Chapter 522: Neither power nor favor can be tolerated, virtue and prestige can be combined with emotion to intimidate violence
Wang Daokun and most of the court officials, in the midst of quick questions and answers, looked confused and shouted sage, and then turned around. Come on, what the emperor wants is the Royal Ship Design Institute, especially the word "royal".
When His Majesty asked if the money was enough, Wan Shihe had already understood His Majesty’s direction. However, Wan Shihe was not a relevant party, so he could only hold it back. Fortunately, Wang Chonggu was also a sycophant, and he did this. Flattery has no psychological burden and does not require any psychological construction.
The matter ended happily. His Majesty the Emperor received the title, Songjiang Prefecture received a sum of money to open a design institute, and the craftsmen of the shipyard received a reward of 70,000 silver.
Zhu Yijun also needs reputation. Although he always trades reputation for money, he still needs to make a gesture to show his support for shipbuilding and to clarify the direction of the political winds, so as to open the sea with all his strength as always.
Clear political direction is very important. For those working below, there is no need to worry too much about the risks of political leanings. Without such risks, it is equivalent to missing a knife to the neck. .
The most fearful thing in officialdom is that if one’s intentions are unknown, one can only guess and not know what to do and what to do.
The rise of Wang Chonggu came after the emperor came to power. Before that, his performance could only be regarded as gathering sycophants, rather than economic development of the country. Shuangfeng politics is actually a very dangerous ecology. The Central Plains will It is called party imprisonment. Two political strongmen who have conflicting opinions in the court will cause violent turmoil, such as the fight between Gao Gong and Zhang Juzheng during the Longqing period after Emperor Longqing retired.
After the emperor was young and strong, able to handle government affairs and establish authority, Wang Chonggu and Zhang Juzheng united under His Majesty and they were able to coexist.
A situation that cannot be broken through struggle requires a foundation. There can only be one core of authority, not two. To put it more bluntly, now, there is only one sky in the Ming Dynasty, and that is Your Majesty.
Zeng Shengwu, Minister of the Ministry of War, took out a memorial and said: "The war in the southwest, Dongxu in the southwest, is actually the Diwu La Xuanwei Division. It can be said that we are border bandits in the world. If we fight against them, we will have to defend ourselves. If it takes a long time, it will be laborious and troublesome." , so the previous generations were all beasts and beasts, relying on them and accepting without rebelling, rebelling and abandoning without pursuing them, so they established their chiefs and made them control themselves. >"For example, during the reign of Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty, Wuxi barbarians were attached, but Zhenzong did not allow it."
Zeng Shengwu's docile words should have appeared in official documents, not court discussions. Instead, most of them are written with common characters. This passage is actually a model of a petition. If it passes the court's approval, the petition to Taungoo will be expanded on this passage.
The content is about the attitude towards the southwestern chieftains in the past dynasties before the Ming Dynasty.
During the Zhenzong period of the Song Dynasty, the Wuxi Barbarians had been seeking to completely rely on the Northern Song Dynasty, and the chieftains went to Tonghan to lobby in Kaifeng. However, in the end, Xiang Tonghan only got canonization, and the establishment of prefectures and counties. The Song court did not agree to any of the requests for taxation or asking for Wang Hua's orders.
Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty even personally issued an edict that no conquests should be made in the wilderness. This meant that the Wuxi Barbarian area was too barbaric, so there would be no Yamen to collect taxes, and requests from Tonghan were not allowed.
Xiang Tonghan also gave it a bad show and directly offered the map to the Emperor of the Song Dynasty, but he failed in the end. The scholar-bureaucrats of the Northern Song Dynasty looked down upon these places.
Before the Ming Dynasty, including Hu Yuan, there was only one attitude towards the southwestern chieftains, that is, to establish autonomy for their chiefs. The court treated them like animals and only restrained them, as long as they did not behave like beasts. They just ran out of the mountains and forests without in-depth governance, which resulted in a phenomenon that these chieftains have been border bandits for generations, harassing each other very frequently, and constantly conquering each other.
The Central Plains court was also in a dilemma. If they wanted to attack, the barbarians would occupy dangerous places to defend themselves. Over time, it would be too expensive for the court and the troops would be overtired. If they did not attack, they would cause trouble frequently, often causing troubles. It made them all very embarrassed.
