Chapter 137 Atomic Planet Model Shocks the Physics World!
Since the second Nobel Prize in Physics was announced, research on atomic structure has become mainstream.
Because existing optical microscopes cannot directly observe atoms and electrons, physicists mainly study atomic structures through imagination.
Just like Lorenz imagined the existence of electrons.
In the current world, except for a few top laboratories such as Cavendish, it is still very difficult to carry out research on atoms.
This is why even Wilson is so popular, and his cloud chamber is now a sought-after rarity.
In this era, the most important means of studying microscopic particles is magnetic fields.
As long as the particle is charged, its properties, such as mass, charge, etc., can be easily calculated through magnetic field deflection.
Wilson's cloud chamber allows physicists to directly observe the trajectory of particles, so it appears to be very high-end.
Thomson’s jujube cake model was proposed under such unique conditions.
In fact, before this, Lord Kelvin had proposed the solid charged ball model.
He believed that electrons are uniformly positively charged spheres with negatively charged electrons buried inside, and are in electrostatic equilibrium under normal conditions.
Later this model was developed by Thomson and became the jujube cake model.
The date cake model believes that electrons are distributed in a sphere, just like dates dotted on the surface of a pastry.
The model not only explains why atoms are electrically neutral, but also how electrons are distributed in atoms.
It can also explain the phenomenon of cathode rays and the phenomenon that metals can emit electrons under ultraviolet irradiation.
Thomson also estimated the size of an atom to be about 0.1 nanometers based on the model, which was a very remarkable achievement.
It is precisely because the jujube cake model can explain many phenomena that it is accepted by most physicists.
But with the example of special relativity in front of us, no theory now dares to claim to be authoritative.
Everyone discovered that theory can completely surpass experiments and even guide experiments.
Although Thomson had a good laboratory like Cavendish, his theory may not be correct.
There may be another reason for the atomic structure.
So, during this period of time, different papers were published every day, imagining how atoms contain electrons and what their internal structure is like.
On October 20, French physicist Perrin (1926 Nobel Prize in Physics) proposed an atomic structure model through conjecture at the French Physics Society.
He believed that the center of the atom is composed of positively charged particles, and the periphery is composed of some orbiting electrons.
The period of electron rotation corresponds to the spectral frequency of atomic emission, and the outermost electron is ejected to emit cathode rays.
Perrin's model is basically very close to the nuclear structure.
However, he had no experimental data, so he could not describe the specific size and other properties of the positive electric center of the atom.
On October 22, German physicist Leonard (1905 Nobel Prize in Physics) proposed the neutral particle dynamicon model.
He believed that most of the volume of atoms is empty space, and rigid matter only occupies one hundred thousandth of the position.
He also imagined that rigid matter was a combination of positively charged particles and negatively charged electrons inside atoms.
On October 28, Fuso physicist Hantaro Nagaoka proposed the "Saturn Model" structure at the Tokyo Mathematical Physics Society and published the paper in British and German journals.
In his paper, he criticized Thomson's jujube cake model and believed that positive and negative charges cannot penetrate each other.
His model of Saturn believes that the positively charged core inside the atom has a rotating ring of electrons.
In layman's terms, a massive positively charged ball has a circle of equally spaced electrons on the periphery that move in a circle at the same angular velocity.
Radial vibrations of electrons emit line spectra, and vibrations perpendicular to the torus emit band spectra.
However, although Hantaro Nagaoka's theory is very close to the nuclear structure, it is still a conjecture without a solid experimental basis.
Furthermore, he was unable to elaborate on the specific properties of the so-called massive electropositive sphere, which is a bit like Perrin.
When he saw that all the little devils had published papers, Li Qiwei couldn't sit still at all.
Now that he has changed history, he might let the little devil get there first.
As long as Nagaoka Hantaro can think of ways to add some more experiments, he might be able to come up with a planetary model ahead of his own time.
So, after three days of detailed discussion with Professor Thomson, and with the other party's consent, Li Qiwei finally published the content of his doctoral thesis.
On November 1, 1902, a paper titled "Scattering of Alpha Particles by Matter and Its Principle Structure" was published on the home page of the journal Nature.
Author: Bruce Lee!
This paper introduces the various scattering behaviors produced by alpha particles after bombarding gold atoms through detailed experimental data.
One of the most important data: for every eight thousand incident alpha particles, one alpha particle is reflected back.
This result strongly proves that there must be a massive core inside the atom.
The paper will call it [Nucleus].
The nucleus is positively charged and concentrated in a small area inside the atom.
Calculated from experimental data, the mass of the atomic nucleus accounts for more than 99.9% of the entire atomic mass.
Based on the above real and rigorous experimental data.
Li Qiwei proposed his planetary model conjecture in the paper:
That is, atoms are like the solar system, the nucleus is the sun, occupying the largest mass, and the negatively charged electrons are the planets orbiting the sun. .
Within atoms, the force that governs between them is the electromagnetic interaction force.
