Chapter 526 The First Technological Progress Award
Songjiang Prefecture’s achievement in opening up the sea is naturally due to Songjiang Prefecture’s unique conditions, the Yangtze River route that connects nine provinces.
In fact, the Yangtze River Estuary is also one of the most complex estuaries in the world. The average water depth at the estuary is only less than one foot. This is not because of any special talent. The reason why the current situation of hundreds of rivalries is achieved is because of the ten people in Songjiang Prefecture. Dredging continues year after year. For flat-bottomed river boats, the average water depth is less than one foot. This depth can be used, but for sea-going ships that often need one thousand or two thousand materials, it becomes very useless. Every time they enter the river, It's all adventure.
In ten years, due to repeated dredging, the average water depth in the Yangtze River Estuary increased from one foot to two feet, allowing seagoing ships to navigate smoothly.
Songjiang Prefecture is working hard. In the past ten years, it has continued to build: shipyards, ports, bridges, maritime schools, schools, official factories, Wanguo City, etc., all of which are owned by Songjiang Prefecture. human effort.
However, Songjiang Mansion alone cannot achieve today’s results.
The nine provinces on the Yangtze River Waterway in the Ming Dynasty are dredging the waterways to ensure that river boats can arrive smoothly. The department stores in the Songjiang Prefecture thoroughfare also come from the north and south of the Yangtze River in the Ming Dynasty. They are produced bit by bit by the people of the Ming Dynasty. goods.
The miracle of opening the sea is the result of the efforts of thousands of people.
Songjiang Prefecture has created miracles in opening up the sea. Frequent trade has made this land full of opportunities. It has also undergone earth-shaking changes and developed many new industries. The insurance industry imported from Thailand and the West, That's one of the changes.
Zhu Yijun is cautious about insurance because of the general lack of integrity in this industry.
This is not caused by individuals, but the industry is like this. It is a betting agreement in itself and part of the speculative culture.
It was precisely because of the general lack of integrity that finally prompted Shen Shixing to request the imperial court to organize the maritime insurance industry, clean up the ghosts and monsters on the ground in Songjiang, rectify the unhealthy trends, and let the insurance industry To protect the great maritime trade events of the Ming Dynasty and promote commerce.
Shen Shixing’s intentions are certainly good.
There are a lot of things that need to be discussed here. Shen Shixing just proposed this idea. Whether it should be implemented depends on the decision-making of the court.
Zhu Yijun soon received a vote from the cabinet. The conservative Zhang Juzheng believed that the court would not intervene excessively. After further observation, Zhang Juzheng believed that the excessive intervention of the court was an overdraft of the court's credibility. The Ming court's Credibility is entirely supported by the emperor's personal credibility. If it gets the last bit of chicken feathers, the court's credibility will be ruined, and the emperor's credibility will be implicated, and the gain will not be worth the loss.
Zhang Juzheng believed that it was better to formulate complete laws and regulations to regulate the execution of contracts than to directly establish the imperial court.
And Wang Guoguang is very positive about this matter, because in Wang Guoguang's eyes, this thing is actually a variant of the bank.
Qianzhuang operates in the custody of gold and silver, collects and pays interest, and issues loans. It absorbs large amounts of silver from the private sector, hoards it in 'insurance', and uses the silver to invest. While getting returns on investment, the insurance industry itself It is profitable and there is no risk of runs.
Zhu Yijun's eyes went dark when he saw Wang Guoguang's memorial. Sure enough, what he worried about happened. The first effect Wang Guoguang thought of was to gather silver. Gather a large amount of silver so that it can flow instead of burying it. In the pigsty.
Finance is an inevitable product of the development of the commodity economy over a period of time. Banks, trading houses, insurance, etc. are all a type of financial institutions and another form of rent collection. Zhu Yijun is very disgusted with rent collection. , he prefers production, he prefers more goods.
It is easy to fall into the trap of more currencies through speculation, which is very dangerous especially when the small-scale peasant economy transforms into a commodity economy.
After thinking for a long time, Zhu Yijun finally decided to implement a pilot project in Songjiang Prefecture to give it a try. If it works, it can be promoted widely.
