Chapter 284 The first question! The fine structure of the Balmer series! (8 days a day for 7 consecutive days, please subscribe!)
The exciting question-and-answer session of the meeting has finally arrived.
After G. Hertz, Moseley, and Einstein successively verified the correctness of Bohr's model from different angles.
The vast majority of people present believed that the Bohr model is a theory that can stand the test.
At least they can't think of anything wrong.
However, this is why they are not the bosses.
The reason why big guys are big guys is because they can often find clues in the details.
For any physical phenomenon, we cannot just look at the appearance.
At this time, Michelson's appearance made everyone nervous instantly.
Suddenly, everyone discovered that he was going to the podium.
Wow!
“It seems that Professor Michelson’s question is extraordinary. He even went up to demonstrate. I thought he was just dictating a question directly?”
“Bohr’s model is so exquisite. I thought It’s not easy to question, you have to do a lot of in-depth research.”
“God, my blood is boiling when I see this confrontation between the old and the young.”
"Professor Michelson has decades of experience in asking this question. Can Bohr handle it?"
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Everyone followed Michelson's footsteps and started talking.
Bohr on the stage was also staring closely at the other party's figure.
Soon, Michelson was standing at the projector.
He smiled and said: "In order to save time, I had already written my content on paper when I came here."
Snap!
A huge projection fell on the wall in front of everyone.
“My question is very simple, it is about the emission spectrum of hydrogen atoms.”
“Bohr used his theory to perfectly explain the Balmer system.”
“ The nucleus is in the center, and there are circular electron orbits of different radii from the inside to the outside. ”
"Electrons can only move in these specific orbits."
"The orbit closest to the nucleus has the lowest energy level, also called the ground state."
"Going outward in order, are the The second, third, and fourth energy levels are all called excited states. "
"The four hydrogen atom spectral lines in the Balmer system are after the electrons transition to four different excited states. Then jump back to the second energy level, and the energy of the electromagnetic wave released is the difference between the two energy levels. "
"According to the formula, we can easily calculate the wavelength of electromagnetic waves, which is the wavelength of the spectrum emitted by hydrogen atoms."
"It can be said that this theory is extremely successful and sophisticated."
“I even think it is completely comparable to the special theory of relativity.”
“Even compared with Newtonian mechanics and Maxwell’s electromagnetism, it is not inferior.”
Wow!
Everyone in the audience was instantly stunned.
What's going on.
Didn’t Professor Michelson want to ask questions and question Bohr’s model?
Why did you come up with such a big compliment?
There must be a mistake.
Even Bohr was confused.
He has adjusted his energy and spirit to the best state.
Unexpectedly, Professor Michelson did not follow the routine.
“Is Professor Michelson the same as Professor Einstein?”
Bohr wondered.
However, it was too late for everyone to think about it.
Michelson changed his voice and continued to say with a smile: "Bohr chose the Balmer system as an example, which is really clever."
"Because the spectrum of the hydrogen atom is the simplest, It’s also the easiest to explain.”
“But the simplest things are often the most difficult.”
“The Balmer system is far from simple.”
Snap!
A huge spectrum diagram instantly appeared on the wall.
The four spectral lines are distinct and separate.
“This picture was recorded by me during an experiment more than 20 years ago.”
“I was still studying in the UK at that time.”
"With the encouragement of Lord Rayleigh and Lord Kelvin, I chose to study spectroscopy."
"Unfortunately, both of them are not here today. One cannot come and the other does not come."
At this point, Michelson suddenly felt a little sad.
But soon, he calmed down.
“I would like to ask everyone here, do you think there is anything wrong with this picture?”
Wow!
Everyone in the venue was instantly confused.
"Um, what does Professor Michelson mean? Isn't this picture a typical Balmer genealogy chart? What's the problem?"
"D, tell me, this picture What’s wrong with the picture? Isn’t it just four isolated spectral lines, just like what Bohr’s model predicts?”
“Oh my god, why are all the physics bosses’ questions so weird? The professor asked about the law of gravity. ”
"I have to say that Professor Michelson's experiments and drawings are very exquisite and beautiful."
At this time, not only ordinary people, but also Planck and other big guys were confused.
Because they really don’t see any problem.
But with Professor Michelson’s status, he will never be mysterious.
So there must be some mystery in this picture.
Unfortunately, the big guys are really confused.
