Chapter 340 The first exact solution to the Bruce field equation! The theory proves that black holes exist! The third prophecy breaks through!
The time has entered 1913.
The publication of the general theory of relativity and the convening of the Second Bruce Conference made Li Qiwei a world-famous physicist.
Whether it is in the academic field or the public field, everyone is familiar with his name.
Some conclusions of the theory of relativity are also deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.
What followed was invitations from all parties.
The various invitations Li Qiwei has received have been scheduled for next year.
Fortunately, Wang Luyao and Xiang Lan helped him sort it out, otherwise he would be in trouble.
And he couldn’t refuse many invitations.
For example, Planck represents Germany, Marie Curie represents France, Lorenz represents the Netherlands, Bohr represents Denmark, etc.
They all invited Li Qiwei to visit in the name of a government.
For the future plans of the City of Science, it was hard for him to refuse.
Li Qiwei sighed: "People are afraid of being famous, but pigs are afraid of being strong."
Wang Luyao pursed his lips and smiled and said: "It turns out that being a celebrity is quite tiring, running around the world."
< br>Li Qiwei hugged him and smiled: "That means I'm not famous enough."
"Sooner or later, I will sit at home and the leaders of various countries will have to visit me in person."
Wang Luyao smiled and said, "Just brag."
Just in Li Qiwei When preparing for a global visit, a piece of news instantly detonated the physics and astronomy circles.
January 15, 1913.
A paper was published in the famous German academic journal "Annals of Physics".
The author was Schwarzschild, who gave the first exact solution to the Bruce field equation in his paper.
Schwarzschild found the simplest cosmic situation.
That is to say, it is assumed that there is only one celestial body in the universe, there is nothing around it and the space is isotropic.
This unique celestial body itself is stationary, non-rotating, uncharged, and spherically symmetrical.
In this case, Schwarzschild went through a series of complex operations.
A conclusion is drawn: when the radius of a celestial body is smaller than a certain value r, the celestial body will collapse.
At this time, the space-time of the celestial body is extremely curved, and even light cannot escape.
No matter what direction the light comes from, it will be sucked into the center of this celestial body.
This is the theoretical basis of black holes.
According to Schwarzschild’s calculations, if the earth wants to become a black hole, its radius needs to be reduced to about 9 millimeters, which is about the size of a ping pong ball.
Once the paper was published, it immediately caused a sensation.
Schwarzschild’s derivation process is extremely detailed.
After the baptism of general relativity, most physicists can now see Schwarzschild’s paper.
After repeated calculations by many colleagues, Schwarzschild’s results were confirmed.
For a time, the world of physics was shocked.
The black holes in the five major predictions have finally been proven theoretically.
Previously, Li Qiwei only logically predicted in the general theory of relativity that such a celestial body must exist.
And now, Schwarzschild finally found the solution to the black hole from the equation.
Although its form is relatively simple, its meaning is extremely profound and its importance is self-evident.
Everyone was excited.
All that's left is to officially observe the black hole through experiments.
That is another task.
All astronomers swear that the predictions of general relativity are correct.
Black holes must exist!
With this paper, Schwarzschild became a well-known physicist and astronomer.
You know, before that, he was just the person in charge of the observatory.
This solution is also called the "Schwarzschild solution" and forms the radius of the black hole, also called the "Schwarzschild radius".
Another major achievement has been added in the field of cosmology.
With the second Bruce Conference and Li Qiwei’s strong move, astronomy has now officially recognized the existence of cosmology.
This discipline, based on general relativity and studying the structure of the universe from a large-scale perspective, is full of infinite possibilities.
In particular, its core theory: the Big Bang, has fascinated countless astronomers and regarded it as a treasure.
Schwarzschild’s results provide an important reference for the study of black holes.
On this basis, more black hole theories will surely be developed.
Schwarzschild became the founder of black hole theory.
Immediately, big names in various fields of physics and astronomy publicly issued messages to express their congratulations and praise this exciting achievement.
Li Qiwei even praised: "Professor Schwarzschild has his own unique insights in mathematics and physics."
"Theoretical proof of the existence of black holes will provide important means for subsequent experimental observations."
Wow!
The academic world is shocked!
With Li Qiwei’s current status, any public statement he makes attracts the attention of countless people.