Because of the urgent needs of Songjiang Prefecture, the insurance business in Songjiang is growing wildly. Before taking out insurance, you have to take care of this and that. When you need to settle a claim, every word is reasonable and legal, reasonable and reasonable The terms of the insurance policy have taught people a simple and simple truth time and time again. There is no such thing as pie falling in the sky, making every policyholder look like a fool. They do not understand the terms, believe in promises, are stupid, greedy, Shameful, unwise, and irrational.
It was clearly a deception, a lie, and a failure to abide by the contract, but instead it was the policy holder who believed in those unrealistic promises.
“Insurance is insurance, and talking about income is deceiving.” Zhu Yijun commented on insurance, which can be regarded as a minimum standard for the insurance industry. Insurance is insurance, and financial management is financial management, but they are often confused. , is cheating.
The healthy and orderly nature of maritime trade insurance is conducive to promoting the vigorous development of maritime trade.
In the cold winter of the tenth year of Wanli, Zhu Yijun, the emperor, became active again. He appeared in Nanhaizi, Daxing County, which was the resettlement place for the family members of Duntai Yuanhou. The permanent establishment of Duntai Yuanhou in the Ming Dynasty was only 3,000 people.
In the darkest moment of the Ming Dynasty, between the 29th year of Jiajing and the first year of Wanli, when Ningyuan Marquis Li Chengliang went out to fight and annihilated Gule Village, it was the darkest moment of the Ming Dynasty. During this period, the piers and platforms The death rate of distant princes often exceeds 50%. At least half of the three thousand distant princes who went out to burn wasteland or went deep into the prison camp to explore the enemy's situation never returned.
In the ninth year of Wanli, after the Ming Dynasty conquered Bansheng, the death rate of Duntai Yuanhou was finally reduced by about 10%.
Whether it is the darkest time or the dawn, or the current era of rising sun, Duntai Yuanhou has always been a full man, maybe voluntarily, maybe forced, maybe just for enough pay, no matter what it is for. , Zhu Yijun all thanked Duntai Yuanhou for his contribution to the Ming Dynasty.
How could it be called nameless? Rivers and mountains are named.
Zhu Yijun, who left Nanhaizi in Daxing County, went to Yongding Woolen Factory and Yongsheng Woolen Factory. These two woolen factories still produce a large amount of woolen products and must submit them to the state every year. The horrifying profit of nearly two million silver in the money was almost as large as Spain, a country on the back of a sheep.
Felipe II controlled the huge wool industry, and his woolen production scale was comparable to that of the Ming Dynasty.
Zhu Yijun met many craftsmen at the woolen factory. These were not deliberately arranged. Zhu Yijun randomly selected them from the yellow book of the woolen factory. Before the interview, even Feng Bao did not know that His Majesty was Who is he going to see? Every day on this day, Wang Chonggu is always sweating because he is passing a test.
Zhu Yijun didn’t know what Wang Chonggu was nervous about. In fact, the craftsmen had a very good impression of Wang Chonggu.
The official factory group construction has given the craftsmen and weavers a stable life. When the official factory is in operation, it will issue industrial silver and New Year silver during the Chinese New Year. Wang Chonggu’s own dividend became the craftsman’s dividend, and even provided a school for the children to go to school. Wang Chonggu, in the eyes of the craftsmen, is a living Bodhisattva, more blue than the blue sky master.
Wang Chonggu became the water and fire god of the steam engine, not without the basis of public opinion.
In fact, the craftsmen rarely raise any opinions when they meet the emperor, unless it is a bad thing like a gambling house. The big bosses, agents, and general managers in the factory really can't bear to open a casino in the factory.
For other questions, the emperor asked them, and the craftsmen generally just answered them well.
After Wang Chonggu accompanied the emperor to inspect the woolen factory, he also inspected the Xishan Coal Bureau.
Xishan Coal Bureau has been in a very bad situation recently. A serious production accident has caused Xishan Coal Bureau to be deeply involved in public opinion and very passive.
In this accident, more than 70 kiln workers died underground. Suddenly, the Mentougou Coal Mine became the target of verbal criticism by the censors. It must be said that the ancestors were angry and warned like this. , the censors still insisted on asking the Ministry of Industry to close the coal kilns, transfer the coal and steel industry downwards, and stop burning coal and making iron in the capital. The soot made everyone look disgraced.
The cause of the accident is simple: water burst underground, and there was no warning for this water burst.
In the past, water intrusion accidents had warning signs, such as hanging water, red water, roaring water, and cold weather.
