Chapter 271 Li Qiwei’s first shot: Electron Angular Momentum (Please vote for me and subscribe)
After the passion, Bohr did not explode as he imagined.
No, still no.
Natural science never cares about human will.
Eureka moments usually require a deep foundation.
For example, Newton was hit by an apple and proposed the law of universal gravitation; Kekulé dreamed of ouroboros and proposed the molecular structure of the benzene ring.
These are just beautiful legends in the field of science.
What Bohr admired was always hard power like Li Qiwei.
Think about the absolutely cold truth of the universe with an absolutely calm mind.
Bohr, who was in the sage time, is very calm now.
But after trying for a while, he gave up.
I feel bitter in my heart. Sure enough, the gap between people is bigger than that between people and dogs.
The following vacation, Bohr resumed his status as a rich second generation.
I no longer thought about the planet model, but took Margaret to play around in Denmark.
During this period, Bohr also went to Margaret's father's factory and volunteered to solve the process problems encountered by the factory.
Father Ma was overjoyed. His prospective son-in-law was a student of the great scientist Bruce, so he must be half as powerful as his teacher.
So, Bohr wore work clothes, ran to the workshop to check, and finally discovered the problem.
It turned out that a certain metal part on the machine had contracted due to the cold weather, causing the structure to change and thus malfunctioned.
The problem was solved when Bohr suggested increasing the temperature.
This shocked everyone.
Ma's father deliberately dragged Bohr to show off in the factory because his daughter had good taste.
The workers in the factory all agreed with the boss, and everyone praised Bohr as a great doctor.
Margaret also looked at Bohr with beautiful eyes, feeling very proud in her heart.
This made Bohr a little embarrassed.
Such a small problem is not a physical problem at all.
At this time, Margaret smiled and said: "Bohr, you see, what was a huge problem in the eyes of my father is a piece of cake for you."
"Maybe you can ask for help again Your mentor."
Bohr regained his confidence at this moment.
Before, he always felt that Professor Bruce had given him enough guidance.
You can’t ask for a mentor for everything.
Therefore, in his heart, he wants to rely on his own strength.
However, after this factory maintenance incident, he understood a truth.
People grow because of communication.
Without Margaret’s conversation that night, perhaps Ma’s father’s problem would still not be solved.
And Professor Bruce also received help from Professor Planck when he published quantum theory.
No matter how virtuous or capable I am, I dare to compare myself with my mentor and feel that I don’t need to rely on anyone.
Bohr, who had a clear idea, felt relaxed all over.
After he decided to start school, he asked Li Qiwei for help again.
"Teacher, will you help me get rid of my confusion this time like you guided Master Qian?"
Bohr muttered to himself, not thinking about whether Li Qiwei could do it.
In his mind, Professor Bruce is omnipotent.
At this moment, Bohr's almighty mentor felt miserable.
It turns out that Bo’s mother asked Bo’s father to call Li Qiwei after seeing her son’s depression that night.
Let Bohr’s mentor advise Bohr well.
Bohr's father originally refused. In his view, this was an academic matter, and it was Bohr's own business, and Bohr had to bear it.
Can people still rely on their parents and teachers for the rest of their lives?
However, as soon as Bo’s mother got angry, Bo’s father instantly withered.
As a university professor, Bo's father is gentle and gentle, but he is a bit henpecked.
So, through his connections, he found Li Qiwei’s phone number on Huayuan Street and dialed it.
On the phone, Bo’s father spoke in a humble tone and explained his intention very sincerely.
After hearing this, Li Qiwei smiled heartily and reassured them.
But after hanging up the phone, he could only smile bitterly.
Because he could not explain the problem of the stable orbit of electrons.
The best way to say it is: it is just like that, it is an axiom, it is a natural phenomenon, there is nothing to explain.
It’s the same as the speed of light being 300,000 kilometers per second.
This is why he said that his advice to Bohr went too far.
He couldn't directly encourage Bohr and say: Just boldly propose this hypothesis without considering its rationality.
This is obviously not what a mentor should say.
And, most importantly, there is actually evidence.
Li Qiwei knew that in real history, a man named Nicholson from Cambridge University published a paper.
This paper was a great help to Bohr and gave him sufficient reason to propose the hypothesis that electron orbits are discontinuous.
In classical physics, any object has momentum when it is in motion.
Momentum is equal to mass times velocity: [p=mv].
Similarly, if an object moves in a circle, its momentum is called angular momentum.
Angular momentum is equal to mass multiplied by linear velocity and multiplied by radius: [L=mvr].
The so-called linear velocity is the instantaneous tangential velocity of an object along its motion track.
