Chapter 273 Young Zeng Xu Ling Yunzhi! Bohr’s model is known all over the world!
After Li Qiwei returned to King's College, Bohr found him immediately.
After not seeing each other for more than a month, Bohr was no longer the handsome young man, but turned into an unshaven uncle.
But his wise eyes were radiant, containing infinite flames.
Bohr said excitedly: "Tutor, the first draft of my thesis has been completed. Please help me see what needs to be changed."
Looking at Bohr's slovenly appearance, Li Qiwei suddenly felt a little funny.
Studying physics really affects your appearance.
Professor Planck was like this, and Bohr was not spared either.
Fortunately, Mr. Li is very talented, and he studied physics, chemistry, and biology, which can't affect his handsomeness.
Picking up Bohr's paper, Li Qiwei read it carefully.
It has to be said that Bohr really accumulated a lot of experience this time.
In addition, coupled with his usual strict teaching, this paper is written fluently and logically, and can be used as a model essay.
Li Qiwei was very satisfied.
"Bohr, the paper is very well written and can be published word for word."
"Congratulations!"
Wow!
Bohr's eyes turned red instantly, and there were faint tears.
The pressure he had endured during this period was finally released.
Recalling the lecture nine years ago, Bohr felt as if it was a lifetime ago.
Bohr: Do you know how I came here in the past nine years!
That ignorant young man showed no awe in the face of the famous genius of physics.
Even with the encouragement of the other party, he actually wanted to launch a challenge without knowing the truth.
Everyone at that time regarded this matter as a topic of conversation.
No one believes that an ordinary boy can defeat Bruce Lee.
Even Bohr's own father didn't believe it. There was really a huge gap between the two.
However, fate is so magical.
Nothing is impossible in the world.
Now, Bohr has finally realized his youthful ambition.
This paper of my own has improved the planetary model of my mentor. To a certain extent, it can be regarded as overturning it.
But Bohr knew deeply that Professor Bruce had an indelible contribution to all this.
Without Professor Bruce, he would not have embarked on the path to physics.
Without Professor Bruce, he would not have the opportunity to study planetary models.
Without Professor Bruce, he would not have been able to attend the first Bruce Conference and meet so many super bosses.
Without Professor Bruce, his paper today would not exist.
In short, without Professor Bruce, he would just be a tall, handsome, rich and smart second-generation rich man.
We can only hug each other, indulge in the gentle land, enjoy the prosperity of the world, and live an ordinary life.
He will never become a physicist.
At this moment, Bohr's respect and gratitude to Li Qiwei reached the height of sacred worship.
"Professor Bruce, thank you."
"You are my eternal mentor, not only an academic mentor, but also a life mentor."
Hearing Bohr's sincere admiration, Li Qiwei suddenly felt happy.
In fact, strictly speaking, Bohr is his true disciple.
He Yujie, Xia Yuanzhen, Xu Qitai, Qian Wushi, Qian Huzhou, Deng Huaining, Yu Yin and others, Li Qiwei imposed too many things on them.
They were supposed to live a happy life, but they were tied to the fate of China.
Their scholarship is not purely academic, but involves the interests of the country and the world.
But Bohr was different.
Li Qiwei had no interest in Bohr's teachings.
Even Chris and Gregory can't compare to this.
Only in Bohr did Li Qiwei realize the sacred feeling of passing on knowledge.
Country and individuals, reality and ideals, China and the world.
Li Qiwei was burdened with too much, which almost covered up his deep love for academics.
Without this kind of love, he would not have been able to get a doctorate in his previous life.
Li Qiwei wanted to thank Bohr instead.
Without Bohr, he felt that he was just a robot sent by God to save China.
Complete various tasks mechanically, academics are just his tools, research is just his means.
The presence of Bohr made Li Qiwei feel the warmth of pure academics.
The vast artistic conception of pursuing the truth of the universe far exceeds the feelings of family and country.
Even though Li Qiwei has the knowledge of future generations, there are countless dark clouds that have not been resolved in future generations.
In this life, he is destined to be free to participate in the great age of physics together with those geniuses in history.
And this prosperous age will be started by him himself.
