Chapter 248 The periodic table of elements is wrong! Sodi became a god with one article! Bruce's prophecy has come true again!
The year 1910 is so important for physics.
In the first year after the Bruce Conference, the results of physics seemed to explode, dazzling everyone.
And every achievement is almost Nobel Prize-level, enough to shock the physics world.
Many young physicists lamented: It turns out that this is the golden age of physics.
It’s simply addictive.
Everyone wants to be the lucky one, make a splash, and leave their name in the history of physics.
Just when people thought that the results of 1910 were enough, another major discovery instantly detonated the scientific community.
University College London, Department of Chemistry.
Ramsey, the Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry, is talking to a young man.
"Sody, have you thought about it? Your paper will definitely cause an uproar."
"Although you have collaborated with Rutherford, this theory is still too bold."
< br>Sodi smiled and said: "Professor Bruce has already raised this issue at the Bruce meeting. I just found a suitable theory."
"It's time to change the periodic table of elements!"< br>
Although he already knew the result, Ramsay couldn't help being shocked.
That’s the periodic table of elements!
It can be called the bible in the minds of all chemists.
Now it is about to be proven wrong.
Sodi looked high-spirited.
After working in Canada and Rutherford for a while, he returned to England to work with Ramsay.
After his return, Soddy continued his radioactive work.
Since the publication of the elemental transformation hypothesis proposed by him and Rutherford, people have continued to use various methods to prepare new radioactive elements.
The main method is to separate new radioactive elements from radioactive elements such as uranium, thorium, and actinium.
To date, more than 30 new elements have been isolated.
There are so many new elements that there simply aren’t enough places for them in the periodic table.
Ramsey lamented: "Since Mendeleev published the periodic table of elements in 1869, it has dominated the entire chemistry."
"The elements are arranged according to atomic weight, clear and concise."
“Unexpectedly, it turned out to be wrong.”
Sodi also sighed: “This is the golden age of physics.”
“There are too many theories that will be Change.”
"Those who stick to the rules can only be eliminated."
"I now admire Professor Bruce."
"He has never studied radioactivity at all, and he can discover the periodic table of elements by intuition "It's unreasonable."
"This is really incredible."
"I have also read Bohr's notes, and Professor Bruce's words are extremely important."
"He said that the moment Rutherford finished explaining the nature of radioactivity, he thought of the periodic table of elements."
"He also had a private discussion with Professor Rutherford."
< br>Speaking of this, Sodi suddenly smiled bitterly.
"Unfortunately, Professor Rutherford has always looked down on chemistry. He is too lazy to study the periodic table of elements."
"Otherwise, there will be nothing wrong with me."
Ramsay also smiled and said: "That little guy Rutherford is simply more arrogant than Bruce."
"I want to find a time to let Lord Rayleigh take care of his disciple."
After saying that, the two laughed loudly.
On October 1, 1910, the journal "Nature" published another blockbuster paper: "On the Position of Radioactive Elements in the Periodic Table of Elements"
In the paper, Soddy first described The current confusion of the periodic table.
For example, after uranium undergoes radioactivity, it becomes a new element called uranium X.
After a series of radioactivity, radium also became a new element called radium D.
Chemists discovered that the elements uranium X and thorium have the same chemical properties but different atomic weights.
The relative atomic weight of uranium X is 232 and that of thorium is 234.
Radium D and lead have the same chemical properties and different atomic weights.
Radium D is 210 and lead is 207.
At this moment, there are many other similar examples cited in the paper.
According to the rules of the current periodic table of elements, the position of an element in the table is only related to its weight.
Then these new elements cannot be placed in the appropriate location.
Therefore, Sodi boldly proposed a hypothesis: isotopes.
Soddy argued in his paper that elements with the same chemical properties should be placed at the same position in the periodic table.
This is the concept of isotopes.
That is, a type of elements with the same position in the periodic table of elements.
For example, uranium X and thorium should be in the same position in the periodic table of elements.
But this creates a new problem.
It was also a question raised by Ridgway at the Blues Conference.
Since the elements are not sorted by atomic weight, what rules are followed?
To explain this problem.
Sodi proposed two more concepts in his paper: element number and displacement law.
The so-called element number means that the arrangement of the periodic table of elements is not according to the weight of the atoms, but according to the number of charges in the nucleus.
For example, the hydrogen nucleus of a hydrogen atom has a positive charge, so it ranks first.
The helium nucleus has two positive charges, so it ranks second.
Similarly
And the chemical properties of elements are only related to the number of electrons outside the nucleus.
In this way, the problem is solved.
Uranium X is actually Thorium-232.
Thorium 232 and Thorium 234 only have different weights, but their nuclear charges and the number of electrons outside the nucleus are exactly the same, so they have the same properties.
So it is a position in the periodic table of elements.
To distinguish them in the future, just add the atomic weight after the element.
The displacement law means that after an element undergoes radioactive transformation, such as emitting an alpha particle, the newly generated element moves forward 2 positions in the element period.
Because alpha particles are helium nuclei.