According to the explanation of the planetary model, when electrons move in a circle around the nucleus, the electrons have angular momentum.
In classical physics, angular momentum should be continuous and can take any value.
But Nicholson discovered through experiments and theoretical calculations that the angular momentum of electrons is not continuous.
It can only be an integer multiple of [h/2π], and h is Planck’s constant.
The paper caused little stir at the time because Nicholson was an unknown person.
But Bohr found a crucial clue.
Why do electrons have stable orbits when their orbits are discontinuous?
Because the angular momentum of the electron is discontinuous.
Now Bohr's theory is logically closed, and it is no longer a circular argument.
Although Nicholson's experiment was crude, it would not be accurately repeated until several years later.
But at least there is strong evidence that it is not.
It is better than directly proposing the stable-state orbit hypothesis.
And later, the evidence that the electron angular momentum is discontinuous is not important.
Because more and more phenomena have been perfectly explained, proving the correctness of Bohr's hypothesis.
It can be said that the paper on electron angular momentum just helped Bohr make up his mind.
If there is really no evidence in the end, Bohr will definitely bite the bullet and publish it.
But now, because of Li Qiwei, Bohr studied the planetary model in advance.
History has changed and Nicholson certainly has not yet published his paper.
Li Qiwei is so worried. It is impossible for him to go out and publish this paper in person.
But it was as if God had played a joke on him.
Things took an unexpected turn.
——
Early the next morning, Li Qiwei helped review the manuscript for Nature as usual.
He now also holds the title of honorary editor-in-chief of the journal Nature.
As the world of physics slowly unfolds, geniuses from all walks of life take turns to appear, which brings considerable challenges to journal reviewers.
The reason is very simple. Papers related to modern physics are too advanced, and reviewers cannot understand many papers at all.
Or even if you can barely understand it, you can't tell whether it is correct or not, and you don't know whether it should be published.
This is a very real problem.
In real history, many people have scolded the reviewers of the journal Nature.
I think their level is too low, so I often publish some Yoneda total.
In the current "Nature" journal, this situation is even more serious.
Because of Li Qiwei, the authority of "Nature" has become unparalleled, equivalent to the Nobel Prize in the journal industry.
Many years ahead of schedule, it has reached its due status in later generations.
Countless manuscripts are submitted every day.
Ordinary papers are fine, Lockyer’s own team can review them.
But if a paper like that of Laue and Qian appears, the editorial team of Nature will be a little unconfident. This is the limitation of the times.
In later generations, when information is developed, as long as the journal is willing, it is possible to invite professors from many universities to serve as reviewers at the same time.
Guaranteed not to make stupid mistakes.
But now, this method will definitely not work. Journals set up their own teams to review manuscripts.
So Lockyer decisively found Li Qiwei and strongly demanded that he, the honorary editor-in-chief, take responsibility.
Those papers that they are not sure about will be sent to Li Qiwei for the master to check.
Lockyer even said that after Gregory graduates, he will let him take charge of "Nature", while he himself is ready to take a back seat.
Today's physics is no longer the physics he is familiar with.
The old knight felt that he could retire with success, so as not to accidentally make a joke because of his poor eyesight.
Gregory, who graduated with a doctorate under Li Qiwei, is definitely more than enough to be the editor-in-chief of Nature.
Now, Li Qiwei is reviewing more than ten papers that have been sent.
These papers are very innovative.
Suddenly, he saw a familiar name: Professor Keyes.
Li Qiwei thought he had read it wrong. He quickly checked the author's address and found that it was Cambridge University.
Yes, it looks like it is really Professor Case’s paper.
Li Qiwei found it a bit funny. When did Professor Keyes become so awesome?
He was able to publish a paper that even Lockyer was unsure about.
As the physicist who is known as the closest to a physicist, Professor Case is also a legend in the physics community.
Because he and Li Qiwei have a deep bond.
He once helped Li Qiwei resolve troubles in the final exam.
He was the first person to hear Ridgway speak of wave-particle duality.
He participated in Li Qiwei's undergraduate defense, he participated in the seminar on the theory of relativity, and he also asked a classic question.
It can be said that Professor Keyes’ sense of existence is no weaker than that of some physicists.
All because of Li Qiwei!
Because Professor Case and Li Qiwei had too many interactions, his fate naturally changed.
He has always wanted to break through himself.
The theory of relativity is so difficult that Professor Keyes can only give up.
But quantum theory is different.
As one of the hottest research directions at present, quantum theory is similar to atomic research, and many people are studying both.
Professor Case is also one of them.
Einstein’s quantum specific heat paper has inspired everyone.
Quantum is a basket, anything can be put in it.