At this moment, Bohr suddenly felt that Professor Bruce in front of him had undergone a very special change.
If the former Professor Bruce was a god, nothing about physics could cause him any emotional fluctuations.
So now he seems to have a touch of humanity, making people feel that he is within reach and is a real existence.
Bohr even felt the passion and excitement in Li Qiwei's eyes.
Is that the emotion Professor Bruce would have?
Given the other party's status, even his own paper shouldn't have caused such a reaction.
Suddenly Bohr's anus tightened, and he thought of a possibility, "No, don't scare me."
It is said that British people are good at this, Professor Bruce will not be a bad person. It may have been infected over time.
Li Qiwei calmed down from his reverie and saw Bohr's strange eyes.
He understood immediately, dumbfounded, and slapped Bohr on the head.
"Get out of here and publish the paper quickly."
"It's time for the physics community to feel the terrifying strength of our King's School."
Bohr looked excited and full of pride, and the two masters and disciples Laughing at the same time.
On March 1, 1911, "Nature" magazine published Bohr's paper on the cover: "On the Structure of the Atom."
The full text is divided into two parts.
The first part mainly analyzes the shortcomings of the planetary model.
Bohr stated in the paper that according to the theory of the planetary model, electrons move in a circle around the nucleus.
This is a variable acceleration movement.
Because the direction of the electron's speed is constantly changing, its acceleration is also constantly changing.
According to Maxwell's equations, electrons are charged, so accelerated motion will cause changes in the electric field.
The changing electric field will stimulate a changing magnetic field.
The changing magnetic field in turn stimulates a changing electric field.
The electric field and the magnetic field continuously alternate, and the energy of the electrons radiates outward in the form of electromagnetic waves.
Eventually, due to energy loss, the electron loses stability, the orbital radius continues to shrink, and falls into the nucleus.
And the above process will be completed in a very short time.
According to Bruce's planetary model, atoms are unstable and cannot exist, which is obviously inconsistent with the facts.
In the second part, Bohr put forward his own theory and transformed the planetary model.
He first proposed the concept of [stable state orbit] for electrons.
It is believed that the orbit of electrons in the planetary model is not arbitrarily continuous, but can only make circular motion in a specific orbit.
That is, the orbit of electrons is quantized.
To this end, he cited Professor Case's paper on electron angular momentum.
Quantization of electron angular momentum proves the rationality of orbital quantization.
Next, Bohr proposed the concept of [orbital quantum number], which he represented with the letter [n].
That is, if the electron in an atom has only one stable orbit, its orbital quantum number is 1, that is, n=1.
n can only be a positive integer greater than 1.
In each orbit, the electron has its own specific value of orbital energy.
Bohr called the orbital energy value of electrons [energy level], represented by [En], where n represents the orbital number.
That is, energy level is the concept of the amount of energy an orbit has, rather than the concept of the orbit itself.
In addition, when n=1, the electron has the lowest energy level. This [state] is called the [ground state] of the electron.
The electrons at other energy levels are called the [excited states] of the electrons.
The larger the value of n, the higher the energy level of the electron.
Electrons in different atoms have different energy levels in their ground state and excited state.
The paper takes [hydrogen atom] as an example to calculate the size of each energy level of the electron and the corresponding orbital radius.
The energy level of the ground state is [-13.6 electron volts], also recorded as [-13.6eV].
([eV] is the unit of energy, e represents electrons, and V is voltage.)
(This unit represents the kinetic energy gained by an electron after passing through a potential difference of 1V.)
(This energy unit is very, very small compared to Joules and is specifically used to represent energy at the atomic level.)
(Note that there is a [-] negative sign in front of eV, so the larger the number, the smaller the energy value. The energy of the outermost electron is 0.)
(The energy level of the electron is negative, which is Because the kinetic energy of the electron itself is less than the absolute value of the electric potential energy of the system composed of the electron and the atomic nucleus)
(And the electric potential energy is a negative value, so the total energy of the electron is equal to the kinetic energy plus the electric potential energy, which is a negative value.)
Next, Bohr proved through theoretical calculations that the size of other energy levels is equal to the ground state energy level divided by the square of the orbital quantum number, that is, E/n.