If you surrender, you will be canonized; if you flee, you will not pursue him. This is restraint.
Zeng Shengwu went on to say: "In July of the seventh year of Hongwu, a censor returned to Beijing from Guangxi and published "Six Strategies for Ping the Barbarians". After reading it, Taizu said: The barbarians are not afraid of power, nor are they willing to benefit. However, because of power, You can't understand their hearts, and you can't deter them from violence if you give them favors. This is the way to control the barbarians." The Ming Dynasty took this as a guideline, and it has not changed for two hundred years. "
The turning point occurred after the establishment of the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang was extremely worried about the situation in the southwest, and began to govern the southwest in depth, instead of leaving it to generations. When the chieftain governs, the general policy of governance is sixteen words: neither power nor fear, nor favor nor favor, virtue and authority should be combined with emotion to control violence.
Without the deterrence of force, the barbarians will definitely not be afraid. However, without real benefits and not being what the people want, the barbarians will not have the Ming in their hearts and follow the Ming's lead. Therefore, we must use both virtue and power to influence them. At the same time, let them be exposed to violence and not dare to disobey.
But after Yongle, he became a Rouyuan person.
The Ming Dynasty set up three divisions in Yunnan, and also let the Duke of Guizhou guard it for generations. For two hundred years, the Ming Dynasty's policy towards the southwestern chieftains has not changed. When there is no war, they can talk about it, but they are all barbarians. After dancing with Da Ming for so long, Da Ming couldn't bear it until he couldn't bear it anymore and just wiped it out.
The Ming Dynasty did not blindly use force in the southwest. For example, in Guizhou, a place with the most chieftains, Jinshi has not been cut off since the Zhengtong period. The Ming Dynasty actually ruled the southwest, and it was the unified household system. Transforming a complete natural economy into a small-scale peasant economy brought culture, education and order to the southwest, which was the achievement of promoting education.
The most intuitive manifestation is that the Duke of Guizhou, Mu Changzuo, trusted the seedlings and regarded them as people of the Ming Dynasty. As a result, these seedlings took the initiative to open the door, allowing the enemy to almost attack Dali, which deeply wounded Mu. Chang Zuo's heart was such that Mu Changzuo ignored the two chieftains' intention to surrender.
After Zeng Shengwu introduced the background, he began a long discussion, how Toungu was ennobled as the Secretary of Xuanwei during the Yongle period, how Toungu later attached to Luchuan, caused trouble in the Southwest during the Zhengtong period, and how the Ming Dynasty treated the Southwest favorably After three announcements and six consolations and other past events, it was finally determined that Taungyu was an unfaithful and unfilial son who needed to be taught a lesson. The goal of the attack was to destroy his hereditary lineage, exterminate his descendants, and permanently stabilize the southwest.
Zeng Shengwu was a conservative. He thoroughly implemented the ancestral teachings of Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty. If you can be gentle, be gentle. If you really can't be gentle, then completely eliminate the hidden danger. This solution is really like that of Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty. He couldn't When Huairou was in power, after the attack and defeat, he directly sealed the vassal and established three divisions to rule the actual counties.
"Isn't that place too far away? It's a bit difficult to implement the county." Wang Chonggu, a radical, expressed his opinion.
This goal that Zeng Shengwu mentioned has some difficulties, not a small difficulty, but a very difficult one. Outside Yunnan, there are dense forests. Going from the hinterland of the Ming Dynasty, I am afraid that it will not be able to achieve it. When the matter was delivered to the court, the day lily was already cold.
Zeng Shengwu looked at Wang Chonggu and said quite accurately: "In the early days of the Republic of China, three divisions were set up in Yunnan, and it was very difficult for the Duke of Guizhou to go to guard them."
"Okay, okay, I No more opinions." Wang Chonggu waved his hands repeatedly to express surrender! You, the Minister of War, opened his mouth and his ancestors kept silent, and Wang Chonggu did not intend to lead the captives and then the barbarians, so he could only wave his hands and surrender.
Zeng Shengwu explained his thoughts in detail. Yunnan lacked an outlet to the sea, and the Ming Dynasty also lacked an outlet to enter the Western Ocean (today's Indian Ocean) from another direction. They only relied on the Old Port Governor's Mansion. If If there are changes in the Old Port Governor's Mansion, the Ming Dynasty's maritime trade will be severely affected.