Everyone began to ask who Schwarzschild was.
Even Professor Bruce, the author of the general theory of relativity, could not find the exact solution, but he was the first to discover it.
For a time, Schwarzschild was in the limelight!
Li Qiwei looked at the paper and sighed.
Schwarzschild published a paper ahead of schedule and proposed an exact solution to the Bruce field equation.
In this life, I'm afraid he won't risk his life in the trenches to write a thesis.
Hope his fate can be changed.
Germany, at the election meeting of the Prussian Academy of Sciences.
Schwarzschild is giving a report on his published paper.
In the audience sat Planck, Einstein, Laue and other big guys.
At this moment, Schwarzschild was in high spirits.
He thought again of his previous imagination with Laue and others at the observatory.
Unexpectedly, the dream actually came true.
And in such a short period of time.
“In my paper, I discuss ideal situations in a mathematical sense.”
"Although this state does not exist in the real universe, the solar system can be described very well by the Schwarzschild solution."
"Because the sun itself is nearly spherical, the mass of the surrounding planets is compared to the mass of the sun It can be ignored and is approximately equal to the vacuum. "
"So, the curved space-time of the sun that I calculated can explain the orbits of the planets in the solar system."
"In addition, this solution has many implications. Strong universality"
"Because its calculation process is independent of the type of star."
"The Schwarzschild solution only depends on one parameter, that is the mass."
"It has nothing to do with the mass distribution, density, etc. of the sun itself."
"According to my calculations, if the sun To become a black hole, its radius needs to collapse to about 3 kilometers. "
"That is, the mass of the entire sun remains unchanged, and after continuous compression, the radius reaches the limit, and it can become a black hole."
“I believe that such a process must exist in the universe.”
Wow!
The audience burst into thunderous applause.
Schwarzschild’s report was brilliant.
All are precise calculations and theoretical analysis.
His understanding of the Bruce field equation surpassed everyone present.
Just looking at those formulas gives me a headache.
And Schwarzschild was able to find an exact solution. His mathematical skills were really terrible.
As expected, he was a friend of Hilbert and Minkowski. He was good at mathematics.
Don’t think that Schwarzschild just found a special situation and that the calculation is simple.
No matter how simple the Bruce field equation is, it still requires a lot of complex operations.
Therefore, the big guys present all admired Schwarzschild.
This ordinary middle-aged man can be called an example of a blockbuster and a late bloomer.
In this era when young people dominate the development of modern physics, Schwarzschild’s success has given great encouragement to the older generation. Suddenly, Einstein asked:
"Professor Schwarzschild, how much influence do you think your exact solution has on the general theory of relativity?"
Today Einstein is a physics professor in Germany.
Schwarzschild thought for a moment after hearing this and said:
"As we all know, Professor Bruce made a total of five predictions in the general theory of relativity."
"In addition to black holes, The other four predictions have all been calculated or analyzed by his theory."
"So, now I have made up for the shortcomings of black hole calculations."
Speaking of this, Schwarzschild suddenly said excitedly: "But I personally think that this is not enough."
"Because the existence of black holes has only been theoretically proven so far."
< br>“The existence of black holes, an extremely special celestial body, has not been officially observed from experiments.”
“So, I think our work still has a long way to go.”
“But, no matter what, Said, this is a strong support for the general theory of relativity.”
The big guys in the audience nodded silently.
Schwarzschild’s rigor is also admired by everyone.
This is a theoretical victory after all, but it still needs experimental confirmation.
Schwarzschild continued:
“My two friends, Eddington is conquering the bending of light, and Hubble is studying the expansion of the universe.”
"I believe that if there is a breakthrough in the research of the two of them, it will be the final result."
"There will no longer be any objection to the correctness of general relativity."
Boom!
The crowd in the audience was shocked!
Everyone was shocked by the news.
These two are real experimental observations. Once confirmed, their convincingness is far greater than the Schwarzschild solution.
Big guys such as Planck and Einstein will definitely not do these experiments.
Because they are just subsidiary experiments of general relativity.
It’s like the original photoelectric effect experiment.
These big theoretical physicists are naturally not interested.
Anyway, they already believe from the bottom of their hearts that general relativity is correct.
It doesn’t matter if you do experiments or not.
This is the confidence that Li Qiwei brought to them.
