Chapter 404 The wave-particle duality of light! Theoretical explanation! Paper published! The quantum age begins!
The news that the third Bruce Conference will be held is like a magnitude 18 earthquake, causing a sensation in the entire physics community.
All physicists and scholars are looking forward to it.
Geniuses look forward to a blockbuster success, while ordinary people look forward to a prosperous age.
In short, physics in Europe, which had been dormant for several years, exploded again because of the Bruce Conference.
Even the entire scientific community has been revived.
The glorious era of science before the war is still vivid in our minds.
Everyone wants to be a trendsetter again and be noticed by everyone.
Meanwhile, the big guys are waiting and guessing.
“When will Professor Bruce take action?”
"Every one of his papers is earth-shattering."
"Professor Bruce is not going to directly predict the fourth quantum number."
Everyone's guess is that there is According to.
To say that the most cutting-edge direction of quantum theory now is definitely the fourth quantum number.
Whoever discovers it first will shock the academic world.
Now, Professor Bruce has announced his involvement in quantum theory with a high profile.
This confident and ready momentum makes people involuntarily believe that the discoverer of the fourth quantum number must be Professor Bruce.
However, these are just the thoughts and opinions of ordinary people.
For truly peerless geniuses, even Professor Bruce cannot make them shrink back and be timid.
“Since Professor Bruce can compete with Newton, why can’t I compete with Professor Bruce.”
"The fourth quantum number is not bad for my brain!"
However, no matter how crazy the outside world is, Li Qiwei is not affected in any way.
At this moment, he has officially entered the role.
The Quantum Research Institute began to operate normally.
Wang Zhengyang still serves as secretary and is responsible for Li Qiwei's various external affairs.
At the same time, he will also be temporarily responsible for the organizational framework of the institute.
Under the direction of Li Qiwei, contact and arrange the recruitment of managers, administrative personnel, etc.
This is a huge test for him.
Because the people he is dealing with now are all Europeans.
If it were more than 20 years ago, a young man would be so nervous when he saw a foreigner that he couldn't even move his legs.
But now, Wang Zhengyang can even direct them to work.
"Principal, this is the organizational structure plan of the Quantum Research Institute that I have initially drawn up according to your wishes."
"And according to this structure, the personnel that need to be recruited."
"Please take a look."
Li Qiwei took over the plan prepared by Wang Zhengyang and looked at it carefully.
In its early stages, the Quantum Research Institute did not need many personnel.
For example, the research institute established by Bohr at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark had only nine full-time employees when it was first established.
The most important thing is to ensure that the functions within the office are perfect and that everyone can perform their duties.
"The Institute of Quantum is divided into functional departments and academic departments."
"The main responsibility of the functional departments is to ensure the daily life of researchers."
"Let them focus on scientific research."
"Functional departments include the General Department, Finance Department, Human Resources Department, etc."
"The academic departments are mainly divided into major laboratories ."
"The person in charge of each laboratory is a corresponding expert professor."
"The specific recruitment requirements and benefits are as follows"
"In addition, the equipment that the institute now needs to purchase includes the following."
"Basic furniture, office equipment, books and periodicals."
"Laboratory instruments, machinery, and materials."
"A detailed list follows."
"."
Li Qiwei watched for ten minutes before finally reading the plan submitted by Wang Zhengyang.
He felt very satisfied.
“Very good, Zhengyang.”
“It seems that you have tempered yourself.”
“You are not engaged in academic research, but you can write such detailed Laboratory construction plan. ”
"It must have been a lot of hard work."
Wang Zhengyang scratched his head in embarrassment and said with a smile:
"My fifth senior brother taught me this when I was in Borneo."< br>
“I learned a lot from him.”
“After I wrote the plan, I contacted Fifth Senior Brother by telegram and asked him to check it for me.”
Li Qiwei nodded. When Qian Wushi and others established the Atomic Research Institute in Kuching, they started from scratch and accumulated rich experience.
And the Atomic Research Institute is much larger than the Quantum Research Institute.
Whether it is the size of the personnel or the size of the building.
Because the Quantum Institute is more focused on theoretical physics.