For example, when n=2, the energy level is (-13.6eV/4=-3.4eV).
Then, Bohr also calculated the size of the orbital radius of the electron when it was in the ground state.
The orbital radius of other energy levels is equal to the orbital radius of the ground state multiplied by n.
For example, if the orbital radius of the ground state is 2, then the orbital radius when n=2 is 2×4=8.
At this point, Bohr established a quantized atomic model in his paper, the core of which is the quantized electron orbit.
(Note that Bohr did not propose the concept of [electronic transition] in the paper at this time.)
As soon as the paper was published, it instantly caused a super earthquake in the physics world. boom!
Everyone in the field of physics was shocked and speechless by Bohr's paper.
At this moment, all physicists in the world are reading Bohr's paper again and again.
“Oh, my God, this paper has completely overturned my understanding.”
“Terrible Bohr, the idea of quantizing the orbits of electrons is really genius. "
"This is another great victory for quantum theory."
"Bohr, the young man who claimed to overthrow Bruce, actually did it. ”
"Bruce overthrew his mentor, and now he has been overthrown by his own students. This can become a legend in physics."
"Hahaha, it's really rare for Bruce to be denied by others one day. Ah.”
“After Thomson’s date cake model and Bruce’s planetary model, there is now a Bohr model.”
The quantized atomic model proposed by Bohr in his paper. Within a short time, it was simply called the Bohr model by physicists.
This reflects the shock that this theory brings to everyone.
University of Chicago, USA.
Michelson, Millikan, and Hubble were chatting in the office.
On Michelson's desk, the "Nature" journal with Bohr's paper has been curled up. It has obviously been read many times.
Michelson sighed, "Hey, I can't believe that the boy who looked stupid at the beginning actually grew to this point after Bruce's training."
"I still remember clearly, His time as record-keeper at the first blues conference."
"At that time, although he seemed very smart, he was still a young boy."
"It was such a short time."
"I couldn't even tell who it was. He is a genius in his own right, but Bruce’s education methods are too good.”
“He should be the first person to prove Bruce’s mistakes.”
“What a formidable person.”
Millikan could not stop nodding his head after hearing this.
He was also a young talent who verified the photoelectric effect through experiments.
But compared with Bohr, the gap is a bit big.
And he is 43 years old this year, which means he is on a downward slope judging from his age.
Compared with the fierce juniors like Bohr, apart from reading more papers, he has no advantage.
"Bruce is really terrible."
"It doesn't matter that he himself is a super genius, but I didn't expect that the doctoral students he randomly recruited could also be super geniuses."
"If he were an American, he would be How wonderful.”
At this time, the two big guys in the American physics community looked at Hubble.
Hubble suddenly felt inexplicable pressure.
I was nervous, "God, you don't want me to compete with Bohr."
Michelson said earnestly: "Hubble, you wanted to study in Europe before. I didn't agree with it at first. ”
“But now it seems that your decision is correct.”
“If you stay in the United States, your talent will be buried.”
"Hubble, I support you to study in Europe."
"Have you decided which country and which university you want to go to?"
Hubble said decisively without thinking too much: "I want to study with Professor Bruce for two years, and then return to the University of Chicago to study for a Ph.D."
Michelson was overjoyed when he heard this and said: "Okay! Okay! Okay!"
"Hubble, I was not wrong about you. You shoulder the future of American physics."
"Bruce, I'll talk to him."
"I'm sure he won't refuse you."
Millikan also looked at the young man with a smile.
The other party did not blindly want to become Bruce's doctoral student, but simply went to study, which shows his patriotism.
If it were an ordinary person, I would be eager to join someone else’s family.
After all, that was Bruce Lee.
An awesome teacher who successively taught awesome students like the Fifth Master and Bohr.
It is now being spread by the outside world that being Bruce’s doctoral student is almost equivalent to booking the Nobel Prize in Physics in advance.
Hubble also became firm-eyed, and he had his own pride.
Witnessed by thousands of people, he received personal praise from Professor Bruce.
This is not only an honor, but also a spur.
He wanted to achieve a breakthrough on his own, even under the guidance of others, but not Professor Bruce.