In order to ensure the complete loyalty of the Governor's Palace in the Old Port, a southwest outlet to the sea became necessary.
Furthermore, a southwesterly outlet to the sea, even if it was a land under a feudal system, would be conducive to the Ming Dynasty's struggle for interests in the West.
Taungoo, Laos, and Siam outside Yunnan will all become buffer zones for the Ming Dynasty and the West in the ocean conflict. This is Zeng Shengwu’s reason.
The laws established by our ancestors are in the past, and the changes in the marine environment and the advancement of the West in sea trade are the current situation. The Ming Dynasty has had substantial conflicts with the Governor-General of Goa and the Governor-General of the Philippines twice. Further to the West, The conflict between Da Ming and Hongmaofan is reality, not the future.
"Before the fight, everything was easy to discuss. Since Mang Yingli insisted on provoking, we can't blame Ming for being ruthless." Zeng Shengwu said in conclusion: "Yi Rudu is a barbarian."< br>
Zeng Shengwu was born in the southwest. He was the military governor of the old general Liu Xian. He pacified the southeast and even led troops to fight in battles. The pacification of Jiusi was Zeng Shengwu's practice. As the Minister of War, Zeng Shengwu intended to destroy Taungoo, not just talk.
Tan Lun actually dislikes Zeng Xingwu because Zeng Xingwu is too conservative, while Tan Lun is extremely radical.
Practice has proven that overly conservative and extremely radical policies have different starting points, but they are highly consistent in handling affairs.
"As Da Sima said." Zhu Yijun had no objection. Zeng Shengwu had valuable local practical experience. Since he made such a judgment, it meant that the situation in the southwest was far less optimistic than the court imagined.
“I would like to ask, what if Mang Yingli did not provoke the Ming Dynasty?” Wang Chonggu asked curiously, if Mang Yingli did not provoke the Ming Dynasty, would it be possible for the conservative Zeng Xingwu to truly become the emperor of the Ming Dynasty? If the Dharma is the guideline, why not open up in the southwest? Is it Huairou?
Zeng Shengwu thought for a while and said: "Now, he is provoking the Ming Dynasty, taking the initiative to attack, and even approaching Dali with troops."
Zhang Juzheng smiled, Zeng Shengwu avoided talking about the detours He opened this topic without telling Wang Chonggu what he thought. If Mang Yingli did not provoke, Zhang Juzheng suspected that Zeng Shengwu would also find an appropriate time to launch an expedition to the southwest. Look at Zeng Shengwu's proposition. He advocated Shitu County Taungu , mainly for Western maritime trade.
The tenth year of Wanli was the year when the Ming Dynasty turned around. Although Lin Fucheng, an arrogant guy, always reminded the Ming court that there were still many problems to be solved in the Ming Dynasty, everything was changing, and the Ming Dynasty was reviving the trend. It’s done.
Shi Maohua reported a piece of bad news. The former Seven Guards of Kansai, now the King of Hami Kingdom, behaved very negatively towards the Ming Dynasty's establishment of Gansu and the restoration of the Seven Guards of Kansai. To the envoy I went there and chose to avoid it. This is very bad news.
Shi Maohua originally planned to reorganize the Seven Guards of Guanxi with the Hami Kingdom as the core, but the King of Hami did not approve of this plan. Jiayuguan has been used as the boundary for many years. The Ming Dynasty sent an envoy there, and Hami When the king bows his head and bows, is he still a king?
"What do you mean, King Hami? Looking for a beating?" Wang Chonggu said somewhat dullly: "We just captured the Hetao, and Anda Khan was beheaded in public! How dare he? He is afraid of Anda Khan, but not me, the Ming Dynasty? Why? What do you think? He Hami is not outside the desert! Daming has no ability to fight across the desert, but it is more than enough to defeat him?"
Wan Shihe said with a complicated expression: "King Hami probably thinks that, The Ming Dynasty won without force. When Anda Khan was young, the Ming Dynasty failed to win, and took advantage of his old age and weakness to kill people. The Ming Dynasty can defeat the old Anda Khan, but it may not be able to force Hami. "
“It seems that I don’t want to call it Hami and want to change my name to Yizhou.”
