Chapter 245 The Golden Age! The results exploded! Is Bruce in danger?
As Laue became famous in the first battle, the world of physics suddenly became turbulent.
It doesn’t matter to the physics big guys, they have already become famous, and ordinary results cannot attract them at all.
Even though Laue proved that X-rays are electromagnetic waves, compared with Bruce, Thomson, Rutherford and others, it was slightly inferior.
But for those young physicists, Laue is already out of reach.
Moreover, Laue is still a goal that they can pursue, a state that they can hope to achieve in their lifetime.
As for the existence of Bruce, most people have never dared to ask for it.
Thus, a competition in the field of physics officially began.
Everyone is racing against time, doing experiments day and night, striving to become the next trend-setter.
On April 15, 1910, only one month had passed since Laue's paper was published.
The Rutherford team at Manchester University of Technology published a paper in Nature, proving that gamma rays are also a type of electromagnetic wave.
Rutherford followed Laue's method to find a suitable crystal to diffract gamma rays and finally determine its essence.
The experiment was completed by two of his students: Galton Darwin and De Hevesi.
This Galton Darwin is the grandson of the famous Darwin.
Francis is his uncle.
However, he didn't have any opinion on Li Qiwei.
Galton Darwin was obsessed with physics and had no interest in biology.
Rutherford also personally discussed creationism with Galton Darwin.
After hearing this, the other party only said one sentence: My uncle did not lose unjustly.
And now the Darwin family, in a sense, have achieved success again under the influence of Li Qiwei.
It has to be said that fate plays tricks on people.
The news that the nature of gamma rays was proved instantly caused a sensation!
What is sensational is not the incident itself.
Although Galton Darwin and De Hevesey became famous.
But after all, it is imitated on the basis of X-rays.
Even if they don't publish it, someone else will publish it sooner or later.
Because the method has been determined, just try it multiple times.
It’s just that Rutherford has been studying rays for many years, and his experiments have all kinds of equipment and resources.
That’s why his team was able to complete the experiment as soon as possible.
And this small achievement is not even the icing on the cake for Rutherford.
What really caused a stir in the physics world is that the nature of the four major rays has finally been determined!
Alpha rays are helium ions.
Beta rays are streams of electrons.
Gamma rays are electromagnetic waves.
X-rays are electromagnetic waves.
The four major rays have troubled the physics community for more than ten years, and now they have all been conquered.
All physicists feel excited.
The development of modern physics has finally moved towards systematic theoretical and experimental research.
Instead of like before, there is a hammer in the east and a stick in the west. Everyone is studying their own content and cannot connect with each other.
Based on the four major rays, many subdivision directions have been derived, allowing many interested people to see new opportunities.
Department of Physics, University of Leeds, UK.
The Braggs are using X-rays to study the structure of crystals.
Father Bragg Sr. said earnestly to his son Bragg Jr.:
“Lawrence, although you are only an undergraduate now, you must also try to do physics experiments.”
“ When Bruce was an undergraduate, he often went to Cavendish to do experiments.”
"Although you can go there now, your foundation and qualifications are too low after all."
"Professor Thomson probably won't let you do too advanced experiments."
"You Why not come and study X-rays with me during your free time?"
"This is the hottest research direction now."
At this point, he said with a bit of nostalgia. , I didn’t expect that X-rays were actually electromagnetic waves.”
"Now that I think about it, I don't dare to meet Bakra again. I have no face to see him."
Little Prague didn't care about this. He asked a little puzzled: "But father, isn't the nature of X-rays already Has it been proven by Laue?"
"If you still use it to diffract crystals, will you make any new discoveries?"
Old Bragg looked at his son lovingly and said with a smile. This is because you don’t understand.”
“To learn physics, you must have divergent thinking and learn to draw inferences from one example to another.”
"In Laue's paper, he used crystals to study X-rays."
"But I am different. I use X-rays to study crystals."
Little Bragg heard a little bit Confused, I wonder what the difference is between the two?
Old Bragg continued with a smile: "The difference is huge."
"Laue used X-rays to diffract in crystals. He only proved that X-rays are electromagnetic waves."
"But he did not conduct an in-depth analysis of the differences in the diffraction patterns of different crystals."
"For example, the diffraction patterns of the copper sulfate crystals and lead sulfide crystals he used are different."
"So we can imagine, what is the X-ray diffraction pattern of the crystal related to?"
"The incident angle of the X-ray?"
"The wavelength of the X-ray?"< br>
"The structural parameters of the crystal itself?"
"This is the crystal diffraction theory I want to propose."
"In the future, chemists who want to know the structure of a certain crystal can use X-rays to You will know.”
At this time, little Bragg suddenly said in surprise: “This is what Professor Bruce said about Laue’s results.”
“Father, you learned from Professor Bruce. Where did you get the inspiration? ”
"Uh." Old Prague was a little sad. You, this brat, worship Bruce more than your father and me.
Sad.
“Not entirely, I have been studying X-rays for many years.”
“I had these ideas the moment I saw Laue’s paper.”
< br>“I can only say that the Bruce hero and I see the same thing.”
