Chapter 413 Shocking doubt! BKS theory! The law of conservation of energy and the law of conservation of momentum are wrong?
The photoelectric effect and Wu-Compton effect effectively prove the wave-particle duality of light.
At this moment, even the most stubborn physicists are beginning to gradually accept this incredible concept.
Anyway, modern physics is already racing on the road to absurdity, so adding another wave-particle duality seems to be nothing.
Li Qiwei once again shocked the world of physics because of the wave-particle duality of light.
Everyone understands that the man who spent four or five years building the city of science has not strayed far away from cutting-edge research in physics.
He still maintains the keenest intuition for physics.
With one move, it can stir up the storm and add an important concept to physics.
This kind of state that has always been maintained at the peak makes physicists extremely envious.
“Does Professor Bruce have no limits?”
However, just when everyone thought that the nature of light was about to be finalized, an accident happened.
Institute of Theoretical Physics, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Bohr has been committed to the development of the institute over the years.
He rejected the olive branches extended to him by universities in the United States, Britain, Germany and other countries.
But he resolutely returned to his motherland, Denmark, to develop physics and build an international research center.
Bohr had an orthodox background in physics and studied under Professor Bruce.
In addition, he is the proposer of the Bohr-Lee model, so his status in the field of physics is self-evident.
Bohr’s status in Denmark is equivalent to Li Qiwei’s status in China.
In addition, Bohr attached great importance to equality, free discussion, and a cooperative academic research atmosphere.
Therefore, the institute he built in Copenhagen attracted outstanding physicists from all over the world.
At this moment, inside the research institute.
A discussion is ongoing.
Bohr, Slater, Kramers, and Koronig sat in a circle.
Slater is an American physicist. He was traveling in Europe during this time and happened to visit Bohr's institute.
Kramos is from the Netherlands and is currently a doctoral student of Bohr.
Historically, Kramers would have succeeded Ehrenfest at Leiden University.
The content discussed by the four people was exactly the Wu-Compton effect.
Bohr has always followed his mentor's example and focused on equal debate for everyone in academic exchanges.
He believes that only through debate can we jointly discover the true meaning of science.
A physicist who cannot debate means that he cannot stick to his own point of view. Even if he happens to publish a paper, he will not become a great physicist.
But the result of the debate was that Bohr won every time.
No wonder he likes to debate.
Now, Bohr is ready to point the finger at his mentor, Professor Bruce.
“I read Wu and Compton’s paper carefully.”
“There is a fatal problem in their experiment.”
"The Wu-Compton effect only means that the wavelength of X-rays changes after being scattered by matter."
"But this change is most likely not caused by X-rays, but by atoms. "The electrons collided with X-rays emit radiation due to quantum transitions."
"These are the sources of X-rays with longer wavelengths. "
Slater, Kramers, and Kroenig were all a little shocked after hearing Bohr's words.
Good guy, this is preparing master and disciple to turn against each other.
But they admired Bohr's courage and strength very much.
Because what the other party said makes perfect sense.
Slater was very interested in this problem and said:
"Professor Bohr, your angle is very strange."
"I just have an idea."
"I think there may be a [virtual radiation field] between atoms."
"Atoms establish contact with other atoms through this radiation field."
"In this way, a large number of X-rays of the same wavelength can be generated."
Although Kramos is only a doctor, he is more lively than the taciturn Koronig.
He spoke enthusiastically:
"Tutor, if your idea is right, I think we need to establish a new mechanism."
"Abandon the concept of light quantum in atoms absorbing and emitting radiation The causal relationship between "
This statement is a bit vague, but it means directly giving up the concept of light quanta.
Kronig was frightened when he heard this.
"Good guy, you want to challenge Professor Bruce."
"Even Professor Bohr did not directly deny the light quantum."
Kronig pinched Kramos. sweat.
At the same time, he was a little envious of the other party.
Isn’t this what Professor Bruce said: “Dare to show your sword to authority”.
But he just couldn't do it himself.