After the establishment of the Western Region Protectorate in Xishan, Hami was originally called Yiwu. In the fourth year of Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong Li Shimin of the Tang Dynasty Yiwu was changed to Yizhou. Ninety years later, Yizhou was captured by Tibet.
In the first year of Hongwu, Hu Yuanjiu, King Weiwu, guarded Hami and refused to surrender to the Ming Dynasty. In the second year of Yongle, the Ming Dynasty canonized King Anke Timur of Hami as King Zhongshun and established the Hami Guard. In the third year of Chenghua, , no longer canonized the king, but canonized only the governor of Hami. He is not allowed to take charge of state affairs and appoints officials and assistants.
Until the ninth year of Zhengde, Hamiwei was annexed by Turpan. The right governor of Hamiwei (King Zhongshun) lived for eleven generations in total. In 135 years, during this annexation process, the Ming Dynasty gave Hamiwei support. , Sanli was loyal to the king, but he was always unable to support him, and eventually annexation occurred.
"Nowadays, people in the Western Regions generally believe in Huihui. They don’t believe in Buddhism and they don’t believe in the Immortal Heaven." Wan Shihe talked about the situation in the Western Regions. The situation is very bad. They are all Huihui believers. This is why the Hami royal family does not believe in Huihui. The main reason why he was willing to obey the Ming Dynasty's order and build the Hami Guard again.
The Hami royal family had no choice but to surrender to the Ming Dynasty. Since the 24th year of Jiajing, the Hami royal family had never stopped paying tribute every three years. However, those believers did not agree to completely surrender to the Ming Dynasty.
“Except Hami, there won’t be any problems in Yumenguan, Guazhou, Dunhuang and other places.” Zeng Shengwu introduced the situation of these places. These places are not part of the Western Regions. Han people are the majority, at least about 80%, and the number of Han people in Yumen Pass is larger, reaching 90%.
I have been looking forward to Master Wang's departure from Jiayuguan for year after year. When I was almost desperate, Master Wang finally came. Even if no troops were actually sent, it would be a great joy for the imperial court to send envoys to inquire. For so many years, the imperial court had ignored anything outside Jiayuguan.
Reopening the Western Region is inevitable, and not many people oppose it, because the Loop and Suiyuan must be defended.
Grand Situ Wang Guoguang held a memorandum with a very complicated expression on his face, and even said with difficulty: "The Governor of Suiyuan heard that in the past six months, in addition to building roads, he has done one thing, demolishing dams."
The desertification in Suiyuan is not only caused by drought, but also by building dams to block water. In the Hetao and on the loess high slopes, the hereditary Ottoks (the hereditary captives) (name), he likes to build dams to block water. Every clear river has a dam. The purpose of blocking water is to water his pasture, regardless of the life and death of the downstream.
It is a typical example of drought leading to drought and waterlogging leading to death. Whoever controls the water source controls the wealth, and these Ottoks never release water, which causes the grassland downstream to continue to degrade. , acres of land could not be cultivated, and forcing the demolition of dams to release water became the first thing Pan Jixun, the governor of Suiyuan, did.
The cause of grassland degradation is overgrazing. There is not much water in the first place. Overgrazing makes the grassland degrade faster to the point where it cannot be grazed. This is how desertification becomes more and more serious under natural and man-made disasters. It's getting more serious.
Pan Jixun’s men are not the engineering battalion, but the military garrison of the Ming Dynasty. They are all soldiers, so competing with the local Otuoke for water is naturally unfavorable. Pan Jixun’s management of the Hetao is not directly garrison. In terms of farming, except for water-rich areas, rice and wheat are not grown in other places, but only pasture. It takes at least five to ten years or even longer to consolidate the water and soil before planning to farm.
This is not to say that there are no acres of cultivated land in Hetao. At present, there are only about 70,000 hectares of land that can be planted with rice and wheat, which is enough for the military. After all the rest is planted with pasture, sheepskin and wool minerals are exchanged for the land in the hinterland of the Ming Dynasty. Food, iron pots and other items can also sustain life, and life can be stable instead of living on the water.
Living by the water is not a romantic and beautiful thing. It means having no fixed place, a life without any stability at all, and a bereaved dog who is in panic all day long. Each car carries a dog with him. A person is wrapped in felt and chasing water and grass to inhabit, this is poverty.
