Chapter 536 The God Who Controls the Calendar in the Ming Dynasty
Lin Fucheng analyzed the problem of distinguishing Jinshi family members based on their birthplace from two angles, one is the angle of absolute freedom, and the other is the angle of limited freedom.
Looking at this issue from the perspective of absolute freedom, of course we must support it, so as to facilitate the merger of power.
Due to the absolute oppression from the top down by the class, it will become a common phenomenon for people to complain about their poverty, and the definition of "poor family" will soon be completely alienated under the absolute freedom. The most intuitive manifestation of the final completion of the blockade of promotion channels for poor families is the fundamental destruction of the administrative power of the Ming Dynasty by the seat-master system.
Looking at this issue from the perspective of limited freedom, of course we must oppose it, and we must oppose it resolutely, because in the current era of strict etiquette, examinations are the only fair promotion channel that can achieve class status. From a humble family to one of the top buildings for elected officials.
These are the two perspectives from which Lin Fucheng looks at this issue, which is why he said that Zhang Xigao was a deceiver and a thief, and the questioning was to make Zhang Xigao fall into the corner of this debate.
To admit the universality of Zhang Guan and Li Dai is to deny one's own views. To deny the universality of Zhang Guan and Li Dai is to deny one's own life and become a cheap Confucian.
The standard for despising Confucianism in the Ming Dynasty was set by Zhang Juzheng’s "Pu Xu" and "Confucian students share the same disease". This common disease list lists many characteristics of "Confucianism", but the most important one is the word "Pu Xu". , To discuss issues based on actual practice, unity of practice, and faithfulness is not a Confucianism. If it is not based on the word "faithfulness", it is a Confucianism.
This is a very clear line, so Lin Fucheng was able to successfully win this debate.
"Why is Master Lin's Gaoyang Travel Notes not updated?" Zhu Yijun asked about the update of Gaoyang Travel Notes. Hao Duanduan suddenly stopped writing travel notes and started writing his own free talk again, which made Zhu Yijun very strange.
"He can't write anymore. If he keeps writing, he won't be able to protect himself. He will write to the officials to force the people to rebel." Wang Qian explained in a low voice why he didn't write. It was really difficult to write.
Zhu Yijun nodded sincerely after hearing this and said: "That can't be written. It is not convenient for him to discuss this issue."
The topic of officials forcing the people to rebel is actually that rebellion is justified, and it is one of the four Zhang Juzheng Among the natural inferences, the important content is that even the very bold second volume of Class Theory discusses distribution and systematically demonstrates that rebellion is justified. However, Zhang Juzheng did not write down this conclusion, and people who understand it will not publicize it everywhere. Even Zhang Juzheng was taboo about this topic, let alone Lin Fucheng.
Going deeper, Lin Fucheng should really be arranged. Whether it is inviting him to tea or physically sealing his throat, this is a situation Zhu Yijun does not want to see.
"Young Master Huang, you don't need to talk about private appointments in the general's office on such occasions in the future. It will be bad for the general's reputation." After Lin Fucheng's victory, he came to Zhu Yijun and Wang Qian's house In the private room, Lin Fucheng hesitated and expressed his thoughts.
The general's reputation has been ruined by Mr. Huang. How can he directly say that if it is ruined, get another piece out!
Isn’t this the same as pouring dirty water on the general’s palace? He does bad things quietly and secretly. It is inappropriate to publicize it in such a public way, even though it was indeed the official title given to him by the General's Palace.
Wang Qian explained: "This is what the general means. If you don't understand the affairs of the court, you don't need to say more."
Lin Fucheng is a mountain man after all, and he has no knowledge of the affairs of the temple. I still don’t quite understand Gao’s calculations. The general committed suicide in order to serve the Ming Dynasty for a longer period of time.
“I really don’t understand this.” Lin Fucheng nodded and admitted his shortcomings.