The hanging water is naturally condensed water droplets on the well wall, and the hanging red is the appearance of red rust. Mentougou Coal Mine is associated with pyrite. Once rust is found during the excavation, it will be stopped immediately. The roar of water is a similar phenomenon. The hissing sound of a poisonous snake spitting out its core is very obvious. The coldness refers to the coldness of mining in areas close to water accumulation. The underground is much warmer than the ground. You must stop when you encounter coldness. That is the waterlogging area.
These four experiences have helped Xishan Coal Bureau avoid more than ten water leakage accidents, but this time there was no warning.
Gas and water inrush are the two major killers in the underground world.
"Are the family members comforted? We must try our best to find the body. Let's set up a monument at the entrance of the mine and write their names on it. The alarm bell will sound." Zhu Yijun stood in front of the mine where the accident happened and faced Wang Chonggu. Explaining the aftermath.
"It has been appeased, and each person will receive seventeen silver compensation." Wang Chonggu quickly bowed his head and said.
Seventeen silver can buy a life. He Wang Chonggu looks a bit like a bloody executioner, but you must know that before the establishment of Xishan Coal Bureau, the kiln workers died when they died, and no one would compensate them. , is life and death.
"Don't delay production." Zhu Yijun told Wang Chonggu clearly.
Xishan Coal Bureau is the center of the Ming Dynasty's coal and steel joint industry, and it will never stop just because of the censor's verbal criticism.
Faced with the censure of the censors, Wang Daokun, the minister of the Ministry of Industry, avoided talking about it and could only avoid it. It is true that the problem of coal smoke, especially in winter, has become a problem, and the scale of production continues to expand. It also puts the entire capital in the haze disaster in winter. However, the 2.7 million people in the capital of the Ming Dynasty need coal and ironware, and the convection of coal and silver requires coke.
"Being an official in the capital is like this. It seems that the censor does not need to burn the stove. The coal in the stove all grows from the coal market entrance, right?" When Zhu Yijun left the Xishan Coal Bureau, he faced Wang Chonggu said with great certainty: "Just keep producing."
Before you get rich, you must not be extravagant. The Ming Dynasty's coal and steel joint venture has just started and cannot be stopped no matter what. As long as Zhu Yijun is still alive, the censors can only Incompetent rage.
Wang Chonggu said with a complex expression: "Your Majesty, there is something that I am not sure about. We seem to have done something amazing."
"Amazing?" Zhu Yijun was stunned. , looked at Wang Chonggu and said: "What happened?"
"We don't know either." Wang Chonggu answered this question very clearly. He didn't know what it was, but he knew that His Majesty must have done it. interested.
"Your Majesty, please come with your attendants." Wang Chonggu took his Majesty to another newly opened workshop. There are several stoves and pools one by one. On the three-foot-square pools, there are There is a lid on the lid, and there are pipes on the lid, extending to a tower more than three feet high.
Wang Chonggu said with a very complicated expression: "Seven years ago, before the censors scolded us, we noticed the problem of soot, because at that time many of the burnt kiln workers had lung diseases, even if they were It was a rule set at that time to wear a mask to work even if it was hot. ”
"Wang Cifu told me about this at the beginning." Zhu Yijun knew the beginning of the story very well. Cotton masks, rattan hats, brass bell warnings, etc. are all labor protection. In this regard, Wang Chonggu has always done a good job.
Industrial craftsmen have noticed the harm caused by coal smoke earlier. The officials of the capital are far away in the capital, and the craftsmen deal with the coal smoke every day.
Wang Chonggu continued: "At first we built the charred chimney higher so that the soot could be blown away by the wind, but we failed. The soot was blown away by the wind and did not fall to Xishan Coal. Instead, it fell to the capital, causing a lot of complaints. "
"Three years ago, we introduced coal smoke into the pool, let the water absorb the smoke, and turned the black smoke into white smoke. For this reason, we built four water towers for the coke ovens.”
“The water in all the water towers is circulated. The water pumped out from the ground enters the smoke tower, and then the blower blows the soot into it. The height of the flue needs to be higher than the water surface to solve the backwater problem. The four smoke towers are very effective. The black smoke turns into white smoke and the clear water turns into turbid water.”