Bohr was also dumbfounded at this moment. Isn't this the simplest Balmer spectrum?
He was writing a paper some time ago and was already sick from reading it.
Not only the Balmo style, he can even draw the Xingpa style with his eyes closed.
It’s too familiar.
"I can guarantee that there is absolutely no problem. This is the most standard Balmer genealogy chart."
Michelson took in everyone's expressions and smiled knowingly.
As expected, no one except him knew what was wrong with this picture.
Michelson couldn't help but feel a little proud that American physics was finally ahead of European physics.
Although there are only a few trivial tips.
Just when he was about to explain himself.
Suddenly!
A slight sound passed through the loudspeaker and reached everyone's ears.
“No.”
Boom!
Everyone immediately looked towards the stage.
The person who made the sound is none other than Li Qiwei!
I saw him standing upright in the host position at the moment, looking at Michelson's data chart with all his attention.
Cross your hands on your chest and support your chin with your right hand, looking very relaxed.
Everyone was shocked by Li Qiwei.
"Hiss! As expected of Professor Bruce, he can actually see the problem."
Even Michelson stared at Li Qiwei, feeling extremely shocked.
"Bruce has never studied spectroscopy, can he discover it?"
"Is this the so-called talent?"
No one spoke, the screen Hold your breath, they are afraid of interrupting Professor Bruce's thinking.
That would be a huge loss.
The atmosphere in the venue was extremely tense.
After about ten seconds, Li Qiwei finally spoke.
“Professor Michelson, I don’t know if it’s because of your handwriting or some other reason.”
“Why do the four spectral lines on your Balmer genealogy chart seem to be There are tiny gaps in the middle of the roots.”
"It's like every spectral line is not a single spectral line, but consists of two spectral lines very close to each other."
Boom!
Michelson's heart was filled with huge waves.
Hiss!
Bruce's eyes are so vicious.
This detail is impossible for ordinary people to discover.
No one here asked any questions, which is proof.
Yes, that's his problem.
He thought it would be impossible for anyone to find him, but to his surprise, he was found out by the legendary Bruce.
There was a wry smile on Michelson's lips.
Bruce is truly incredible.
Wow!
At this time, combined with Michelson's expression, everyone present knew that Bruce was right.
They quickly looked towards the spectrum line again.
Sure enough, with the reminder, human psychological factors come into play.
Everyone can see that there is indeed a very small gap in the middle of each spectrum line, which can be ignored if you don't pay attention.
I am afraid that only a super genius like Bruce can have such keen observation. "Oh my God, there is really a gap. Why didn't I find it?"
"It's strange that I couldn't find it unless Professor Bruce reminded me; once he reminded me, I felt like It’s so obvious.”
“Is this the difference between the boss and the master? It’s really different. No wonder Bohr, Qian Wushi and others are so good.”
"Wow, Professor Bruce is so awesome, I want to be his doctoral student."
Bohr was also full of surprise at this moment, and he also discovered the problem.
In Professor Michelson's data chart, each spectral line is relatively thick, so the small gap in the middle is very inconspicuous.
Bohr was so impressed by Li Qiwei.
“Fortunately, I have a mentor here today, otherwise it would be too difficult for me to do it alone.”
"These big guys should not be underestimated."
But Bohr suddenly thought of a terrible fact.
If the spectral line is not one, but two next to each other, wouldn't it be
Bohr became nervous instantly.
At this time, Professor Michelson smiled and said: "Bruce, Bruce, you really don't know how to evaluate you."
"You can see such a small problem."
"I really don't know how your eyes grow."
"Yes, you are right, this That’s the question I want to ask.”
Li Qiwei smiled calmly: Ji Cao, don’t 6.
Michelson then posted another photo.
It is the enlarged picture of the Balmer genealogy chart just now.
At this moment, everyone clearly saw the obvious gap.
It turns out that each spectral line is not one, but two.
It’s just that the wavelength difference between these two lines is very small and they are very close together. At a glance, they can easily be seen as one.
Professor Michelson said with a smile: "In my day, spectroscopy was very popular."
"But although it is popular, it suffers from no theoretical support. Everyone can only measure spectral lines without in-depth analysis."
"For example, the spectrum of hydrogen atoms has been measured by countless people."< br>
“Since I chose this topic, I will make something different.”
“It is precisely because of this belief that I discovered the problem.”
"I make precision instruments."
"So I like to do precise measurements very much."