Zhu Yijun looked at Lin Fucheng and said seriously: "There has never been a clear and detailed definition of the word freedom, and now Ming Dynasty is in urgent need of a definition. Even for supporters of freedom, the unclear definition has led to cognitive confusion. Although the words are the same, the content they refer to is completely different. What is freedom? "
Lin Fucheng did not give a clear definition of freedom when discussing freedom, which made freedom a bit confusing. It is extreme absolute freedom. faction, conservative limited liberals, deceitful Confucians who seek personal gain in the name of freedom, and all the confusion among liberals stems from the confusion of the definition of freedom.
Now, it’s time to clarify what freedom means.
Lin Fucheng thought for a long time and said: "Freedom, from an individual perspective, is freedom from absolute control of the will of others. This is the most original definition of freedom. This definition is simple and even a bit vulgar, but considering that many times , often trying to make it elegant but confusing, I think it is best to stick to its original definition."
"Mencius and the Agricultural Theory of Labor have already shown that people cannot be separated from the existence of others. Because it is impossible for a person to survive without being connected with others. Taking salt as an example, people cannot live without eating salt. People living in the hinterland need salt to be cooked by households and merchants to sell it everywhere. ”
“The definition of freedom cannot be completely limited to individuals. Freedom is a relationship between people.”
“So the complete definition of freedom is: not infringing on the interests of others. At that time, individuals have their own private world, and in this world, others cannot interfere. When it comes to the interests of others, it is freedom to not harm others and not be harmed by others. "< br>
Lin Fucheng completed the definition of freedom from the two perspectives of individual and collective, that is, public and private.
Compared with the previous boundary of freedom: abiding by the laws of the Ming Dynasty and the public order and good customs of the Ming Dynasty; now the boundary of freedom has become: not harming others to enrich oneself, and not being harmed by others.
You cannot harm the interests of others by shouting in the name of freedom. This is expropriation and deceiving the world, not freedom.
"Of course this is only within the Ming Dynasty, and the freedom I am discussing is only the freedom of the people of the Ming Dynasty." Lin Fucheng made the biggest restriction on his definition, that is, all freedom belongs to the people of the Ming Dynasty, and freedom only belongs to the people of the Ming Dynasty.
Except for the Panyi people outside the Ming Dynasty, that is not an issue for his freedom to discuss.
Lin Fucheng was a Confucian scholar who grew up in the Huayi debate. The scope of his theory of freedom was very small, limited to the Ming Dynasty.
The Ming Dynasty was so busy with its own affairs that it had no time to care about others. Just a major event, the abolition of slave status, caused chaos in Sochi. Lin Fucheng had no time to care about Fanyi. Life or death, freedom or not.
“Isn’t Fanyi a human?” Zhu Yijun asked with a smile.
Lin Fucheng said matter-of-factly: "Of course Fanyi are human beings. Apart from being short, there is no difference in the characteristics of the Japanese in Jiejuyuan. However, Fanyi has its own collective, and collective freedom should Let your own collective fight for and protect it, rather than rely on the mercy of Ming Dynasty. The freedom of mercy of Ming Dynasty is not freedom.” He is using this name to pursue his own selfish interests. In other words, he is already a Fanyi and is no longer a Ming Dynasty person.” Tessie's argument that Indians are monkeys and not people is really too progressive.
Based on the public-private theory, Lin Fucheng believes that if Ming Dynasty protects the collective freedom of the Ming Dynasty, Fanbang should protect the collective interests and freedom of Fanbang itself.
This is an argument based on the public-private theory.
The Ming Dynasty's mercy can only provide limited help, and its interests need to be protected by itself. For example, when the Mankara Kingdom was destroyed by the Red Mao Fan, the Ming Dynasty could only send envoys to order the Hong Mao Fan to return it. Even if they fight back to the Strait of Malacca now, that would be The Malacca Strait of the Ming Dynasty.
Lin Fucheng further said: "The antonym of freedom is naturally coercion, and it is impossible to completely avoid the existence of coercion, because classes are ubiquitous, and class is a downward movement. If there is a class, it is forced to exist."