This is caused by production. With unstable production sites and unstable production means, it is impossible to obtain stable output. Without stable output, there is no stable life at all.
Court discussions are always so boring. One thing may be discussed until the end, and no one has any good solutions, or they can just put it aside without dealing with it. The problems that can be solved are also full of difficulties, and solving a problem always requires facing facing a variety of new problems.
Just like the Qing Dynasty in the Ming Dynasty, after the cadastral was clarified, local government officials had official fields, but these official fields were occupied. This is a cycle in practice.
Guangde Bookstore writes about Lin Fucheng, and his life is full of troubles. Everyone dislikes him. People who think Ming Dynasty is very good are disgusted with the travel notes written by Lin Fucheng. People who think Ming Dynasty is not good are disgusted with Lin Fucheng's views on Ming Dynasty. The imperial decree followed suit.
Lin Fucheng was caught in the middle, everyone was scolding him, but his anecdotes were indeed a popular miscellaneous newspaper in the capital. No matter how many copies were printed, they were all sold out.
Lin Fucheng had an invitation in his hand, inviting him to a gathering. He didn’t want to go, but he has short hands and a short mouth to eat people. This was an invitation sent by Wang Qian, so Lin Fucheng had no choice but to go. .
Master Lin is late again. This time I don’t blame him, it’s because of the traffic jam.
The capital of the Ming Dynasty is becoming more and more prosperous. Although the roads are spacious, there is no order in walking. Master Lin is very annoyed by the traffic jam.
"Everyone, Haihan, you are one step late." Lin Fucheng confessed right away. He promised to come and then he went to the appointment on time. It was not a show of value just to deliberately ask for three invitations.
Everyone stood up and exchanged polite greetings. After all, he was now Master Lin, and every article could arouse discussion in the streets of Jingtang.
A person said in a weird way: "I have a dog at home. Every time when dinner is served, before I get to the table, it hurriedly squats under the table, wagging its tail and begging for mercy."
Wang Qian was also stuck on the road, and he hadn't arrived yet. What this man meant in a strange way was that Wang Qian, the master, hadn't arrived yet, and Lin Fucheng, the dog, was not active in eating, and a dog only deserved to eat leftovers.
"Isn't this a coincidence? I also have several dogs at home. They don't even have to eat leftovers. They are beaten every day. They seize the opportunity to eat a good meal and run faster than anyone else." Lin Fucheng sneered. He yelled and scolded him directly.
He, Lin Fucheng, arrived late, and the host had not arrived yet. These dogs could run faster than him! We are all colleagues, who is not eating this bowl of rice? Calling him Lin Fucheng is equivalent to calling yourself a dog.
"You!" This man knew that Lin Fucheng was a sharp-tongued man and was good at verbal sparring. As a result, he was choked up and couldn't say a word. If he refuted it, he would admit that he was a dog.
Lin Fucheng fought with others with guns and sticks, and he was very proud of his victory. He is just a talker, but there is one person here, they are all rubbish, and no one is his opponent. .
Wang Qian held a banquet, but no one arrived. It was after dinner time that Wang Qian was late.
"Sit, sit, sit, sit down." Wang Qian had no intention of accusing him at all. He motioned for everyone to sit down and there was no need to get up to greet them. He said with a smile: "I invite you all to come here today. It's for later. Let’s go see a rare thing together. After reading it, you can say something nice in the newspaper.”
“Young Master, what kind of rare thing is it? Swallow it." Just now, Lin Fucheng's pen was angry and he was angry at Wang Qian for being so late and not being polite at all.
“Eat if you want to eat, or get out if you don’t want to eat!” Wang Qian’s expression changed.
He could come in person because of Lin Fucheng. Lin Fucheng was scolded all over the place. Wang Qian couldn't stand it. Compared with the chattering of those cheap Confucians, Lin Fucheng's articles were too useful, at least not During the conversation, Wang Qian invited this group of people to sit down and have a meal together, in order to give Lin Fucheng a platform and tell everyone that Lin Fucheng was protected by him and should be polite in his words.
How dare you talk to him, Mr. Wang?
The Confucian scholar stood up angrily: "You! You are an insult to elegance!"
