Chapter 218 Gravitons and Space-time Wormholes
After seeing Chen Zhengping off, Xu Chuan returned to the hotel room alone, took out a notebook and pen from his suitcase, and sat in front of the glass table.
The question raised by Professor Brian Schmidt is quite interesting.
Use the extended application of the Xu-Weyl-Berry theorem to calculate high-dimensional space, verify whether the high-dimensional space exists, and find a way to enter.
However, for now, this is not realistic.
High-dimensional space in the physical sense is just a conjecture put forward by physicists. Just like a parallel world, no one knows whether it really exists.
This kind of theoretical speculation is as unreliable as floating roots.
Even the four dimensions of time proposed in Einstein's special theory of relativity have not yet been verified.
Everyone can indeed feel the passage of time, but there is no direct evidence for the existence of a four-dimensional space based on time.
Things like clocks and stopwatches are just things created by humans themselves.
Sitting in front of the glass table, Xu Chuan had countless thoughts in his mind and finally breathed a sigh of relief.
Although it is difficult, or currently impossible, to calculate high-dimensional spaces using the extended application of the Xu-Weyl-Berry theorem.
But Professor Brian Schmidt’s questions also brought him other inspiration.
Can the extended application of the Xu-Weyl-Berry theorem be used to calculate gravitational fluctuations, or does space-time wormholes or similar things exist?
This is something he has been studying since he discovered gravitons in his previous life.
Similar to the space-time wormholes in science fiction movies or science fiction novels, you can enter and travel to distant outer galaxies.
Of course, he had no direct evidence to prove the existence of such a thing, but after the discovery of particles such as gravitons, scientific intuition told him that there is a high probability that such things as space-time wormholes really exist.
Whether natural or artificial.
In his previous life, he studied a lot of things, such as controllable nuclear fusion, the utilization of dark matter and dark energy, the fluctuation of gravitons in space, etc. These cutting-edge issues in the field of physics are all within the scope of his research, but some are in-depth and some are not. It's just shallow.
Among them, the space fluctuation caused by the graviton is relatively shallow.
Before he came back from rebirth, this idea was only based on theory without any experimental basis.
Speaking of this, we have to mention 'gravitons'.
A graviton, also called a 'graviton', is an imaginary particle that transmits gravity in physics. The gravity between two objects can be attributed to the exchange of gravitons between the particles that make up the two objects.
In order to transmit gravity, gravitons must always attract each other, have an infinite range of action, and appear in an infinite number of forms.
In quantum mechanics, a graviton is defined as a boson with spin 2 and mass zero.
In M-theory, gravitons are defined as free closed strings that can be propagated to high-dimensional space outside the cosmic brane and other cosmic branes.
This is the basis of gravitons.
The existence of gravitons is proposed because quantum theory is very successful in all aspects. For example, electromagnetism can be explained by the quantization of photons (quantum electrodynamics). The basic forces in other aspects of the universe (weak nuclear force and strong nuclear force) can also be perfectly described by quantum theory.
Therefore, people naturally hope that quantum theory can also explain gravity, so they hypothesize that there is an undiscovered graviton with properties similar to photons, and eventually a quantum gravity theory can be developed.
Of course, in 2018, this stuff was still unproven.
It will be 2030 before gravitons will be discovered by him and officially incorporated into the physical system.
After the discovery of gravitons, part of his mentor Witten's M-theory was actually completed.
Then the theory that gravitons can be propagated to high-dimensional space outside the cosmic brane and to other cosmic branes can also be deduced.
Then using the propagation of gravitons to transmit information or open a channel entered the forefront of research in the physics world at that time.
It's a pity that these things are just purely theoretical things even until he comes back after rebirth.
Not to mention controlling gravitons to transmit information and open space-time channels, even how to stabilize the fluctuations of gravitons in space is an impossible task.
However, as a top physicist at the forefront of this field, his research on gravitons is deeper than anyone else.
Some things that you couldn't do in your previous life, you might be able to do in this life.
Professor Brian Schmidt's question today inspired him and allowed him to connect to gravitons from high-dimensional space.
The mathematics he majored in throughout his life gave him the tools and the ability to try to calculate things in this area.
Both are indispensable.
Of course, in the future, he will also need large-scale experimental equipment such as the Large Strong Particle Collider and the Graviton Fluctuator to assist in verifying whether these theories and calculations are correct.
But now, he has found a path that might lead to the future.
In the hotel room, in front of the glass table, Xu Chuan held a ballpoint pen and closed his eyes in deep thought.
Time passed bit by bit, and he didn't know how long it had passed. He opened his eyes, with a glimmer of light in his eyes, and a smile on his lips.