"Then the only way to prevent excessive coercion is coercive deterrence, coercive deterrence from the power of the state and the stipulations of the law, delimiting the personal world that belongs entirely to oneself, and ensuring it through the law The limited freedom of most people in the Ming Dynasty. "
The ideal country of Lin Fucheng's theory of freedom is a world of freedom for everyone. Material wealth disintegrates classes, and there is no need to separate people. The great material abundance makes the expropriation meaningless. If the expropriation loses its meaning, then classes will disappear, and the utopia of complete freedom will come.
But Lin Fucheng knows that it is false, because his theory of freedom is based on a material perspective. From a completely material perspective, the logic is self-consistent, but there is only one most essential thing missing. Things, people, or humanity.
Material abundance means complete freedom, which is human freedom. However, this utopia ignores human nature.
Look at Zhang Xigao, these powerful men want to take away the good reputation of being a hard-working and virtuous gentleman!
Not only is it a matter of replacing a poor family, countless rural sages, powerful men and powerful people always tell the outside world how hard they are, how diligent they are, how they work day and night, how they endure hardships and stand hard work, and never mention their own Where does the money come from? I talk about my wealth myth all the time, and it all depends on my own efforts!
The inherent evil of human nature made Lin Fucheng very clear. His utopia of freedom was just an utopia, and reality was simply impossible.
However, the banner of this utopia still needs to be raised high. In practice, Lin Fucheng chose to surrender to authority and let the power of the state and dynasty, which overrides everything else, guarantee the peace between people. The freedom of time, or not so cruel, bone-crushing and marrow-sucking peeling.
This was the only way he could think of to practice the path to freedom.
“Placing hope in authority will lead to the reincarnation of people and governments. This is an irrational approach.” Zhu Yijun agreed with Lin Fucheng’s limited freedom theory, but he still reminded Lin Fucheng of this limited freedom theory. Relying on authoritarian limitations.
Authority is the authority of people. Once a person dies, all political orders will be counterattacked. This is a view that has been proven time and again in countless historical cycles.
Zhu Yijun can only guarantee that Zhang Juzheng will continue to be in power, but who will guarantee that the results of the Wanli Reform can be maintained forever? It requires great strength, more social consensus, and more vested interests to safeguard this outcome.
"But it is by far the most appropriate method. Didn't His Majesty say that? There is never the best government order, only the appropriate government order that adapts to the current situation." Lin Fucheng quoted the emperor's words from the Di Bao Speak to support your point of view.
Zhu Yijun was a little embarrassed. His words were quoted in person, but he couldn't tear off his vest directly. It felt like he was hit by his own boomerang. Daming was really full of boomerangs.
I chatted with Lin Fucheng for a long time and asked about some details about the article about the government-forced people's rebellion. I decided that Lin Fucheng should not write this article because Lin Fucheng's views are too radical and some people in Baoding Prefecture cannot survive. Among the mountains and forests of Juxiao, they became savages, and these savages were not persuaded or appeased by the government, but when the bandits went to exterminate them, the last step of the government forcing the people to rebel was completed, and the people had no choice but to rise up.
If you really want to write about it, you have to start with the words "Time is lost, you and I are both dead". This length is not suitable for Lin Fucheng to start the discussion. Zhang Juzheng did not dare to start this discussion, which shows that he really hit the mark. The fundamental problem of the imperial system of prefectures and counties is hit, the ubiquity of classes.
Zhu Yijun left Taibai Tower. He saw the excitement during this trip, saw the embarrassment of Zhang Xigao, a cheap scholar, saw Lin Fucheng's fierce attack, and clearly understood the dangers of cheap scholars supporting the admission of Jinshi scholars based on their origins. The decree looked good, but would be very bad when executed. He discussed with Lin Fucheng and clarified the definition of freedom. The Ming Emperor returned to the study room of Tonghe Palace with great satisfaction.
As soon as he sat down, Zhang Hong came in and bowed his head and said: "Your Majesty, His Royal Highness King De is asking for an audience outside the palace."
"Xuan."