Zhu Yijun’s treatment of coal smoke exhaust. I still understand the process very well. The Ministry of Industry agreed to the censors to make changes. They were not perfunctory, but they have been actively making changes and looking for solutions. If it weren't for this kind of treatment, the soot in the capital would only be more serious. "How to dispose of the turbid water has become a problem again. Drain it directly into the river. How could the censors let go of Xishan Coal Bureau." Wang Chonggu shuddered when he thought of that scene. These censors, The speech is not generally unpleasant.
The officials of the Ming Dynasty were very overbearing. Emperor Xiaozong was very kind to the scholar-bureaucrats and almost obeyed them in everything. As a result, in February of the 10th year of Hongzhi, he was detained by Xiaozong because of a memorial. It was not approved, and I don't know where it went. Xu Pu, a bachelor of the cabinet, led the cabinet to report and scolded Emperor Xiaozong severely.
(Original text attached, there are many criticisms later.)
Wang Chonggu is also very afraid of officials. Although he has many means to deal with these chattering guys, if there is Zhang Juzheng among them I was ambushed and unfortunately fell into the trap, what should I do?
So Wang Chonggu was really serious about handling this matter. He dug more than a dozen sedimentation tanks. After the soot and dust settled, the clean water in the upper layer was recycled and the silt in the lower layer accumulated.
This problem has been temporarily solved.
"I am very pleased that Wang Cifu has a way." Zhu Yijun affirmed Wang Chonggu's work in controlling coal smoke. Wang Chonggu did not fool the officials, nor did he mean to fool His Majesty. It is just his practice. Step by step, it is absolutely impossible to say that it will be effective tomorrow, and various methods are constantly improved in practice.
Yang Guan always feels that he has the power of "I am thinking". As soon as he thinks about it or discusses the problem, he must solve it immediately. If the soot cannot be solved, Xishan Coal Bureau will be closed down and no coal will be used. Having to breathe fresh air is impractical in the extreme.
Wang Chonggu agreed with both hands that Yan Guan should go to the border to work and accumulate practical experience.
"We discovered something strange." Wang Chonggu's expression was really complicated. They had produced a thing that he didn't know what it was. He bowed his head and said: "Your Majesty, these coal-absorbing things are The water from the smoke can promote the growth of vegetation. "
"What do you mean?" Zhu Yijun looked at Wang Chonggu in confusion and said, "What does it mean to promote the growth of vegetation?"
" Soot and water become a kind of water fertilizer, which can be poured onto the land to make vegetation grow like fertilizer. "Wang Chonggu didn't know what it was, but he knew its effect very well.
This phenomenon first started around the sedimentation tank. The vegetation near the sedimentation tank was much more prosperous than other places. I originally thought it was because of the water. Later, I sprinkled the clean water after repeated circulation and sedimentation. When I got to the grass, I discovered it was water and fertilizer.
The vegetation around the sedimentation tank is particularly lush. There is a big difference in growth between watering with clean water and watering with soot water, just like fertilizing.
Xishan Coal Bureau calls it water fertilizer.
Zhu Yijun was stunned, and after thinking for a moment, he knew what Wang Chonggu had tinkered with, a low-concentration ammonia solution, which was ammonia fertilizer.
"Later, we kept experimenting and built such a stove." Wang Chonggu said while looking at the factory in front of him.
The workshop is a trial production. It is a one-foot-high rectangular earth kiln built with bricks and stones. There is a kiln door every 2.5 feet, and coal carts can be pushed into it. There are seven kiln doors in one earth kiln. There is a fire wall between the kiln doors, which is used to heat and maintain the temperature. This is for burning. Above each kiln chamber of the earth kiln, there are seven six-inch thick iron pipes arranged side by side. The iron pipes go deep into the cooling pool.
The bottom of the cooling ruler is densely covered with thin lead pipes. Outside the cooling pool, there are two upper and lower pipes. The upper pipe is waste gas, and the lower pipe goes straight into the pool to obtain water and fertilizer. The waste gas in the upper pipe passes through four channels three feet and two feet high. The smoke tower also gets water and fertilizer.
A total of two types of water and fertilizer are obtained.
“Open it and take a look.” Zhu Yijun stood beside the pool in the lower pipe and said.
Wang Chonggu looked embarrassed and said: "Your Majesty, let's see the effect next spring. This smell is very, very smelly."