"In a conservation system, the speed of motion is treated as a component of the speed of light in the direction of motion, thus establishing the equation of motion and treating time as a function of speed. Through the law of conservation of energy, the differential equation of motion energy is established:
F=dE/dS=mcω, mcω=mg', the solution is: ω=g (1/υ-√1υ-1/c), taking the earth’s graviton speed as the speed of light c, then the frequency f is as follows:."< br>
The ballpoint pen in his hand sketched mathematical symbols one by one on the white notebook, and also expressed theories and ideas one by one.
Regardless of whether these things are right, but now, he should be able to make a start.
And once you have a beginning, you can follow it down.
Choosing mathematics in this life is really the right choice!
The double superposition of mathematics and physics is far more than just 1+1=2.
He didn't waste much time on this path. He recorded some of his thoughts and ideas. After a simple calculation, Xu Chuan stopped writing.
Staring at what was recorded in his notebook, he puffed up his cheeks and let out a breath.
Judging from the current theory, this may be a feasible way.
But there is too little data related to gravitons to support his continued calculations.
To complete this theory, let alone experiments, is probably not as simple as solving controllable nuclear fusion, or even more difficult.
Because there is very little data related to gravitons, he currently has several years of basic research in his mind.
To study this thing, the Large Strong Particle Collider is indispensable.
Moreover, the energy level may have to be increased to support more than 100 Tev. The current collision energy level of the European Atomic Energy Agency's LHC is only 145 Tev.
To increase the energy level to more than 100 Tev, this requires another order of magnitude improvement based on the LHC, whether it is magnetic hoops, magnetic mirrors, control solutions, superconducting materials, observation equipment, detectors and other things. It takes a full upgrade to do that.
This is not a simple project. After the LHC was upgraded again to become the HL-LHC, the energy level was only increased to 20-30 Tev.
China has attracted much attention from the physics community, with a budget of more than 150 billion. The energy level of the super collider still under design - the "Circular Electron Positron Collider - Super Proton Collider CEPC" has only been raised to about 50 Tev. That’s all. This shows how difficult and expensive it is to design and manufacture a large strong particle collider.
However, the upgraded large strong particle collider is not used for pure high-energy physics and particle physics research.
Strong particle collider can also improve the national economy.
Massimo Florio, an Italian professor of economics at the University of Milan, once conducted a study. In the analytical model they designed, the benefit-cost ratio of the High-Brightness Large Hadron Collider project was approximately 1.8.
In other words, for every 1 Swiss franc invested in the High-Brightness Large Hadron Collider project, approximately 1.8 Swiss francs of social benefit will be generated.
Of course, this social benefit is mainly improved in terms of technology spillover, talent training, research and development and launch of new technologies, cultural benefits, scientific literature, etc.
It does not mean that the collider will bring economic effects when it is started.
In addition, among the social benefits generated by scientific research on the collider, there is another immeasurable 'knowledge' benefit.
Every operation of the Large Strong Particle Collider will produce a large amount of data, which may contain the truth about the universe.
For example, the discovery of elementary particles such as the Higgs particle does not seem to have played a big role in advancing science and technology today, but in the future, these things will become the most valuable wealth of civilization.
Just like no one paid attention to the electromagnetic induction theorem when it first came out, but now, electricity has become an indispensable physics for human beings.
Invest in science today and people will find its usefulness and value in the future.
He didn't waste much time on things like gravitons. After sorting out the ideas in his mind, Xu Chuan left the room and returned to the International Congress of Mathematicians.
This conference only happens once every four years, so you can’t miss it.
In particular, the lectures of other people who won the Fields Medal this year, as well as the lectures of top mathematicians such as Terence Tao, George Williamson, Brendler, etc., are not to be missed.
On the other hand, the older generation of giants like Wiles, Gowers, Deligne, and Faltings rarely give reports at the International Congress of Mathematicians.
On the one hand, it is to leave some opportunities for latecomers, on the other hand, these big names are too old and too high.
Although many people such as Deligne and Faltings are still engaged in mathematical work, their focus is no longer on breaking through the boundaries of mathematics.
Just like Professor Deligne, although he is still studying the standard conjectures left by Mr. Grothendieck, his focus now is more on serving as a professor in the college and training the next generation of mathematicians.
After several days of lectures and listening to reports from many mathematicians, Xu Chuan gained more or less insights or ideas about the mathematical fields he was interested in, which was a great gain.
The quadrennial International Mathematical Congress is indeed the top exchange and report meeting in the field of mathematics. Apart from the mathematicians who are invited to give 45-minute and one-hour reports, it is those who apply for the 10-minute report from the International Mathematical Union. The reports are full of eye-catching ideas.