"See your majesty, is your majesty bowing well?" Zhu Zaiyu bowed his head and said hello. The man who came in with Zhu Zaiyu was a man in his thirties. He looked particularly thin. Because he was very tall, had a big frame, and was not very fat, he looked very thin. His eyes were shining with a smile. With some perseverance, he bowed five times and kowtowed three times after entering the door, and said in a submissive voice: "I kowtow to your Majesty, long live your Majesty, long live your Majesty." Sit down and talk." Zhu Yijun asked doubtfully: "This is..."
"Xing Yunlu, a Jinshi in the eighth year of Wanli, was admitted to the Imperial Academy of Science and Technology." Zhu Zaiyu introduced Xing Yunlu's background. The Jinshi of the Ming Dynasty did not want to be an official, so they went to become doctors of the Five Classics, which was no different from becoming a monk. Zhu Zaiyu thought for a while and said: "Especially good at astronomy."
"Xing Yun Road, I have written it down, sit down "Don't be formal." Zhu Yijun nodded, not all doctors of the Five Classics knew him.
"Xing Yunlu? Are you Xingyunlu?"
Zhu Yijun repeated the name twice. The more he heard it, the more familiar it became. He had actually heard of this name.
He immediately remembered who this person was. The local astronomer of the Ming Dynasty accurately measured the length of the return year to 365.24219 days, which is 2.1 seconds different from the average length of the return year theoretically in later generations. In short, the Ming Dynasty controlled the calendar. God.
Guo Shoujing in the Yuan Dynasty was already a divine figure. The calendar compiled by Guo Shoujing took four hundred years and was only missing one day. When the Western Confucian Calendar was revised in the tenth year of Wanli, 10 years were directly deleted. God, Guo Shoujing was already very strong, but Xing Yunlu was able to use extremely primitive tools to correct the errors of Guo Shoujing and Guo Shenxian through several years of observation under the wave of the Ming Dynasty's ban on astronomy, which shows his achievements in astronomy.
"A person from Baoding Prefecture, North Zhili?" Zhu Yijun looked at Xing Yunlu to confirm his place of origin and see if he had the same name.
Xing Yunlu thought that His Majesty, who was extremely diligent, was very familiar with the resume of Doctors of the Five Classics, so he quickly bowed his head and said: "A person from Ansu, Baoding Prefecture."
That's it, he was also a Jinshi in the eighth year of Wanli. There is only one named Xing Yun Road.
"Okay, what is the emperor doing here this time?" Zhu Yijun asked Zhu Zaiyu's purpose.
"We have discovered four errors in Guo Shoujing's Grand Unification Calendar. Your Majesty, the first thing to explain is that our calculations are not accurate. We can only say that they are close to the correct value." Zhu Zaiyu has always been very The rigorousness of the investigation means that the possibility is infinitely close to one, but it is always on the path of accuracy.
Zhu Yijun took a deep breath, sat up straight and said: "Uncle Huang, you can start."
Zhu Zaiyu said: "The first error of these four errors is From ancient times, we generally believed that the changes in the shadow length of the sundial before and after the winter solstice were symmetrical. However, after extremely precise calculations, we found that the changes in the shadow length before and after the winter solstice were not symmetrical. This error has existed since ancient times. ”
“The second error is that we previously thought that the change in shadow length within a day was uniform, but after detailed calculations, we found that this was not the case, which resulted in a new error.”
“The third is Guo Shoujing’s four-sea mapping, which did not take into account the difference in shadow length caused by the difference in longitude. At that time, there was only latitude, not longitude.”
“The fourth The error spans three hundred years, and the length of each tropical year changes. It was generally believed that the time of each year is the same, but in fact there is a change. "
"Based on the correction of the above four errors, the length of the tropical year we obtained is 365.2422 days, which is 365 days, 24 quarters, 22 minutes, 51 seconds, 13 seconds and 30 seconds."
Zhu Zaiyu has tried his best to speak for himself. It is easy to understand. Zhu Zaiyu omitted the specific calculations of these four errors and the specific measurement methods, but directly gave the results.
