, Oda Nobunaga chose to admit defeat.
"The conditions are still good, but there is no need to accept his surrender." Wang Chonggu said with certainty: "The southeastern coast has been plagued by Japanese invaders for decades, and people are in ruins. Every household wears filial piety and accepts his surrender. The court cannot explain it to the people. "
Oda Nobunaga wants to kneel down, but the Ming Dynasty may not accept this dog.
"The opinions of the minister and Wang Cifu are the same. Whether he surrenders or not will not affect the advancement of the Ming Dynasty's decree." Zhang Juzheng and Wang Chonggu have completely consistent attitudes on this matter and do not accept surrender. Can't read back.
Is there no way to reconcile with the Japanese country and explain it to the people? And Feng Guo Gong Qi Jiguang, how did he face this matter after living a peaceful life?
Ashikaga Yoshiaki was the king of the Japanese country who was conferred during the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty. In order to intervene in the Japanese country, the flag of Ashikaga Yoshiaki still needs to be used. The reason why Ashikaga Yoshiaki can be accepted to stay in the Ming Dynasty is because Ashikaga Yoshiaki has already If you don't have the strength to continue to be the king of Japan, it's just an excuse. Anyway, the final result will be no heirs.
Don’t use too many methods from past dynasties and don’t have too many examples.
If the Ming Dynasty canonizes another Oda Nobunaga who has the strength to be the king, it will represent the reconciliation between the Ming Dynasty and the Japanese country.
"There is no room for reconciliation." Zhu Yijun and the first and second assistants finalized the outcome of the matter. There is no possibility of reconciliation. The Ming Dynasty preferred to everyone on the Japanese side, probably Xu Wei and Sun Keyi. Those who set fire to the Nagasaki gunpowder depot, burned all the jade and stone, and asked the Ming Dynasty to intervene with force. For the Ming Dynasty, reconciling with the Japanese country was as outrageous as Zhao Gou killing Yue Fei to negotiate peace.
Oda Nobunaga is indeed a figure, and he is considered a rare outstanding figure in the Japanese country, but it is of no use. The Ming Dynasty will carry out its own plan to destroy Japan in an orderly manner.
“Since the last time the country’s surname was Zhengmao, he told the Ming Dynasty to collect taxes, the Governor-General of Luzon began to set up prefectures, counties and other yamen. This is a good start. There is no shortage of officials in Luzon.” Zhu Yijun talked about the follow-up to Yin Zhengmao's request to Ming Dynasty to collect taxes.
In Yin Zhengmao's view, this is a matter of course. The Duke of Qian and the governor of Yunnan have been operating for two hundred years. Although they occasionally pull their hair, in general, the southwest is stable. Hereditary inheritance.
This is a successful experience and a path dependence. The Duke of Guizhou and the Ming Dynasty retired together and were hereditary.
Hereditary succession, the top of hereditary officials, this is what Yin Zhengmao wants. When he is the king, how can he have a big tree to enjoy the shade?
Look at those kings, those who lost their heads because of a piece of cowhide, those whose powerful ministers were vacated, those whose ministers usurped the throne, those who died in civil strife, Annam, Siam, Luzon, Bo Ni, Java, Mankara, The kings of Ceylon, Japan, etc., after you sing, I will go on stage, and the king's flag will change on the city wall. How can I describe it as a mess?
How can a king be so good without a stable military, political, military and economic system? Ignore the stable route opened by the Duke of Guizhou and open up the mountain forest, do you have to break away from the imperial court?
Yin Zhengmao's biggest hope is that one day, the governor of Luzon will impeach the Sishui Marquis Mansion for excessive annexation, and the Luzon Marquis Mansion will fight with the Ming Dynasty civil servants over land.
During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, Xu Chailao, the governor of Luzon, was ennobled. Later, under the general trend of promoting civil and military affairs and banning the sea, only one inscription remained.
Stability, hereditary succession, in the hinterland of the Ming Dynasty, it is a common thing for the hereditary official class, but for the overseas governor's palace, it is a luxury.