After listening to a report as a habit, Xu Chuan walked while reflecting on what he had just gained. As soon as he walked out of the hall, a voice came to his ears.
"Professor Xu Chuan, wait."
He looked up and saw that the person who stopped him was Fefferman, the chairman of the mathematics department at Princeton. Xu Chuan responded with a smile: "Professor Fefferman, are you here too?"
"I'm here to see you. Do you have time later? Let's chat?" Fefferman asked with a smile.
"Of course." Xu Chuan nodded.
"Then come with me." Fefferman took the lead and walked towards the outside of the reporting room.
Xu Chuan followed and asked as he walked: "What do you think about the NS equation?"
Fefferman shook his head and said: "That's not true. I haven't studied NS equations during this period, and ideas and inspiration are not so easy to come by. The phased results submitted to the "Annual Review of Mathematics" have not yet passed the review. ”
"What's that?" Xu Chuan couldn't help but be curious.
Fefferman smiled and said: "Actually, I didn't come looking for you, I was asked to come here by others."
Hearing this, Xu Chuan's pupils shrank and he said no more. He probably guessed what was going on, but he didn't pay too much attention. This is Brazil, not the United States.
Following Fefferman, the two soon arrived at a hotel outside the venue.
Entering the elevator, the two came to Fefferman's place. When they entered the room, Xu Chuan's eyes moved. As he expected, he knew the person in the room. He was the director of the US Immigration Office, who was responsible for the immigration matters of top talents. , Qiu Chengtong, Chen Shengshen, Yang Zhenhuan and other top talents were attracted by them.
Seeing Xu Chuan, the people in the room quickly walked over, with warm smiles on their faces, and extended their right hands enthusiastically: "Hello, hello, this is Professor Xu Chuan. Seeing is better than hearing a hundred times. He is so young and talented.”
Xu Chuan smiled and stretched out his hand to shake it and said: "Hello."
On the side, Fefferman introduced: "This is Professor Xu Chuan, and this is Director Andre Mirel of the Immigration Office."
Xu Chuan nodded and said: "Hello, Director Andre."
Andre smiled and said: "I'm disturbing you, Professor Xu. I hope it doesn't affect your business. Come on, sit here first."
Xu Chuan nodded and sat down.
It was expected that people from the U.S. Immigration Office would find him. In fact, it could even be said that it was a bit late.
According to his speculation, normally, after Hodge's guess passed the peer review, the other party would have come to him, but for some unknown reason, it had been delayed until now.
On the side, Professor Fefferman made three cups of tea and brought them over.
"Professor Xu, try it. This is the Yuqian Longjing that my friend brought over before. It should be very good." Andre stood up with a smile and brought a cup to Xu Chuan.
"Thank you." Xu Chuan smiled and took the tea cup.
"Professor Xu likes it. I have another pack here, which I will give to you later."
Andre smiled and took a sip of tea. After chatting with Xu Chuan for a few words, he changed the subject and said with a smile: "Our country, the United States, is the most economically developed country in the world, whether it is scientific research, pension, medical education, welfare, etc." All resources are No. 1 in the world.”
"We have the most open immigration system in the world and an inclusive and multicultural atmosphere. There are millions of Chinese working here. They also enjoy the benefits and citizenship treatment of the United States without encountering any discrimination."
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Xu Chuan's eyelids twitched and he held the teacup without saying anything, knowing that the other party's invitation was coming.
Sure enough, Andre continued: "I came here this time to invite you to join our country, the United States. Geniuses come from young, and our country, the United States, has always been eager to attract top scholars like you, Professor Xu."
"In order to show our respect and respect for you, we will improve your treatment in the United States. Your annual salary will be double that currently provided by Princeton. You will be given an annual salary of two million meters and we will buy you a building in Princeton. A villa for you to live in, and a car worth 200,000 meters for your transportation, you can choose any of these. ”
"In addition, we will match you with the corresponding scientific research funds, and will not distribute them or interfere with your research. If you need it, the United States will give you the greatest help in scientific research."
"Whether it's mathematics, physics, or astronomy, from supercomputers to the Large Strong Particle Collider, to astronomical observation equipment, and even the Hubble Telescope, you can apply to use it."
"Finally, the United States will hold a special coronation ceremony for you and grant you the honor of being an academician of the National Academy of Sciences."
"If Professor Xu is willing to immigrate, I will immediately arrange personnel to carry out the operation. You do not need to teach you anything during the whole process. You only need to sign the document."
"Including your relatives, whether they are parents or girlfriends, according to the three-generation relationship, as long as they are included and willing, we will arrange immigration for you and pick them up to reunite with you as soon as possible."
"I wonder what your wishes are, Professor?"
(End of chapter)