In the Ming Dynasty, there are 100 quarters in a day, 100 minutes in a quarter, and so on. The sexagesimal hours, minutes, and seconds have not yet come out because the new calendar has not yet been revised.
"So what are the causes of these errors?" Zhu Yijun asked enthusiastically.
Zhu Zaiyu said very excitedly: "Normally, we think that the angle between the earth's axis and the ecliptic plane is 66°34′. This was measured by King Ulugh Beg of the Timurid Kingdom during the Yongle period, but In fact, this angle is also changing, approximately between 67°53′ and 66°34′, which is less than one degree. Moreover, we found that the earth’s orbit around the sun is not a perfect circle, but an ellipse.”
< br>"Although I can't prove it yet, the movements of metal, wood, water, fire and earth that I have observed are all like this."
Zhu Zaiyu picked up a pencil and drew a rectangular coordinate. System, draw an ellipse, describe the origin as the sun, and describe the ellipse as the trajectory of the planet.
“The sun is at the focus of the elliptical orbit, and the earth moves around the sun on this ellipse. When it is close to the sun, the speed will increase, and when it leaves, the speed will decrease. It is extremely magical. ." Zhu Zaiyu said extremely excitedly.
Zhu Yijun asked curiously: "Why is it elliptical?"
"Um, I don't know, I haven't thought of it yet." Zhu Zaiyu was stunned, and his excitement turned into frustration. , this may be the pain of exploring the boundaries of the cognitive world. After breaking through a point, he discovers that there are still countless problems waiting for him, and this road has no end at all.
"It's okay, just take your time." Zhu Yijun said with unfinished meaning.
What Zhu Zaiyu said was very clear to Zhu Yijun. It was the process of discovering Kepler's first law. The earth's orbit around the sun is an elliptical orbit rather than a perfect circle. Kepler should be at home now. He helped his mother take care of the hotel. Kepler's grandfather was the mayor of Stuttgart, but Kepler's father went to the Netherlands to participate in the Netherlands' 80-year War of Independence and died there.
Kepler could only help his mother take care of the hotel to make ends meet.
Zhu Yijun asked: "Who discovered it?"
"It's Xing Yunlu, that's why I brought him here." Zhu Zaiyu solemnly introduced the Jinshi Zhuan Five Classics Dr. Xing Yun's path was that he proposed that the orbit was not a perfect circle but an elliptical orbit, and he also discovered the change of the earth's axis. These two bold assumptions were carefully verified and made the Ming calendar more accurate.
"Then, let's publish it on the front page of Di Bao." Zhu Yijun decided to reward him with the glory he deserved. Usually, the headline on the front page of Di Bao every month is the imperial edict of the Ming Emperor, but now Zhu Yijun Xingyun Road made headlines. The last time it was reported was the small-scale mass production of 16-horsepower steam engines.
It turns out that in the historical line, Xing Yunlu spent his whole life fighting for the Ming Dynasty’s calendar that was no longer accurate.
Since Zhu Zaiyu wrote in the twelfth year of Wanli that the calendar was wrong, Xing Yunlu and Qin Tianjian started a long thirty-seven-year war around the calendar. Xing Yunlu relied on rough tools to Relying on himself, he fought until the last moment of his life, but still failed. After Xing Yunlu died, Xu Guangqi took over these achievements and continued to fight.
It was not until the second year of Chongzhen that Xu Guangqi finally defeated the Ministry of Rites and the Qintian Prison who were stuck in their ways and followed the law for three generations, and officially began to revise the new Ming Dynasty almanac. In the seventh year of Chongzhen, the new calendar was completed. After the completion of the construction, it was still blocked by the Ministry of Rites and the Qintian Supervisor. It was not implemented until the 16th year of Chongzhen. The following year, Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself on Meishan, and the Ming Dynasty declared its official demise.
The "Chongzhen Almanac" was almost deleted and eventually became the Tatar and Qing Dynasty's Constitutional Calendar, which was promulgated in the 14th year of Shunzhi.
"So are we ready to revise a new calendar?" Zhu Yijun asked expectantly: "What needs to be done and how much money is needed, uncle, don't be polite. In the investigation of things, all I have is money."