When Bohr heard this, his eyes lit up instantly.
“Kramos, your idea is very bold, but also very good.”
“That is the purpose of debate.”
“And, again, I thought The problem with the Wu-Compton effect ”
"That is, it cannot observe the interaction between a single light quantum and an electron."
"So it can only prove the concept of light quantum in an average sense."
"So, I even think that for For a single quantum, the law of conservation of energy and the law of conservation of momentum may no longer be true.”
Wow!
Bohr’s words shocked the three of them.
The two major conservation laws were actually abandoned by Professor Bohr!
This is even more outrageous than giving up the concept of light quanta.
It’s so outrageous that his mother opened the door to outrageous people. It’s so outrageous.
Slater objected on the spot.
"Professor, I think your idea is open to question."
Bohr said eloquently: "No, I have a reason."
"In the papers of Wu Youxun and Compton, single light quanta and electrons were used to explain."
" But if we weaken it into a statistical effect, we can actually achieve the same effect."
"That is, for a single quantum, it does not need to obey the conservation of momentum and energy."
“As long as they are statistically and macroscopically conserved.”
It must be said that Bohr's powerful speech and debating skills impressed the three of them.
Slater's eyes widened, and he felt that the more he listened, the more sense it made.
However, isn’t this a bit too incredible?
Kramos looked at his mentor with admiration, and couldn't help being shocked.
“Professor Bohr is indeed a peerless figure in the field of physics.”
"This idea of giving up the law of conservation of single quantum is simply shocking."
Only Kroenig was dumbfounded. He could no longer keep up with the rhythm of the three of them.
Bohr said encouragingly: "Kronig, tell me what you think."
"We are having an equal academic discussion, and any opinion can be expressed."
Kronig ultimately did not express his opinion.
"Professor, I have been studying the fourth quantum number recently, and I have not studied the wave-particle duality of light."
Bohr was not angry, smiled, and said with emotion:
" Koronig, your inability to debate may be at a disadvantage in the future.”
Koronig smiled honestly and scratched the back of his head.
He felt that Professor Bohr was a bit alarmist. However, what he didn't know was that soon, because of his personality, he would miss an achievement that he would regret for the rest of his life.
At this time, Slater suddenly asked worriedly:
"Professor Bohr, after our paper is published, it should not cause any misunderstanding by Professor Bruce."
"We are just questioning the Wu-Compton effect."
Bohr laughed.
"Haha, don't worry."
"Professor Bruce always welcomes people to challenge him."
"The truth becomes clearer with more debate, not that discussion is not allowed."
"There is an old Chinese saying: A disciple does not have to be inferior to his teacher, and a teacher does not have to be better than his disciple."
The three of them were immediately in awe of Professor Bruce's mind, and at the same time they were sincerely convinced by Bohr.
However, that night, Bohr quickly sent an urgent letter to the Institute of Quantum Research.
“My dear teacher, this is what happened.”
——
When Gregory received Bohr’s paper, he couldn’t believe it. Eye.
“Oh, God, Bohr’s paper is too exaggerated.”
"It seems that he is the only one who has the true legacy of Professor Bruce."
"Either he will not publish a paper, or he will publish an earth-shattering paper."
"He actually doubts the law of conservation of energy and momentum. Conservation law?”
“Although it is only questioned at the single quantum level, it is shocking enough.”
At this moment, Gregory hesitated.
Even though Bohr was his little brother, he did not dare to put this paper in the main issue, or even on the cover.
After much thought, he finally gritted his teeth and decided to publish it in a sub-journal.
August 30, 1919.
The physics sub-journal of "Nature" published a paper by Bohr and three others.
Bohr named their theory "BKS theory".
They are taken from the initials of the three people's names.
Since Koronig did not participate in the discussion, he naturally could not sign his name in the paper.
Bohr was very strict on this point.
He often said to students: "Everyone must be responsible for their own research."
"Any paper with your name must mean that you have made your own contribution in it. .”