Therefore, the demand for experimental instruments is far less than that of the Atomic Research Institute.
But no matter what, the difficulty of this job is huge.
Wang Zhengyang did not disappoint him.
Li Qiwei finally added:
"In terms of personnel recruitment, you should be responsible for the recruitment of logistics personnel first."
"At least find the chef first, otherwise we won't be able to eat. ”
"In other functional departments, I will find someone to help, you can contact me."
"As for the person in charge of the academic department, take your time, I will be responsible for it personally."
"In addition, Contact Mark again."
"Tell him that I want to build an apartment next to the institute."
"It will be used to entertain visitors."
“There will definitely be many physicists from different countries and cultural backgrounds coming here to communicate in the future.”
“This is not London, and the accommodation is very inconvenient.”
“With centralized apartments, They can still continue the discussion during the day even after returning to the apartment at night."
"I believe that everyone will like it here in the future."
Wang Zhengyang looked confused when he heard this. Feel what cruelty is:
"Principal, you are such a good person."
"The main purpose of building the apartment is to facilitate people to continue the discussion after they go back."
"Fortunately, I am not qualified enough to become you A graduate student."
"Otherwise, life would be worse than death."
Then he said, "Okay, principal, I'll do it right away."
Li Qiwei nodded and let Wang Zhengyang go out.
After handling the daily work of the institute, he was finally free to start his career in physics.
The Quantum Research Institute was just established and needed a landmark paper to get off to a good start.
And Li Qiwei had already planned it.
That is the theoretical analysis of the wave-particle duality of light.
In real history, the wave-particle duality of light has been controversial for more than 20 years.
After Einstein proposed the hypothesis of light quanta, few physicists acknowledged it.
Even Bohr, the quantum giant, did not admit it.
Until Compton discovered Compton scattering, theory and experiment were in perfect agreement.
At this time, no one doubted the authenticity of light quantum, and the light quantum was directly called photon.
This reflects the particle nature of light.
Now, what Li Qiwei has to do is to theoretically describe the wave-particle duality of light.
This is also the difficulty of Compton and Wu Youxun’s current work.
They don’t know where to start with the experiment.
In fact, he had discussed this issue with many people in private before.
Such as Rutherford, Marie Curie, etc.
Otherwise Irena would not have said the words "Light has momentum" during the Physics Olympiad. Unfortunately, no one at the time, including her, knew the significance of this sentence.
Because this sentence is the key to theoretically describing the wave-particle duality of light.
At this moment, Li Qiwei picked up the pen that had been with him for twenty years and began to write on the paper.
"Light not only has quantum properties, it also has momentum."
"The physical quantity momentum is completely a property of particles, but light also has it."
"According to the special theory of relativity, it can be known that: a There is a specific relationship between the energy, momentum and mass of the particle. ”
“Obviously, the derived formula is: E=mc+pc” where E represents the energy of the particle. , m represents the rest mass of the particle, p represents the momentum of the particle, and c represents the speed of light. ”
"For light quanta, since light has no rest mass, we can get E=pc."
"After simplification, we get E=pc, then p=E/c."
" At the same time, according to the Lie-Planck radiation formula, the energy of the photon is E=hv ”
“where h is the Planck-Lee constant and v is the frequency of the photon. ”
“ After substitution, we can get: p=hv/c ”
"To sum up, E=hv and p=hv/c are the two equations that describe the wave nature and particle nature of light."
"E=hv has frequency, which is the physical quantity of the wave. It reflects the wave nature of light. ”
“And p=hv/c contains momentum and energy, which is the nature of particles. ”
“This is it. Theoretical analysis of the wave-particle duality of light”
(Note: The real derivation is more complicated than this, I just do it for the plot so that everyone can understand the logic)
Finally, Li Qiwei added:
“If you want to prove this theory, you only need to use experiments to prove that light has the property of momentum.”
Phew!
A short paper of only two pages was completed by Li Qiwei.
For real bosses, this derivation is actually not difficult.
Just be familiar with special relativity.
But the key is that no one has this kind of physical intuition.
It’s like the special theory of relativity itself is not difficult, but no one is willing to take that step.
Most physicists do not even recognize the wave-particle duality of light, so how could they have thought of this.