Physics at Cambridge University is deeply influenced by the Cavendish Laboratory, and many people study atoms, electrons, etc.
Professor Case suddenly wondered what the relationship between quantum and electrons was, and he wanted to try an experiment.
In this try, he really hit the mark.
At this moment, Li Qiwei was holding Professor Case's paper in his hand and couldn't laugh or cry.
Because the content of the paper is about electron angular momentum, the conclusion is the same as Nicholson's.
Professor Case also proved that the angular momentum of electrons is discontinuous.
His experiment was simple.
Heating a substance causes it to emit hydrogen atoms.
The emitted hydrogen atoms are then passed through a clustering device to form very fine atomic rays.
Then the hydrogen atom rays enter the non-uniform magnetic field and finally hit the photographic plate.
Professor Case discovered through experiments that hydrogen atoms will be deposited as two traces on the bottom plate.
And after adjusting the magnetic field strength, it was found that only discrete traces would be left, not continuous traces.
So Professor Case guessed that this is because the angular momentum of the electrons inside the hydrogen atom is not continuous.
So the magnetic moment formed by electrons is not continuous, and the trajectory after passing through the magnetic field is naturally not continuous.
But he wisely did not mention the quantum concept.
Instead, it simply records the result.
Because there are too many fake and shoddy quantum papers now.
There are even various unreliable hypes such as quantum water and quantum reading.
Professor Case is worried that he will be suspected of gaining popularity by others, which will affect the publication of his own article.
After reading the paper, Li Qiwei breathed a sigh of relief happily and thought to himself: Bohr, my disciple, has come to be my teacher.
Out of professional ethics, he did not immediately send Professor Case's paper to Bohr.
Instead, wait until it is published and tell Bohr as soon as possible.
On January 5, 1911, the latest issue of "Nature" was released.
However, a paper in its subsidiary journal did not attract anyone's attention.
Atomic research is in full swing nowadays, and a large number of related papers are published every day.
Professor Case’s article did not cause much waves.
However, a phone call from Li Qiwei will change the fate of two people at the same time.
Copenhagen, Denmark, the Bohr family manor.
The family is having a meal.
Bohr was still thinking while eating, but he was not as depressed as before.
Suddenly, the phone rang, and Bohr's father, Christian, answered the phone.
Immediately afterwards, Bohr saw his father's face changing constantly, which was very strange.
"Okay, okay, I will tell Bohr immediately."
"Thank you so much, Professor Bruce."
Wow!
Bohr was surprised to find a call from his instructor.
Before he could ask what was going on, Bohr's father said happily:
"Bohr, your tutor asked you to read a paper in the latest issue of "Nature" Physics, the author is Case. "
"Hurry up and get it from my study, it just arrived the day before yesterday. "
When Christine is free, she likes to read the latest articles in "Nature".
And he is a serious fan and a full subscriber.
Regardless of whether it was the main issue or the sub-issue, Christine bought them all without missing an issue.
Even if you don’t have time to read it, it is still good to buy it and collect it.
Although he is a professor of physiology, "Nature" has sub-journals on physics, chemistry, biology, etc., and many articles have inspired him.
Bohr was still confused at the moment. He did not know that his father had called Li Qiwei.
However, he must listen to his mentor’s words.
So Bohr quickly brought over the latest issue of Physics.
As he flipped through the pages, he recalled Professor Keyes.
He knew that the other party had a very good relationship with Professor Bruce and that he was an old-timer in the physics community.
Well, it refers to seniors in terms of age, not academic seniors.
Although Bohr did not mean to look down upon Professor Keyes, he did not pay too much attention to this paper.
And he usually doesn't read the content of the sub-magazine at all.
In his words, it is too low.
Bohr was determined to win the Nobel Prize in Physics. How could he sink to reading low-level papers?
Maybe the instructor feels that it has something to do with him.
Bohr felt warm in his heart, his mentor cared too much about him.
However, when he opened the paper and read a few paragraphs, he was stunned.
There seemed to be thunder in my mind.
Boom!
His eyes were wide open, his mouth was slightly open with excitement, and his hands were shaking uncontrollably.
Seeing their son like this, Bo's father and Bo's mother thought something had happened and hurriedly greeted him with concern.
But Bohr couldn't hear the outside world at all.
His mind was filled with the phrase that electron angular momentum is discontinuous.
After a few minutes, Bohr finally calmed down.
He apologized to his parents and said that he was completely recovered.
Father Bo breathed a sigh of relief, he was indeed Professor Bruce.
At this moment, Bohr was in high spirits and smiled crookedly: Physics, King Bohr is here!
(End of this chapter)