After Luzon gradually settled down, Yin Zhengmao of course wanted to further transform Luzon.
There is no shortage of officials. This is because the development of navigation technology has made traveling to Luzon no longer an adventure. It is also because Luzon has gradually stabilized, making it easier to serve as an official in Luzon. There was no shortage of officials in the early Ming Dynasty. People go to Yunnan, and accordingly, there is no shortage of officials in the Ming Dynasty going to Luzon.
When reforming the land and returning it to the current situation is underway.
"Princess Yingjia Zhu Xuanchang and Prince Consort Yin Zongxin want to bring their three-month-old child to Beijing for a visit. I intend to refuse. The child is so young and the sea journey is bumpy, so there is no need to go back and forth." Zhu Yijun talked about another incident in Yin Zhengmao's memorial. Princess Yingjia and Prince Consort Duwei had a son. It was already three months old. He originally planned to come back to Beijing to have a look, but the child was too young and Zhu Yijun was afraid of something happening. Son, wait until you grow up.
Children can’t bear the fatigue of traveling and traveling.
"Your Majesty is wise and has a benevolent heart." Zhang Juzheng has no objection. Going to Beijing to see his parents in person and returning home to visit his parents is a political method. There is no gap between the Ming Dynasty and the Luzon Governor's Palace. If If there is a problem, you can go to Beijing to visit the relatives and explain the situation.
Zhang Juzheng always thinks about problems from a political perspective and is a ruthless political machine.
Zhang Juzheng and Wang Chonggu stood up and chose to resign. The most important thing when entering the palace today is that ministers at all levels should report important events and analyze the contradictions, rather than just say a dry sentence, "Guan Zi Ming" "Fa" says: If the lower emotions are not connected to the upper level, it is called blockage.
August 15th is the Mid-Autumn Festival, and it is also the day when the Youlong was launched. When Lin Fucheng returned to the capital, it was already August 23rd. On August 26th, the Youlong was launched. The first sea survey has been completed. The fast sailing ship set off from Songjiang New Port and arrived at Ryukyu in just one day. It then took less than five days to circle Jilong Island and resupply at the Penghu Inspection Department. Later, he returned to Ryukyu and returned to Ming Dynasty again.
Songjiang Governor Shen Shixing announced the good news and presented the news of the first sea survey of the fast sailing ship to the imperial court.
"Only now do I know that when going to Jilong Island, we first go to Ryukyu and go south from Maobitou to Tamsui Town and Xinglongzhuang, instead of crossing the strait between Fujian and Jilong Island. The boat master is indeed an indispensable talent. "Zhu Yijun looked at Kanyu Tu and said blankly.
Zhu Yijun used to wonder why Felipe II appointed Antonio as captain and asked him to bring a large sailboat to the Ming Dynasty, even though he knew Antonio was his opponent. Felipe II didn't want to. This is not the case. No one uses it? Now Felipe II's galleons also relied on Marcus's guidance.
In this maritime trade, without experienced captains and pilots, the great voyage was like flying general Li Guang entering the grassland and getting confused.
The Taiwan Strait is called Daheigou among the Fujian people. It is very difficult to cross this Daheigou. There are currently two routes to Jilong Island. One is from Xingang , Ningbo Shuangyu goes to Ryukyu and then goes south to Maobitou, which is the northern end of Jilong Island, so named because it looks like a cat's nose; and the other route is from Yuegang to Penghu Inspection Department, and then to Xinglongzhuang (today's Kaohsiung) , these two routes are to avoid the complex currents of Daheigou.
In other words, it is easier to go to Nanyang from the coast of Daming than to Jilong Island. This is why Jilong Island, a large island, has not been developed on a large scale for so many years. Since the Ryukyu Palace moved inland After the Ming Dynasty navy was stationed in Ryukyu, the development process of Jilong Island was greatly accelerated.
Whoever controls Ryukyu controls Jilong Island.