As soon as the paper came out, the world of physics was shocked!
This paper is as important as the special theory of relativity.
Li Qiwei, who published this paper, once again stunned everyone and could only admire him. "What's going on, isn't Bruce Lee a theoretical physicist? Why is he now engaged in research on atomic structure?"
"And it was such a blockbuster paper right out of the gate. His genius The level is simply disappointing.”
“Oh, my God, can anyone really straddle the two major directions of theoretical physics and experimental physics?”
"The key is to make results in every field that are enough to change the world of physics."
McGill University, Canada, Rutherford looked at the paper in his hand and smiled bitterly.
“Hey, if I had persisted, I might have been the one who discovered the atomic nucleus.”
His assistant Sodi smiled at the side and said: “Professor Rutherford, you originally Why should we give up the study of atomic structure?”
Rutherford sighed: “Well, it’s not that I gave up, it’s just that I put the study of radioactivity first.”
"All I could think about was the radioactivity of uranium salts, so I put the alpha particle experiment on hold."
"Professor Thomson told me before that Bruce had made breakthrough progress in the alpha particle bombardment experiment. , I'm still wondering."
"I also did some experiments at the time, but I felt that there was no result."
Sodi comforted: "It seems that doing physical experiments also requires good luck. Ah."
Rutherford waved his hand, no longer annoyed, but said proudly: "It's okay, I'm not bad at this result anyway."
"Our elemental transformation hypothesis will be completed soon. It will definitely be no worse than Bruce's planetary model."
Sody also smiled and said: "Professor Rutherford, learning from you is my biggest challenge. Lucky.”
It was with Rutherford that Soddy studied natural radioactive elements and finally came up with the concept of isotopes.
At the regular meeting of the Royal Society, Lord Kelvin was chatting with Thomson.
"Hahaha, this Bruce really can't take any time off. He just announced that he would overthrow Newton, and now he wants to overthrow his mentor."
"Thomson, how do you feel now?"
"Hey, I was shocked when I saw the first draft of the paper he submitted to me."
"This The subject was left by Rutherford, but I didn’t expect it to come to fruition in Bruce’s hands.”
“That guy is so smart. Not only is he great at theory, he is also very good at doing experiments. He owns many of the instruments. Assembled.”
“I feel his future is limitless.”
Lord Kelvin smiled and said: "Your Cavendish group is considered a wealthy family in the world of physics."
"First there was Maxwell, then Lord Rayleigh, and now you are in charge of the laboratory."
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"After you retire, do you plan to make Bruce the fourth director of the Cavendish Laboratory?"
Thomson smiled bitterly, "It's a pity that Bruce is unwilling to become a British citizen, otherwise he would There will definitely be greater achievements."
"I have persuaded him privately that Qing nationality will restrict his development."
"But that kid is too stubborn and is unwilling to change his nationality."
Lord Kelvin understood what Thomson meant as soon as he heard this. He smiled slightly and said, "Maybe he will become his own group in the future?"
"Don't regret it then, hahaha."
Thomson could only sigh.
Fuso Country, Tokyo Imperial University School of Science, 37-year-old Nagaoka Hantaro is already a professor in the School of Science.
While teaching applied mathematics and theoretical physics, he continued his research work.
His research fields are very broad.
In the field of basic physics, he mainly studies atomic spectroscopy, electromagnetic fields, etc.
In the field of applied physics, he conducted measurements of magnetic declination and rock elastic waves, as well as gravity across the country.
We also conduct research on Fuso geomagnetism, tsunamis, earthquakes and volcanoes.
In real history, Nagaoka Hantaro was the founder of almost all fields of Fuso physics and was known as the "Father of Fuso Physics."
The students he trained are spread across various disciplines of Fuso Physics.
Yoshio Nishina, the founder of Fuso's elementary particle theory, was his graduate student;
Hideki Yukawa, Fuso's first Nobel Prize winner in physics, also received his guidance.
In his later years, he occupied the highest position in Fuso academic circles and held the highest position in academic administration.
However, at this moment, after seeing Li Qiwei's paper, Nagaoka Hantaro's hands couldn't stop shaking.
"Almost, just a little bit close. Unfortunately, the equipment at Imperial University is too poor to verify my theory."
"Otherwise, I must have come up with the planetary model first. "
"Bruce Lee, Li Qiwei, what kind of person are you?"
He sighed and looked towards Daqing across the sea, muttering to himself:
"The foundation of that ancient empire is too profound, and it has obviously been surpassed by our Fuso Empire."
"But they have too many people, and there will always be one or two great geniuses who can turn things around in desperate situations. ”
“Quantum theory, photoelectric effect, special relativity, and atomic planet model”
“These great physical achievements were actually proposed by Chinese people.”
“ Li Qiweijun, are you the genius in the field of physics? ”
"In this life, I, Hantaro Nagaoka, vow to be your opponent and always dominate China in the field of physics!"
(End of this chapter)