"At that time, I was wondering why the four spectral lines of the Balmer system looked so wide."
"How about I try Try to measure it carefully."
"So I improved and completed a more precise spectrometer."
"As a result, I discovered the phenomenon in the picture."
“But at the time, it didn’t cause any sensation.”
“I didn’t even publish this result in a paper.”
“I just talked about this while chatting with a few friends. Interesting phenomenon."
"But obviously no one is interested, thinking that it may be caused by instrument error."
"It's actually a spectral line."
“I didn’t take it to heart myself.”
“Because there were more important things waiting for me to do at that time.”
“However, more than twenty years later, when When I saw the Bohr model, my dusty memory came back to life."
At this time, Michelson suddenly raised his voice and said loudly: "According to the prediction of the Bohr model, the spectral line must be a single line. ”
“Because its wavelength is calculated from the energy level difference”
"So theoretically, each of the four spectral lines of the Balmer system is a separate line."
"However, the fact is that there are now two lines."
"In order to ensure accuracy, I repeated this experiment some time ago."
"Please take a look."
Michelson posted a few more data graphs, these were his previous Made in several months.
Every experimental result shows that each spectral line of the Balmer system is actually composed of two lines.
“So, I think this is a phenomenon that Bohr’s model cannot explain.”
“In other words, there is something wrong with this model.”
He turned to look Xiang Bohr asked with a smile: "Bohr, how do you think you should explain this problem?"
Boom!
At this moment, the venue was completely boiling.
He is truly worthy of being a Nobel laureate, and he has the power of thunder when he makes a move.
This problem is too fatal.
Bohr’s Balmer system was originally a success, but now it has suddenly become a difficult problem.
The physical world is simply amazing.
"Is this the strength of top physicists? Professor Michelson's experiments are too awesome."
"God, I finally realize the importance of accuracy in physics."
“Such devilish details are actually noticed.”
“If it were me, I would have regarded it as an error and thrown it into the trash.”
Master Qian Wushi in the audience was most deeply touched.
Michelson's experiments led him to think of his own superconductivity.
Without the strong intervention of his mentor, I am afraid he would have missed this great discovery.
Accurate and extreme, this is the attitude that physicists need.
Bohr thought of this problem not long after seeing Michelson's diagram.
Now the other party's question was a fatal blow to him.
There is no way to explain it!
The Bohr model cannot explain why there are two spectral lines instead of just one.
This is incredible.
“How could this be?”
“The Balmer system actually has this structure, how can it be two lines?”
For a moment, Bohr panicked.
He couldn't understand it at all.
This is obviously in conflict with his theory.
But Professor Michelson’s experiment cannot go wrong.
Since the other party dares to show it in front of so many people, he is not afraid of everyone repeating the experiment.
This shows that this must be the case.
The experiment of hydrogen atomic spectrum is still very simple. With today's technology, it can be done in basically normal laboratories.
Bohr spoke with difficulty, "Let me think about this."
Wow!
The audience exploded instantly.
Today's meeting was so exciting.
Wang Zha came up and immediately confused Bolgan.
Is this the strength of the Nobel Prize winner?
It’s really scary!
Many people even looked at Bohr with a hint of sympathy.
Faced with this extremely sharp question, one can imagine the pressure on the other party.
This is a scene in front of hundreds of people and dozens of big shots.
The big guys in the front row also frowned slightly, they couldn't understand either.
However, the older generation of physicists such as Planck and Lorenz gradually remembered this phenomenon of the Balmer system.
It does exist!
At this moment, everyone's hearts were in their throats.
Bohr was sweating on his anxious forehead.
Suddenly, he thought of Professor Bruce's teachings again.
We must learn to calm down. No theory is perfect.
It’s not a problem to be afraid of, just solve it.
If it can't be solved, then leave it to others to solve.
Bohr looked towards Ridgway.
I saw the other party looking at Michelson's data calmly, with an imperceptible smile at the corner of his mouth.
As if all this was expected by him.
At this moment, Bohr suddenly felt that his heart had settled down.
Ridgway's majestic figure was deeply imprinted in Bohr's mind.
Bohr felt that his mentor at this moment was the giant who was guarding him.
Even if the sky falls, the other party will hold it up.
There is no problem in this world that he cannot solve.
Bohr took a deep breath.
"The mentor is here, what should I fear?"
(End of this chapter)