Ryukyu, both Yu Dayou and Chen Lin said, was the key to the Ming Dynasty. It was indeed the sea of all nations. There was a boat going from Shuangyu, Ningbo to Tamsui Town to buy and sell timber. Because they couldn't find a boatman, they had to risk going out to sea. They planned to go straight from Shuangyu to Tamsui Town. However, after walking for a few days, when they saw the shore again, they had already arrived in Qiongzhou. …
The boat masters are extremely professional talents. They clamored not to allow the imperial court to expand their recruitment and demanded treatment. Even the Ming Emperor endured it and negotiated terms with the boat masters. , explaining the details of the expansion, and the conversations between Shen Shixing and the navy masters were gradually coming true. Ming Dynasty's maritime trade gradually prospered, and the demand for navy masters was increasing.
Now that the ship is waiting for people, the major maritime merchants have also reacted and poured money into various maritime schools. They are afraid that the maritime schools will close their doors due to insufficient funds and no one will be able to use them.
"Five municipal shipping departments have built five maritime schools, isn't it enough?" Zhu Yijun was scratching his head. Up to now, the growth rate of talents cannot keep up with the expansion of Shanghai trade. Now the big maritime merchants have come to their senses. , began to clamor for the establishment of more maritime schools.
Feng Bao said in a low voice: "Not only the boat masters, but also the mine masters, the silversmiths who tie the silver coins, and the masters of all walks of life are all lacking."
Only the shortage. Captain? All walks of life lack talent.
Because Zhoushi has a greater influence, it is more intuitive, but other gaps are actually very, very big. Systematically cultivating talents has become a top priority for Ming Dynasty.
Zhu Yijun thought for a while and said: "It is urgent to divide the study into different disciplines."
It is easy to say that it is easy to say to divide the study into different disciplines, but the resistance of the traditional scholar-officials of the Ming Dynasty is also an issue that the court must consider. After the administrative power is restored, it is indeed capable of forcing the cow to drink water.
But there is also a problem involved. You can become an official by studying Confucianism. This is a fixed promotion channel for studying to become a master. Scholars in the Ming Dynasty were not willing to learn other subjects. Rural sages, gentry, In a powerful and right-wing home, no one can read it, and it is impossible to achieve a class jump. What should I do with it?
Therefore, only poor coolies can learn these things, and these poor coolies have no money to study. Ming Dynasty needs to invest hugely in education to achieve results.
It takes ten years to cultivate trees and a hundred years to cultivate people. Education is a long-term investment. Short-term benefits are unclear, but long-term benefits will be intuitively reflected.
Issues such as organizational structure, development, funding, scale, orientation, enrollment quantity, quantity and quality of faculty sources, etc. are all issues that need to be solved in separate disciplines.
Zhu Yijun wrote these things on the paper one by one.
The main contradiction is the lack of professional talents in Ming Dynasty and the monopoly of knowledge by scholar-officials. The secondary contradiction is the lack of recognition of professional colleges by students and the need for large-scale enrollment in professional colleges.
In terms of organizational structure, we must break away from the original system of Imperial College, Imperial College, and Gongyuan, which will cause fierce conflicts; and the development direction is to focus on professional talents rather than cultivating officials, which will cause secondary conflicts ;
In terms of funding, it is not a problem. There is a large amount of money in the internal and state funds, and the Maritime Academy also has experience in interest-free student loans;
In terms of faculty and staff, the Royal Academy of Gokumon It can provide some teaching staff, and masters from all walks of life can become teaching staff. There is no need to worry about the quantity and quality of sources; and the third-level schools of the Engineer Corps Battalion can provide students, and there is no shortage of employment in directional schools. direction.
Zhu Yijun wrote down his plan on the memorandum. He put down the pen, copied his plan, and finally picked up the pen and wrote solemnly: [Royal Institute of Technology].