Little Bragg laughed. He thought his father was bragging. When Old Bragg saw his son's smile, he knew that the other man looked down on him.
His desire to win came up instantly, "Huh, let me show you my strength."
"Next, what will you and I do? It is to establish a mathematical formula. "
"As long as we know the parameters of the X-ray, we can directly calculate the structure of the crystal based on the diffraction pattern."
"I think this work is definitely of Nobel Prize level."
"When the time comes, you and I, father and son, win the Nobel Prize in Physics at the same time, which will be a beautiful story in the history of physics."
< br>Old Prague was thinking a lot, as if he had already seen the scene of him taking his son to receive the award.
At the same time, at King's College London, Bachla was studying the characteristic spectral lines of X-rays with his student Sadler.
Laue’s achievements have excited countless people.
But the person who is most excited is undoubtedly Bakla.
The debate between him and Bragg about the nature of X-rays lasted for several years.
Now that the dust has finally settled, he is one step ahead and his point of view is correct!
And in various subsequent interviews, Laue not only mentioned Professor Bruce, but also mentioned his name Bakla.
It was his own X-ray scattering experiments that gave Laue a lot of inspiration, and he was able to quickly complete various experiments.
Bakla felt happy.
To some extent, he can be compared with Professor Bruce.
However, Bakla did not slack off.
He still insisted on continuing to study X-rays in depth.
He found that the X-rays emitted by each element were different, and their spectral lines had certain differences.
To put it bluntly, each substance has its own characteristic X-rays.
Moreover, he also discovered that X-rays will split into two characteristic spectral lines after scattering.
This discovery puzzled Bakla, but he still secretly recorded it and prepared to publish a paper.
Three months after Laue published his paper, the physics community was once again shocked.
On June 20, 1910, Bragg and his son published a paper in "Nature": "Diffraction of Short-wavelength Electromagnetic Waves by Crystals."
The paper proposed the famous Bragg formula of later generations.
That is, there is a quantitative relationship between the wavelength and incident angle of X-rays and the distance between atomic layers inside the crystal.
Through Bragg's formula, the internal structural parameters of the crystal can be known by simply analyzing the X-ray diffraction pattern of the crystal.
In the paper, Bragg and his son calculated the structures of dozens of crystals such as sodium chloride.
In addition, they also successfully determined the crystal structure of diamond.
It was proved that the four bonds of diamond's carbon atoms are arranged in a regular tetrahedron.
Resolves a long-standing debate among chemists.
Once the paper was published, it caused a sensation instantly!
No one expected that on the basis of Laue, someone could actually make such exciting results.
Old Prague really has a vicious eye.
Although he lost the debate about the nature of X-rays, he found another way to vindicate himself.
This work is completely comparable to Laue's results in terms of importance.
For a time, Bragg and his son became famous.
Especially when everyone discovered that little Bragg is currently an undergraduate at Cambridge University.
This is even more surprising.
He has published such blockbuster results at such a young age. Could he be the next Bruce?
But there are also many good people who sarcastically say: "If you want to do well in experiments, you must first have a good father."
They think that little Bragg is completely influenced by his father.
But no matter what, the work of the Braggs and his sons is definitely Nobel Prize-level.
Of course the happiest people are the chemists.
At the beginning, Bruce said that there would be new methods for crystal research in the future, which made chemists very excited.
It has only been a long time before this method was created.
Many chemists mocked themselves and said: "Thank you to the big brother of physics for eating again."
Every major breakthrough in physics has had an important impact on chemistry.
It can be said that the foundation of chemistry is based on physics.
The identity of the younger brother is determined by the chemists.
Coincidentally, it was just half a month after the Bragg and his son published their paper.
Bakla also published his latest findings.
This physicist, who has always kept a low profile, became instantly famous because of Laue.
At the same time, he also showed great strength.
Bachla's research results, although not that important in the eyes of most people, played a foundational role.
Now his latest results have further deepened everyone's understanding of X-rays.
For a time, Bakla was also in the limelight.
At this time, physicists finally realized what the golden world Bruce was talking about was.
Since Laue proved the nature of X-rays, various results have emerged one after another in just a few months.
In the past few years, there were no new discoveries in physics, but now the results are accumulated on a monthly basis.
All physicists feel a booming power.
Studying physics is like sailing against the current. If you don't advance, you will retreat.
But many physicists suddenly discovered a problem.
Bruce, who proposed the Golden Age, why is there no movement from him?
Although he proposed creationism not long ago, it belongs to the category of biology after all and has little to do with physics.
Under his influence, Laue thought of X-ray crystal diffraction.
The work of the Braggs and his sons was also predicted in advance by him.
X-rays and γ-rays were his first public predictions that they were electromagnetic waves.
It can be said that all the achievements during this period are more or less related to blues.
It stands to reason that since Bohr's notes are so impressive, Bruce himself or his team should have made major achievements long ago.
How come they haven’t published any papers yet?
Can the general theory of relativity really be published as scheduled?
For a time, many people even thought that Bruce's status was in danger.
Although he pointed out the direction for the development of physics, he seemed to be unable to find his way out.
(End of this chapter)