It is equivalent to subtracting 2 from the element number and subtracting 4 from the atomic weight.
Based on the concept of isotopes and the law of displacement, Sodi classified natural radioactive elements into three radiation series.
They are: uranium-radium series, thorium series, and actinium series.
The concept of isotopes explains the location of these dozens of series of elements.
The displacement law explains the changing relationship between them. According to the displacement law, the final products of the three radiation series are lead, but the atomic weight of the lead produced by each series is different.
At this point, Sodi's improvement of the periodic table of elements is completed.
Once the paper was published, it immediately caused a huge shock in the chemical world!
The periodic table of elements is wrong?
Countless chemists only felt that the sky was falling.
The theory they have held as the standard for decades is now wrong.
No one can accept this fact.
“Oh my god, physics and biology have undergone earth-shaking changes. Is it finally chemistry’s turn?”
“My doctoral graduation topic is the periodic table of elements. Research, then wouldn’t I start over again?”
"It is unimaginable that the periodic table of elements will one day be overturned."
After Mendeleev published the periodic table of elements, scientists at the time placed it in the highest position.
I think it is the highest expression of human wisdom, just like discovering Neptune with a pen.
Exhibits human beings’ conquest of the laws of nature.
How could such a great theory be wrong?
But facts speak louder than words.
Sodi's thesis is so well-founded that it is impossible to refute it.
It can be said that the development of physics has led to various problems in the periodic table of elements.
Now it is just a concentrated outbreak.
The big guys who attended the first Solvay Chemistry Conference all congratulated Sodi on his discovery.
From then on, chemists really had their own theory.
Instead of relying on charity from physicists.
And Sodi also relied on this achievement to become a god in one battle!
Became a super boss in the field of chemistry.
In real history, Bohr was the first to discover the concept of element order and the law of displacement.
But at the time he was working under Rutherford.
So publication of the paper requires Rutherford’s consent.
After Bohr showed his conjecture to Rutherford, the latter said: Don't make unwarranted conjectures.
Moreover, Rutherford himself has always looked down upon chemistry, and he did not want his students to be stuck in chemistry all day long.
Therefore, Bohr's paper has never been published.
Later, Sodi took the lead.
Bohr also lost a chance to win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
However, all this is not important to Bohr.
Because unlike the shock in the chemistry world, the physics community seems relatively calm about this matter.
In the final analysis, Sodi's achievements are still the derivative of physics in chemistry.
He did not discover new physical phenomena or laws, he just applied the results of radioactivity to the periodic table of elements.
Then he added his two conjectures to complete the periodic table of elements.
In the eyes of top physicists such as Ridgway, Planck, and Thomson, this result is just average.
Far from shocking them.
In other words, this kind of result belongs to the type that even if Sodi does not publish it, others will publish it.
But in chemistry, it's completely different.
It is as meaningful as creationism to biologists.
The year 1910 brought too much shock to people.
Physics, chemistry, and biology, the three most important disciplines of natural science, have all produced the most important results.
When people carefully sorted out these results, they discovered a surprising fact.
That is, all the results have something to do with Bruce.
Even Soddy's work is one of the legacies of the first blues conference.
And at that time Bruce also clearly pointed out that there was a problem with the order of atomic weight.
Soddy once again proved Bruce right.
That man can do no wrong!
It’s chilling to think about.
It seems that everyone lives in the shadow of Bruce.
He alone represents the entire natural sciences.
In King's College, Li Qiwei was walking and chatting with Bohr.
Bohr looked at Li Qiwei with admiration.
No matter how turbulent the outside world is, it can't stir up the slightest emotion on the teacher's face.
He is the god in the field of natural science, overlooking all living beings.
Li Qiwei suddenly sighed: "The heroes of the world are like the crucian carp crossing the river."
"This great world has finally begun."
Bohr followed the trend. The flatterer said: "If Laue, Bragg and others are the actors of the drama, then Professor you are the director of the drama."
"Everything is going according to your instructions."
Li Qiwei suddenly smiled, "Bohr, you have learned how to flatter me."
Bohr chuckled.
Looking at Bohr who was in a good mood, Li Qiwei suddenly asked: "Bohr, how is the progress of your work."
Bohr smiled and said: "I just discovered something. The most important paper to me ”
"No surprise, within a year, my theory should be perfected."
"But there are still many details, and I need to ask the professor for advice."
Li Qiwei said: "Bohr, don't be anxious."
"The world has begun, but the real protagonist has not yet appeared."
"Do you want to be that protagonist?"
After hearing this, Bohr trembled all over and almost lost his temper with excitement.
"Director, what do you mean by this? What is a protagonist?"
Li Qiwei smiled and said: "It is the person who leads all geniuses."
"He will It is the center of future physics."
Bohr's mouth was dry and he couldn't help asking: "Isn't this your mentor?"
"The development of today's physics is proceeding in an orderly manner under your planning."
"All achievements are inseparable from your influence."
Li Qiwei smiled knowingly, He looked up at the sky and muttered to himself.
“My goal has never been to be the protagonist in front of the stage.”
(End of this chapter)