Wang Qian did not tolerate him at all, and said sternly: "What am I? I'm peeing and taking care of you!" What the hell are you doing? Are you going to eat? Get out immediately.”
You have to eat even if you don't want to eat. If he doesn't eat today's meal, he will offend the prince. There is no need to mess around in the capital. If Wang Qian doesn't deal with him, a lot of people will try to please Wang Qian, Wang Chonggu will also make his life worse than death. He must eat this meal. Only when the things Wang Qian told him are done can he pass the test.
Otherwise his bookstore will close down tomorrow.
“I don’t know if you are just stupid. You advocate absolute freedom all day long, but I don’t dare to advocate it!” Wang Qian pointed at himself and looked at these pens with a look of disgust. said.
Of course Wang Qian does not advocate absolute freedom. As soon as he did, His Majesty the Emperor's Tiqi who ransacked his house came to his door.
"How is the next article of Master Lin's Happy Anecdotes going?" Wang Qian turned his face faster than flipping through the book, with a smile on his face. Lin Fucheng is not a cheap scholar, and a cheap scholar will not go there in person. Although Baoding local government and the imperial court use him as a tool for conducting field research and investigating the suffering of the people, he must have the qualifications to do so.
Lin Fucheng wrote an eloquent article, causing the capital to be in a state of panic. The censors of the Metropolitan Procuratorate had to go to the border for training. In the future, those who want to be an official in the capital will have to take a temporary job to experience and engage in official fields. Officials at all levels and the virtuous rural gentry who invaded will be in bad luck.
It was Lin Fuchen himself who lit the fuse of the dynamite barrel of official land occupation and loss.
Lin Fucheng waved his hands repeatedly and said: "I don't dare to write anymore. If I write anymore, I'm afraid Tiqi from the imperial court will come to visit."
"No, Mr. Huang has already said hello. Master Lin, just write." Wang Qian said with great conviction: "It's time to write. Mr. Huang said that if people talk, the sky will not fall. You can make up whatever you want.”
“Young master Huang’s hands and eyes are astounding.” Lin Fucheng was stunned for a moment and said with emotion.
Wang Qian is powerful enough. The son of Cifu of the Ming Dynasty, Wang Qian thought carefully about the last article about Fan Yingqi, and then went home to discuss it before giving Lin Fucheng a reply. Mr. Huang directly asked him People say that as long as it is true, you can write whatever you want.
Zhu Yijun has actually been showing his omnipotence to Lin Fucheng, hoping that Lin Fucheng can guess his identity and see through his vest.
The official dental plaque of Doctor of the Five Classics of Nagwuyuan, that is an official status of the fifth rank. Is it something that a young master in the General's Mansion can handle?
In the 13th year of Zhengtong, the Ming Dynasty banned reforms and banned the recommendation of ministers. In the Ming Dynasty, official status could not be obtained through recommendation. There were only imperial examinations and enyin officials, but they were ignored, so it was impossible to obtain official status through recommendation. , I didn’t get any merit in the examination, and I had no favor. If I wanted to get an official position, I could only get it from the emperor.
Lin Fucheng never thought about that because he had never been exposed to it, so he didn't understand these things. He thought it was because of the overwhelming power of the General's Mansion.
"What are you going to write in the next article?" Wang Qian asked curiously.
"Can you really write it?" Lin Fucheng asked in a low voice.
“Yes!”
Lin Fucheng said in a voice that only two people could hear: “The government is forcing the people to rebel.”
“Get it!” Wang Qian was shocked. , after realizing the gaffe, he immediately whispered: "What, you, take your time, don't rush, even if you write it out, show it to me first, I will show it to Mr. Huang, ask before printing, no Urgent.”
Wang Qian, who was urging the manuscript, immediately chose to stop urging it, and even suggested that Master Lin should write something to praise his virtues. It was really too dangerous! You can’t touch this topic, it’s just about faithfulness, you can’t touch it either!
Wang Qian had no regrets after having a meal. He led the pen writers to the Yongding Woolen Factory, stood in front of the steam engine, and said to everyone: "Everyone, the sixteen iron horses The real thing is right in front of you. Everyone, after understanding it in detail, explain the benefits of this sixteen-horse horse clearly."
"Master Lin, let's take a look at the sixteen-horsepower iron horse. Let’s not do that subject.”
(End of this chapter)