< br>Zhu Yijun wanted to focus more on government affairs, so the research of the Institute of Science and Technology could only be made by the emperor's uncle and the Ming Dynasty Five Classics Doctors.
But Zhu Yijun has never been short of silver from Gewüyuan, but Zhu Zaiyu does not seem to be a very good person with money. The one million silver that Wanli asked for at the beginning of ten years has not been spent yet.
Zhu Zaiyu bowed his head and said: "There is enough money, but we need mapping of the whole world. The Institute wants to conduct observations in Womagan, Jilin, Nagasaki, Mindanao, and Java. If conditions permit, the Viceroyalty of Mexico The City of the Sun, the Tierra del Fuego Islands in Peru, and the Free City in the West were mapped."
"To determine the accuracy of the calendar"
The silver of the Ming Dynasty is still extremely powerful. The purchasing power is not that Zhu Zaiyu doesn’t want any more funds, but that he really can’t spend them all.
Zhu Yijun thought for a while and said: "Easy to say, I will communicate with Felipe II to see what he wants, and I will try my best to satisfy him. If he does not know what is good and what is bad, I will beat him until he agrees. ”
The Ming Dynasty is indeed far away from the West, but Felipe II is not without enemies. If it doesn’t work, he will join forces with England. It is ridiculous to associate with bandits, but in order to achieve the goal, he will do whatever it takes. Zhang Juzheng teaches The first lesson for Zhu Yijun is that a good person should be a good person and should not be indecisive in a high position.
Zhu Zaiyu left with the emperor's promise. Nothing in the Ming Dynasty is as good as His Majesty's promise. This is the current consensus. Whatever His Majesty promised, he has never failed to fulfill it. The credibility of the imperial court has also been restored a lot along with the credibility of the emperor.
Zhu Yijun took out the secret box under the table, checked the fire paint seal, and opened Ling Yunyi's secret box. Inside was Ling Yunyi's secret box.
Ling Yunyi reported good news and bad news.
The good news is that the progress of Qingzhang and Puchadingkou on the ground in Henan is much faster than expected. On the day the vassal king left, a local powerful man found the Yamen and cried bitterly. Tears, saying that the feudal king did evil and occupied their land. Now that the feudal king is finally gone, their land acres can also be clarified in the cadastre.
The bad news is that Ling Yunyi's carefully prepared iron fist failed to strike. He had already accumulated enough strength. As a result, the opponent knelt on the ground and surrendered before he could strike. This continued pursuit seemed too hasty. , If you don’t continue to pursue and kill, your preparations will be in vain.
Henan's ground situation is very powerful and there is something to be said for it. Henan and Shandong are close to each other. What you, Ling Yunyi, did in Guangzhou are all hearsay. But the news from Shandong happened around you. After waiting for so long , aren't you just waiting for the feudal king to move to the feudal clan? If you don't surrender, will you kill someone?
The entire Henan ground clearance and census will be completed before June. The abolition of the slave registration has already begun with the census. The expansion speed of the Henan ground engineer regiment is accelerating. In just one month Within a few months, it had expanded to more than 20,000 people. These people were reclaiming wasteland, smelting in pits, making iron and steel, and restoring production on the ground in Henan.
The cruel merger has destroyed the production on the ground in Henan. More than 55% of the acres in Henan have been abandoned. This is a bad situation that Ling Yunyi never expected. Farmers in other places are in bankruptcy. On the edge, nearly half of the farmers in Henan have gone bankrupt, and countless people have been displaced, migrating towards Shaanxi, Huguang, Sichuan, and Nanya.
Zhu Yijun thought about it for a long time and replied: [When necessary, all available means can be used to solve the wasteland problem. ]
This is decentralization. The problems on the ground in Henan are much more serious than the court imagined and require more policy support.
When necessary, Ling Yunyi can be given the power to act expediently and allow him to return limited land to Henan. It is urgent to alleviate the contradiction between man and land.
(End of this chapter)