"Open it." Zhu Yijun shook his head and said.
Seeing that His Majesty refused to listen and insisted on taking a look, Wang Chonggu took three steps back and had someone open the cover of the sewer pipe to collect water and fertilizer.
Through the cotton mask, Zhu Yijun still smelled a pungent stench, like the disgusting stench after peeing on paper and lighting it on fire, and he almost vomited it out.
"Close, close!" Feng Bao immediately directed the craftsman to close the cover.
"Although it stinks, it is indeed a good thing. The water and fertilizer collected for the first time must be mixed with water before use, otherwise the seedlings will be burned." Zhu Yijun knows how to farm. The more fertilizer, the better. Well, too much fertilizer will burn the seedlings, and too little fertilizer will cause the harvest to fail.
"Open the cover for the second collection." Zhu Yijun ordered the craftsman.
The second cover was opened, and Zhu Yijun took a slight sniff. It may be the smell of high-concentration ammonia the first time, which raised the threshold. The low-concentration ammonia collected the second time had a very bland smell. At least it's not disgusting.
Zhu Yijun nodded and motioned to the craftsman to cover it.
It’s confirmed, it’s ammonia.
The ammonia collected for the first time is ammonia nitrogen gas after charred coal. It is dissolved in the water in the collection tank after being cooled by the lead pipe. The concentration is high and the smell is extremely strong, even unpleasant. Nausea, the second time is the ammonia in the exhaust gas, which is dissolved in water in the fourth absorption tower.
"Your Majesty, I also discovered that this thing can be burned not only from coal, but also from coal gangue." Wang Chonggu introduced the production process. Coal gangue is a stone with low carbon content. It will be picked out when washing and sifting coal, and it cannot be burned, nor can it burn coke. It is usually used as a raw material for burning lime and cement.
After the workshop was completed, Xishan Coal Bureau burned a lot of strange things. Coal gangue was just one of them. Even the enamel from the ironworks was burned. The enamel could not be burned to produce water or fertilizer. , but coal gangue is cheap and can be produced in as many mines as needed, which means that water and fertilizer can be mass-produced.
"Wang Cifu, where is the person who created this thing?" Zhu Yijun asked.
Wang Chonggu said to the confused Wang Qian next to him: "Go and call the great craftsman Wei Youshan."
"Okay!" Wang Qian quickly ran to call someone, and soon there was one The swarthy craftsman came to His Majesty.
Wei Youshan, the ravines on his face are black and gray, and the palm prints and calluses on his palms are also black, full of traces of coal. He is from Shuntian Prefecture, an old kiln worker in Xishan, and the Xishan Coal Bureau has not been established At that time, he was already mining coal in Xishan. After the establishment of Xishan Coal Bureau, he became the master of Meishan.
Great craftsman, master master, and great manager are all titles given to Wei Youshan. In charge of mining technology.
After Zhu Yijun inquired in detail, he said to Wang Chonggu: "The technological progress award mentioned by Wang Cifu last time will be awarded to Wei Youshan this year."
There is no need to elaborate on the significance of water and fertilizer. Ming Dynasty was a It is a typical agricultural country, and it is an agricultural country with a small-scale peasant economy. The emergence of water and fertilizer and large-scale mass production represent the large-scale output of grain. The three largest coal and iron plants in the Ming Dynasty are the Jingshi Coal and Iron Works and the Shengzhou Coal and Iron Works. , Womagang Coal and Iron Works, as long as they are produced on a large scale, the output of food will be sufficient.
Everything else is nonsense. Having enough food for the people is everything.
The Ming Dynasty only had about 120 million Dingkou in total, and the Ming Dynasty's 800 million acres of land were used to support it, plus water and fertilizer. Zhu Yijun didn't dare to boast about Haikou, but he could still think about it if he had enough food. of.
"Okay." Zhu Yijun walked up to Wei Youshan, walked closer and said with a smile: "Wei Youshan, very good, the first Ming Dynasty Technology Progress Award belongs to you, and the award will be given after the year."< br>
"Okay, okay!" Zhu Yijun said three times in a row, and left Xishan Coal Bureau in a jade chariot.
Da Ming has not clarified the procedures for the Technological Progress Award because it was only discussed verbally with Wang Chonggu before. No one expected that technological progress worthy of the award would suddenly appear so quickly!