"If you have not contributed to a paper, then you should not be signed."
"Even if I am not guiding you, you don't need to bring my name."
This was Bohr, a physicist with great charisma who was deeply loved by his students.
As soon as the BKS theory was published, it caused a sensation even greater than the Wu-Compton effect.
Everyone was shocked by Bohr's courage.
"Oh, God, Bohr fired at his teacher again."
"Last time Bohr opposed the atomic planetary model, the result was the Bohr-Lee model."
>"So this time Bohr opposes the wave-particle duality of light, what new theory will be born?"
"Sure enough, as soon as Professor Bruce came back, the world of physics became exciting."< br>
“However, the BKS theory does have some truth, and Wu Youxun and Compton’s experiments seem a bit crude.”
However, for physics big guys, they cannot accept Bohr's denial of the law of conservation in any case.
When Einstein wrote to Born, he said:
"If the BKS theory is correct, I would rather be a shoe repairman than a physicist."< br>
When Born inadvertently leaked Einstein's words, it caused another sensation.
The vast majority of physicists support Einstein.
Because Bohr's views are so appalling.
The law of conservation of energy and the law of conservation of momentum have been verified by countless physicists, and there are countless iron-clad facts.
No one will believe they are wrong.
Of course, if Professor Bruce openly questions the law of conservation.
That’s hard to say.
The big guys dare not imagine that scene.
After hearing Einstein’s complaints, Bohr just smiled.
He knew the temper of his good friend, his mentor.
He himself also had a deep friendship with Einstein, and he knew the other person's temper very well, he was so direct.
University of Chicago.
Wu Youxun looked at Bohr's paper, and at this moment he finally felt the charm of academic confrontation.
At the same time, he also understood why Europe leads Asia in the field of science.
Because open academic debate is very popular here.
Everyone uses strict logic and accurate experiments to explain and defend their opinions.
In the current China, it is relatively difficult to form this kind of atmosphere.
Bohr's BKS theory can be said to have pointed out the problem between him and Compton.
In front of such a big boss, any flaws in the experiment will be magnified.
"Compton, it seems we have to be busy again."
Compton smiled and said: "In order to publish the paper as soon as possible, we did a bit rough before."< br>
“Unexpectedly, Professor Bohr discovered the problem immediately.”
"Only now do I understand the gap between me and those big guys."
A month later, Wu Youxun and Compton released more sophisticated research results.
The data show that in the Wu-Compton effect, there is an obvious simultaneity and angular correlation between the appearance of recoil electrons and scattered light.
This shows that the X-rays with longer wavelengths are not caused by electron transition radiation, but are caused by the collision of X-rays and electrons.
There is nothing wrong with the wave-particle duality of light.
Immediately afterwards, two physicists in Germany used more sophisticated instruments to confirm that energy and momentum are still conserved when single electrons collide.
They used a very clever method.
Because it is not possible to emit a single photon in this era.
As a result, the BKS theory can only fail.
However, no one despised or ridiculed Bohr because of this.
Because Bohr's behavior set an example for everyone.
That is, modern physics is far from mature.
Anyone can make important points as long as they are careful and dare to question.
This top academic debate has fascinated countless people.
Bohr’s bold hypothesis makes people unable to help but say:
"He is the next Professor Bruce."
In this controversy, Ridgway did not speak publicly from beginning to end.
Only after the result was confirmed, he said:
"Bohr is very good."
At this point, no one doubts the wave-particle duality of light.
Newton and others could finally shake hands and make peace.
But now physicists have a headache.
They need to come up with new theories to explain this incredible phenomenon.
How to understand the duality of light.
At the same time, everyone conventionally refers to light quanta as photons.
This is used to emphasize the particle nature of light.
Those who study quantum theory now need to consider how to incorporate photons into quantum theory.
Just when the physics community is troubled by the wave-particle duality of light.
Li Qiwei is about to attend the inaugural meeting of the International Astronomical Union.
(End of this chapter)