Being given the name of the royal family naturally involves internal funds. This is to reduce the resistance of the court. Whether it is breaking away from the original education system or challenging the monopoly of knowledge by scholar-bureaucrats, imperial power is a powerful weapon. The name of science and engineering is to distinguish it from Confucianism. Confucianism is extremely disgusted with machinery and considers it to be speculation.
Master said: If there is a machine, there must be something to do, and if there is something to do, there must be an intention. If the mind is kept in the chest, it will be pure and unprepared. If pure and unprepared, the spirit will be unstable. If the spirit is uncertain, the Tao will not contain it.
"The next chapter is the Ministry of Rites of the Cabinet." Zhu Yijun handed the written imperial edict to Feng Bao and asked Feng Bao to send it to the Cabinet and the Ministry of Rites.
The Royal Institute of Technology is a research institute that also cultivates talents, but the threshold is extremely high. It is mainly responsible for exploring the boundaries of the known world and the infinite principles of all things. The Royal Institute of Technology is mainly responsible for cultivating talents from all walks of life. , select the best among the best and become a doctor of the Five Classics.
Studying by subject, Royal Institute of Technology. When Zhang Juzheng saw these words, he immediately covered his head and asked the Zhongshu Sheren to call Wang Chonggu and Wan Shihe to Wenyuan Pavilion to discuss matters. , it is inconvenient for more people to know.
Wang Chonggu, Wan Shihe, Wang Guoguang and Zhang Juzheng were divided into four groups. The memorials were placed on the table in the middle. The temper in autumn is more unpredictable than in summer. The wind is often accompanied by rain. , during the autumn rain and cold, Zhang Juzheng asked someone to bring some big cloaks and put them on him.
"What should we do?" After everyone had finished reading the imperial edict, Zhang Juzheng took a deep breath and asked everyone for their opinions.
The Ming Dynasty needs talents, and all industries are crying for support. It is imperative to study in separate disciplines, but it can also easily become the fuse of intensified conflicts.
Wang Chonggu of the radical faction immediately said: "Your Majesty has been extremely thoughtful and has considered all aspects. If there is anything else to say, just do it."
"This is a big matter, and I fear that it will be shaken. "The move of Jiangshan Sheji." Wan Shihe expressed his attitude that this matter is really not as simple as imagined, and mobilizing education is the basis for mobilizing the virtuous gentry in the countryside and the right to be powerful.
Why didn’t the He family in Gaoyang reduce rent during the disaster years? The He family has completely completed the annexation, why is it still unwilling to give the people a way to survive? For He, it is best for workers and poor coolies to have no land or even any production tools, because in this case, workers will have no choice but to make a living by selling their labor power.
This is the process of alienation of labor into commodities.
The reason why He dared to do this and was able to do this is because this has always been the case. Rural sages, gentry, and powerful right-wing monopolists monopolized knowledge and then monopolized power, and labor was alienated into commodities. The process is the result, not the cause.
"It's okay, they will deceive themselves." Wang Chonggu shook his head and said: "You overestimate the courage of the rural sages, gentry, and powerful right-wingers. How can there be so many people who dare to take risks? Don't worry. It’s not their turn to rebel.”
"It's not their turn?" Zhang Juzheng frowned.
Wang Chonggu vowed and said in a very confirming tone: "I can only curse a few words at most. The more you have, the more afraid you are of losing it. As long as you are not forced into a corner and have a little bit of living space, you will be fine. It is difficult to completely give up everything you own. The manor, mulberry fields, acres, long-term and short-term workers, and family property owned by Haoyou are their wealth and their shackles."
"The poor coolies have nothing. Shackles, that's why they turned into bandits, looted the He family, and killed all the He family members, because they had nothing to lose."
"I am a person who has been here, just listen to me on this matter. , Do it boldly! What else can you do besides shouting twice? Weakness and compromise are deeply rooted. If you ask me to incorporate Taixue into the Royal Institute of Technology, there will be no need to distinguish, and everyone can be promoted to Jinshi. "< br>
Wang Chonggu really knows for sure that the power is right, he himself is the power, and he has rich experience in rebelling. Rebellion? As long as there is a little bit of living space, they will not rebel. Those shackles will firmly restrain their ambitions, and they will also deceive themselves. The Ming Dynasty is for talents. Only when Ming Dynasty is better can they make more money. many.