But it’s still too late. It’s not difficult for the Ministry of Rites to set new etiquette. There are so many deviant things that the Ministry of Rites is used to.
"Your Majesty is really good at farming. I thought it was just a gesture." Wang Qian said in amazement. He didn't understand the meaning of water and fertilizer at all. Wang Qian went around the fields.
One acre of land without fertilizer cannot produce even one hundred kilograms of grain, but land with compost can produce two hundred kilograms of grain. The land in the Ming Dynasty requires rotational cultivation, but with water and fertilizer, it can produce Instead of growing beans, the North China Plain, where crops are harvested twice a year, can be grown twice a year, and Liaodong, where crops are harvested once a year, can be grown every year.
Two parts for planting, three parts for management, and five parts for fertilizer. Your Majesty has already practiced this principle when he was ten years old. Wang Qian is thirty-five years old and does not even understand the meaning of water and fertilizer.
Wang Chonggu demonstrated the production of water and fertilizer. His Majesty the Emperor did not even ask, but directly awarded the prize, because people who grow the land know the importance of fertilizer. No matter how good the seeds are, no matter how hardworking the people are, without fertilizer it will be useless.
“What nonsense are you talking about! Your Majesty has been farming since he was ten years old and has never stopped for ten years. There are only three in total, Wenyuan Pavilion, Liu Ke Lang and Bao Qisi. Do you think His Majesty is as ignorant as you?" Wang Chonggu slapped Wang Qian on the forehead and said nonsense.
Zhang Juzheng was so frustrated that he told His Majesty to abolish the cabinet? That is not the political model that Zhang Juzheng feels is wise enough to support the one-yuan dictatorship. It is the most efficient and, of course, the most tiring.
Wang Chonggu still remembers to this day that His Majesty was wearing short brown shirt and trousers. When he was harvesting sweet potatoes in Long Live Mountain, he said that Yang Bo was disloyal to anyone who was disloyal to the world, the country, and the emperor. , not loyal to one's own knowledge, not loyal to one's own spirituality. After Yang Bo returned to his hometown after becoming an official, he still felt close to this sentence until his death. Before his death, he repeated it to his son, not loyal to one's own knowledge and spirituality. Spirituality is a denial of human life.
Yang Bo really died in depression.
Your Majesty's farming has caused a lot of troubles. Marriage and farming are never empty words. For ten years, he even went to Gangmo to collect two acres of land. He has a deep understanding of the purpose of farming. People who stutter are in great difficulty and suffering.
Wang Chonggu has always felt that the imperial court is too conservative in some policies, and he is always worried about the rebellion in the world. In Wang Chonggu's opinion, he can be bolder. With the iron triangle of His Majesty, Zhang Juzheng, and Qi Jiguang in power, who dares to rebel? ? It is better to bypass the intermediate link, find a rope to hang yourself, and go directly to hell.
The core of this iron triangle is the emperor.
Unless the emperor is like Li Longji one day and becomes complacent and starts to slack off or even starts fooling around, then there will be an opportunity.
Zhu Yijun was in a good mood. He hummed a ditty composed by Wang Yaozhuo and returned to the capital with a bright smile. He sat at the long table in the imperial study room, still shaking his head. Even the humble Confucian Zhu Yijun was very pleased with the memorial, and did not reprimand them. Instead, he encouraged them to walk more, see more, and practice rather than just talk.
"Mrs. Zhongshun has come to Beijing again. She is still transporting wool to Beijing and plans to celebrate the New Year in the capital." Feng Bao mentioned that Sanniangzi entered the court. Sanniangzi was the chief envoy of Suiyuan. Logically speaking, she should not come to Beijing to carry out her duties. , that is, a foreign official, but Sanniangzi's status is quite special. She is a representative of the peace negotiation faction in the Northern Lu. Going to Beijing to meet the saint is also an act of peace of mind for each other. This action represents the direction of the government.
"Let's arrange an audience with Mrs. Zhongshun." Zhu Yijun nodded and said. He picked up the memorial of the third lady and read it carefully.
The content can be summarized as follows: captive animal husbandry is the result of the high development of the planting industry.
Nomadism is the lowest production efficiency method in animal husbandry, and it is far behind compared with fixed herding.
Sanniangzi thanked the emperor for his great grace and brought stability and peace to the grassland.
(End of this chapter)