Li Qiwei knew what kind of sensation his paper would bring.
Although he has not left the institute recently, it does not mean that he knows nothing about the outside world.
Now everyone is waiting for him to take action to solve the unresolved fourth quantum number.
But no one would have thought that Professor Bruce’s first shot was directed at the wave-particle duality of light.
It is estimated that many people will be confused directly.
London, Nature headquarters.
The specter of the war was finally gone, and Nature was back in full business.
Gregory has been very busy recently. Although he is very tired, he is very happy.
The energy accumulated by the scientific community during the war seems to have begun to explode at this moment.
The number of paper submissions has skyrocketed.
And the quality is higher than the last one.
Mathematics, chemistry, biology, medicine.
Journals are even ranked behind for more than ten issues.
The only regret is that in the physics community, there has not been a blockbuster paper like Yu Yin’s before.
However, Gregory was not worried.
"Professor Bruce has returned."
"The physics community will inevitably usher in vigorous development in the future."
As Li Qiwei's doctor, Gregory of course participated in the unveiling ceremony on April 1.
He also complained to Li Qiwei, "Professor, once you return to China, there will be no new results in physics."
Li Qiwei smiled and said to him: "Get ready to get busy."< br>
Gregory was very excited when he thought of this sentence.
At this time, his right-hand man, Bob, suddenly walked in with excitement on his face.
I almost didn’t even grasp the information in my hand.
Gregory was puzzled and asked: "What's the matter, Bob, is there anything happy about you?"
Bob took a deep breath quickly, calmed down, and said excitedly:
“Boss, Professor Bruce has published a paper.”
Wow!
Hearing this, Gregory stood up suddenly.
He said in disbelief: "Really?"
"The professor published the paper so soon?"
Bob nodded vigorously.
"It's absolutely true."
"The manuscript in my hand was just sent."
"The address is the Institute of Quantum Research."
"Now Professor Bruce has not yet recruited researchers and graduate students.”
“The only one who can publish the paper is himself.”
This is where Bob is smart.
He could obviously open the letter and read the paper directly, but he did not do so.
But I left this opportunity to the boss.
Professor Bruce has not published a paper for many years.
His paper must be earth-shattering and shocking to the physics community.
My boss is Professor Bruce’s doctorate, so of course he has to start it himself.
No wonder Bob can stand out from the crowd and become Gregory's assistant.
In addition to ability, there is also this carefulness.
At this moment, Gregory could no longer care about Bob's thoughts.
He took the letter and opened the manuscript carefully.
A huge title came into view:
"Some Thoughts on the Wave-Particle Duality of Light".
Gregory was shocked after reading the question.
“It turns out to be the wave-particle duality of light.”
At this time, Bob also looked over.
The paper was only two pages long, which made the two of them exclaim again.
Soon, they both read the paper from beginning to end.
Bob exclaimed:
“It’s so simple, so perfect!”
“Professor Bruce theoretically proved that light has wave-particle duality. Ah.”
Gregory's expression was serious. He was now back to being a doctoral student.
“No, it is not a proof, but an explanation.”
“Professor Bruce used mathematical means to describe the existence of the wave-particle duality of light.”
"Because this concept is unimaginable and can only be expressed using mathematics."
Hiss!
Bob doesn't know how powerful he is, but always feels that his boss is very awesome.
No wonder he is the editor-in-chief at such a young age, his strength lies there.
“Boss, but is the wave-particle duality of light related to quantum theory?”
“Isn’t Professor Bruce establishing the Quantum Institute just to perfect quantum theory?”
“Why does he study light.”
Gregory breathed a deep sigh of relief.
“Haha, you don’t understand the professor.”
“He sees things from a different perspective than ordinary people.”
“His eyes are like X-rays. Penetrate things and see the essence. "
"With my ability, I still don't understand the relationship between them."
"But there is no doubt that those real physics big guys will be shocked by this paper."
Bob nodded blankly.
At this moment, he realized the difference between gods and mortals.
"Professor Bruce is really scary."
After seven years, Li Qiwei finally took action again.
The whole world was shocked when the paper came out!
(End of this chapter)