However, if all five predictions are finally proven, it will indeed be a major event that shocks the world of physics.
Therefore, although the bosses are not involved, they are still very concerned about the progress of the experiment.
Schwarzschild’s results report amazed many academicians of the Prussian Academy of Sciences.
After a tense voting session.
Planck, president of the Prussian Academy of Sciences, took the stage to announce the election results.
“After voting, I declare that Professor Schwarzschild has officially become a new member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences.”
“Welcome, everyone!”
Wow!
Everyone stood up and applauded.
Schwarzschild was undoubtedly elected as a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences.
He became a scientific leader in Germany.
This is the greatness of general relativity.
Just because of a tiny part, a professor instantly became famous and became a well-known figure in the academic world.
Next, Schwarzschild was invited by the astronomical community to give a report on the black hole theory.
The Schwarzschild solution plays an important role in observing and analyzing the evolution of stars in the universe.
He mentioned in his report:
“The five major predictions of general relativity are actually its application in the field of astronomy.”
"Light bending, gravitational redshift, black holes, gravitational waves, cosmic expansion."
"These are five predicted experimental phenomena."
"And now, all theoretical calculations have ended . "
"The task of astronomy in the next stage is to verify these phenomena."
"The proposal of Schwarzschild's solution is not the end of general relativity, but only the beginning."
"The existence of black holes requires not only theoretical proof, but also experimental discovery."
"It is as if Maxwell pre-study the existence of electromagnetic waves through electromagnetic equations, and Hertz discovered electromagnetic waves through experiments."< br>
“In the future, there will be 5 similar results in our field of astronomy.”
“The future is promising!”
Wow!
Schwarzschild's academic report was a great success.
Research on general relativity in the field of astronomy has finally made a good start.
All astronomy big guys feel that a new era is coming.
The newly emerged cosmology has gradually enriched its connotation.
The Big Bang, black holes, galaxies.
The big guys present believe that astronomy will usher in ultra-rapid development in the future.
In the crowd, Eddington was extremely excited and excited.
Schwarzschild’s achievements were the strongest inspiration for him.
He has already begun to look forward to the day when his results will be published.
However, Eddington’s research is rather special.
He wanted to prove the first prediction of general relativity, that light bending requires very special conditions.
Because of calculations based on general relativity.
The earth's mass bends space-time to a very small extent, so the impact on the bending of light is very small and almost unobservable.
For this reason, Eddington chose to use the sun as his research object.
The sun's mass is large enough, so the light that passes through it is significantly bent.
Eddington's method was simple: a total solar eclipse.
By comparing the photo of a certain star during a total solar eclipse with the photo of the star during a normal night, and then calculating the difference.
Because according to the principle of light bending, in these two cases, the position of the observed star will shift.
According to the calculations of general relativity, this offset value is 1.75 arc seconds (about 0.02786 degrees).
As an astronomer, Eddington knew that the last total solar eclipse was on August 21, 1914.
Therefore, he still needs to wait slowly.
In real history, this observation in 1914 was jointly carried out by Einstein's assistant, Freundrich, and the American astronomer Campbell.
According to calculations, the best place for observation is the Crimean Peninsula in Russia.
Unfortunately, World War I broke out at that time, and Russia and Germany did not deal with it.
So, as soon as Freundrich and his party arrived in Crimea, they were arrested by the Russian military as spies.
So the observation mission also came to nothing.
Since Campbell was from the United States, a neutral country, he was quickly released.
Campbell did not give up, he wanted to continue observing alone.
However, bad luck ensued. On that day, the sky was covered with dark clouds, the sun could not be seen at all, and the measurement could not be carried out.
So, the experiment failed.
According to speculation, the next best time to observe a total solar eclipse will be May 19, 1919.
That time, Eddington led the team and successfully completed the experiment, proving the correctness of general relativity.
But at this moment, Eddington did not know that a war would happen next.
He had already begun preparations for the total solar eclipse of 1914.
Although this experiment sounds simple, it is very complicated to do.
It requires taking photos around the clock and having a deep understanding of celestial movements.
Eddington has done sufficient theoretical analysis.
He is confident and can definitely succeed in one attempt.
Just when Schwarzschild became famous, Eddington was gearing up.
Li Qiwei also began his journey of showing off.
(End of this chapter)