This is the subtle emotion between men.
Sakura Country, Tokyo Imperial University.
Hantaro Nagaoka held the paper in his hand and was unwilling to put it down for a long time.
He sighed for a while and looked out the window for a while.
Opposite the desk, Jun Ishihara and another young man stood there quietly.
The two of them looked at Hantaro Nagaoka, the man who single-handedly provoked the physics of the Osakura Empire.
There is too much pressure on him.
For a long time, Hantaro Nagaoka said to the young man: "Nishina-kun, now you know what a genius looks like."
"And even such a genius was born under Li Qiwei's He was born under training.”
"That man, he has become stronger again."
"It's ridiculous that my Saturn model is often regarded as a treasure in China."
"And now, Europe has begun to use quantum Let’s explain atoms.”
“Bohr’s model is simply a fantastic theory.”
“We are too far behind.” Hantaro Nagaoka felt helpless and a little tired.
There was a fire of desire burning in Nishina Yoshio's eyes.
At the age of 21 this year, he was accidentally discovered by Hantaro Nagaoka, recruited to study physics at Tokyo Imperial University, and gave personal guidance.
In real history, Yoshio Nishina is known as the "Father of Modern Physics in Sakura Country" and "The Father of Atomic Physics in Sakura Country".
When the United States, Britain, France, Germany and other countries were researching atomic bombs at the same time, the Sakura Country in Asia was not to be outdone.
As a result, Sakura Country launched a top-secret atomic bomb research and development program code-named "Project Ren".
The word ren in the "Ren Plan" is taken from the first character of Yoshio Nishina's name, which shows his status in this plan.
But in the end, due to various reasons, Sakura Country’s Ren plan failed, otherwise history would be rewritten.
Yoshio Nishina also studied abroad at the University of Copenhagen, and his mentor was Bohr.
After returning to China, he invited Bohr, Heisenberg, and Dirac to visit the Cherry Blossom Country.
And now, he is just a nobody.
Yoshio Nishina is a stern person. He doesn't like talking and gets pleasure from his words.
So he did not answer Hantaro Nagaoka's words, but stood there quietly, listening to the teacher's teachings.
At this time, Ishihara Jun said: "Professor, can you invite Li Qiwei to come to Sakura Country to give a lecture."
"Just like Michelson in the United States, invite Li Qiwei to introduce the most cutting-edge physics Results."
"They even discovered geniuses like Hubble."
"I think Sakura Country also needs such an opportunity."
"Otherwise most students will be too arrogant and think that their country's physics level is world-class."
Nagaoka Hantaro shook his head, "No, it's too far."
"Sakura Country is too far away from Europe. Li Qiwei's time is so precious, it's impossible for him to come over."
"Originally I want to send you two to study in Europe.”
"But my friends in the imperial military told me not to go to Europe in recent years."
"The national conflicts there are becoming more and more intense, and war is very likely to happen."
"I think Li Qiwei will definitely return to China."
"So, we still need to wait for the opportunity."
Ishihara Jun and Nishina Yoshio both felt a little sad.
Although their Sakura Country was extremely powerful in the eyes of the Qing Dynasty.
But compared with Britain and the United States, they are pitifully weak.
Whether it is national strength or scientific background, there is no comparison.
They shoulder the responsibility of making the physics of the Sakura Empire strong.
At this moment, Bohr’s quantized atomic model completely shocked the world.
All physicists are rejoicing at major breakthroughs in the field of atomic structure.
Second-rate physics countries like the United States and Sakura Country can only be envied from the sidelines.
In Europe, the center of physics, the Bohr model will set off a new round of storm.
At the same time, he will also face unprecedented challenges.
The big guys here will not admit a theory easily.
Even if the other party is Bruce's student.
Li Qiwei’s quantum theory and special theory of relativity were only recognized after exciting debates among Confucian scholars.
Big bosses from all walks of life took turns and asked tricky questions one after another.
No, the narrow phase has not been fully recognized until now, which shows the difficulty of a new theory.
So, Bohr still has a long way to go.
If you want to wear the crown, you must bear its weight!
(End of this chapter)