How could the Ming Dynasty have a stage for right-wing rebellion?
Deng Maoqi, Ye Zongliu's millions of people, etc., they are just mud-legged people with nothing, so they can be powerful, and there are also princes who intend to follow the path of Yan King Zhu Di to become the emperor, but now, And because the Taoist side branch has entered the clan and the heirs are not prosperous, the stage for the prince's rebellion has gradually disappeared.
"What you said is incomprehensible, oh, all the money you earned by working hard is to put shackles on yourself?" Wan Shihe looked at Wang Chonggu and felt that Wang Chonggu's logic was really weird!
Working hard and hard, all you get in the end are shackles. People’s efforts are all to put shackles on themselves. This logic is simply wrong.
"Uncle Zong, thank you for being the Minister of Rites." Wang Chonggu smiled and said, "To be honest with Uncle Zong, this is all based on experience."
Not everyone has anti-thief experience. Wang Chonggu is no longer ashamed to talk about the fact that he was a rebel in the past. His anti-thief experience will actually help him run the country.
Who has never gone astray in his life? The most precious thing is to have the opportunity to find your way back from the lost path, and Wang Chonggu seized it. He was the traitor, and he was the loyal king and country. It was all Wang Chonggu.
"That seems to be the case." Zhang Juzheng's brows were knitted into knots. His anti-thief experience had become Wang Chonggu's unique advantage. Who could he ask to explain this.
Wang Chonggu said happily: "So, just do it boldly. Leave the civil engineering work to me. The engineering regiment and camp need to be built. The Royal Institute of Technology and the Ten Kings City can be built together. It is being built around the Beitucheng of Beidaying. Your Majesty conducts military parades every day, so you can go there for a walk if you have nothing to do. "
"This is my opinion, you decide, I have something else to do."
Wang Chonggu stood up after speaking. His attitude was very clear. He not only agreed with His Majesty's approach, but also felt that His Majesty's steps were a bit too small and too conservative.
Wang Chonggu walked to the door, suddenly came back, picked up the imperial edict and read it carefully again, sighed and said: "If your Majesty is short of money, my old Wang family also has some wealth, but the title of royal It’s a pity, a pity.”
This time Wang Chonggu really left, Chonggu Chidao, Wang Chonggu would go to see the stone tablet inscribed by His Majesty almost every seven days. It has brought him so much fame, and he feels extra relieved every time he sees that stone tablet. Therefore, if it were not named in the name of the royal family, Wang Chonggu would like to be the sole proprietor of it. When the time comes, it will be called Chonggu Institute of Technology. Who else can Call him a sycophant!
It is a pity that His Majesty is obviously very keen on power. From the beginning of the edict, he has been named the Royal Family.
"Wang Cifu is becoming more and more like Tan Sima before, and his actions are becoming more and more radical." Wang Guangguang frowned and looked at Wang Chonggu's back, and said meaningfully.
Wan Shihe could understand Wang Chonggu's mentality. He shook his head and said: "As I get older, I am more and more anxious about my posthumous name. I always feel that time is running out."
"Is it possible that this is also Wang Chonggu's? How about twice as much? Double the execution to make it impossible to implement the decree," Zhang Juzheng said with some doubts.
"Your Majesty said that Yuan Fu was prejudiced against Wang Cifu. He was really prejudiced. If he really wanted to double it, he wouldn't have done it this way." Wan Shihe waved his hands repeatedly, the iron horse between Yuan Fu and Cifu. The dispute had just come to an end under the emperor's mediation. There should be no more disputes.
Zhang Juzheng's prejudice against Wang Chonggu is an unsolvable knot, just like His Majesty's vigilance against civil servants, an unsolvable problem.
(End of this chapter)