Chapter 420 Proton-Electron Model! Shocked the whole audience! An end to the periodic table and radioactivity!
After Sherrington made a simple speech, the annual meeting entered the second part.
Conference report!
Although the academicians of the Royal Society come from different disciplines, the big guys attach great importance to interdisciplinary exchanges.
This is especially true in the field of natural sciences.
A biologist or medical scientist must have in-depth research on chemistry.
Otherwise, he would not be able to analyze how the chemical reactions in living organisms proceed and what their effects are.
The living organism itself is a huge furnace of chemical reactions.
Similarly, a chemist must also understand physics.
The principles of many chemical measurement methods come from breakthroughs in physical theory.
The most typical ones are X-ray analysis of crystal structure, quantum theory's explanation of flame color reaction, etc.
As for a physicist, he is the source of science, which is why physicists are so awesome.
As the king in the field of natural science, physics’ status is not earned but formed naturally.
Therefore, the status of physicists in the Royal Society will be raised to a higher level.
Not to mention top physics tycoons like Li Qiwei and Rutherford.
At this moment, the first person to take the stage was Rutherford.
The topic he shared today is the discovery of the proton.
Looking at the majestic Rutherford, Sherrington smiled and said to Thomson next to him:
“Cavendish’s research on atoms has surpassed all philosophy in the past and present. Family’s understanding of the origin of the world.”
“I don’t know what those great sages would think if they saw this scene.”
"I really envy you, Professor Thomson."
"You can teach such outstanding students."
"Can you teach me some experience."
Tom Xun smiled upon hearing this.
He knew very well why the newly appointed president of the Royal Society cared so much about cultivating students.
When Sherrington was a teenager, he was an out-and-out street gangster who kept getting into fights and was expelled from school.
Now it's better, he seems to be out of control, and he is even more unbridled, idle and doing nothing all day long.
Soon, he met a beautiful milkmaid girl and confessed his love to her.
However, the girl said scornfully:
"Even if I jumped into the Thames, I would not marry a gangster like you."
A sentence that wakes up the dreamer.
He felt that he wanted to make progress, so he begged the school to accept him again.
Since then, Sherrington has reformed and worked hard.
Finally achieved extraordinary achievements in science.
Therefore, when Sherrington later trained his students, his purpose was to never give up.
But he himself belongs to the self-awakening category and can climb out of the quagmire with his own perseverance.
It would be too difficult for him to enlighten others.
At this time, Thomson did not hide his secrets and revealed his core secret method.
"Let them not get married and have children too early."
The ages when Ridgway and Rutherford got married were indeed too late for this era.
When Sherrington heard this, he seemed to be connected to the Ren and Governor channels.
"Yes, if I had continued to stalk that beautiful girl."
"In the end, I would have harmed both her and myself."
“Because I left love behind, I was able to concentrate on studying science.”
“Professor Thomson, you talk too much.”
Thomson smiled slightly, hiding his merit and fame.
At this moment, while the two big guys were exchanging experiences, Rutherford was already standing on the podium.
His eyes gradually swept across everyone, and finally settled on Li Qiwei's face, revealing a smile.
This made Li Qiwei’s hair stand on end and his butt couldn’t help but twist.
Rutherford said in his magnetic voice:
“During my studies at Cavendish and McGill University, my research topic has always been radioactivity.”
“I proposed the elemental transmutation hypothesis and the concept of decay to explain the nature of radioactivity.”
< br>“Why does uranium decay into thorium, thorium then decays into radium, and radium then decays into other elements.”
“There is a certain fixed relationship between these natural radioactive elements. Relationship."
"However, my previous theory can only explain the process of radiation, but cannot explain the underlying mechanism."
"That is, what happens inside the atoms when the elements are reflected?"
"This question made me realize that I must start studying the atomic structure."
"That year When Professor Bruce proposed the planetary model, he predicted that radioactivity must occur within the nucleus."
"Because the planetary structure cannot explain the nature of radioactivity."
"He firmly believes that the nucleus must. There is a subdivision structure.”
“But theory can never replace experiment.”
“That’s why I have today’s experimental results.”
“The discovery of the proton proves that the atomic nucleus can indeed be subdivided. "
"We are one step closer to understanding the secrets of the atom."
Rutherford's eloquent speech made everyone deeply involved.
This is the charm of science, one question is always related to another question.
There are never shortcuts in science. Any problem you encounter needs to be solved. There will be more and more problems related to the problem.
This is why Rutherford gave up more research on radioactivity and turned to studying atomic structure.
Although during that time, many physicists discovered new radioactive elements, and the periodic table of elements became more and more abundant.
But these are rootless duckweeds.
All radioactive elements require a clear and unified theoretical explanation.
This is the most critical question, and of course the most difficult question.
As an authority in the field of radioactivity, Rutherford should bear such responsibility and crack this hard nut.
Now he has done it.
However, Rutherford was still not satisfied.
"But is the proton the end point?"
"I combined the proton theory and Soddy's radioactive displacement theory, but I still can't explain the nature of radioactivity well."
"I always feel that there are still several dark clouds above the radioactive head."
After hearing this, the bosses all smiled knowingly.
Rutherford This is a tribute to the deceased Lord Kelvin.
At the same time, everyone respected Rutherford even more.
The other party has obviously achieved such dazzling results, but he is still not satisfied.
Thomson looked at Rutherford with satisfaction.
My students are not blinded by fame and fortune, and they always have the pursuit of truth in their hearts.
Bruce even figured out the general theory of relativity, but he still continued to study and continue to explore the ultimate physics.
This mentality is more important than all results.
“So, in today’s report, in addition to sharing with you the research and discovery process of protons.”
“I would also like to hear if you have any good suggestions.”
"To borrow the words of Professor Bruce: A layman may bring more wonderful inspiration than an expert." "So, atomic structure is not only a problem of physics, it is a problem of the entire science."
"Everyone Everyone can put forward their own opinions.”
Then, Rutherford shared his experimental process and other contents in detail.
Moreover, he also proposed a new atomic nucleus model for the first time: the "proton-electron" model.
“When we know that the nucleus is composed of protons, our understanding of the periodic table of elements will also change.”
“In 1869, the Russian chemist Mendeleev first proposed the periodic table of elements. Table."
"He arranged the 63 elements known at the time into a table from smallest to largest relative atomic mass."
"And put elements with similar chemical properties in the same column."
"This is the prototype of the periodic table of elements."
"But when Professor Bruce proposed the planetary model, chemists The order of the periodic table of elements has been revised. "
"That is, it is no longer arranged according to the relative atomic mass of the elements, but according to the number of positive charges carried by the atomic nuclei of the elements."
"This is the current atomic number."
"The hydrogen atom has one unit of positive charge, so the atomic number is 1, ranking first."
"The helium atom has two units of positive charge, so the atomic number is 2, ranking second. And so on."
"And now, the emergence of protons has changed this sorting method. It has a new impact."
"Take nitrogen as an example. According to the previous definition, its nuclear charge is 7, so it ranks seventh in the periodic table."
" But the relative mass of the nitrogen nucleus is 14 times that of the hydrogen nucleus.”
"This shows that the nitrogen nucleus should be composed of 14 protons, and its nuclear charge should be 14."
Wow!
A large-scale commotion instantly occurred in the venue.
Physicists and chemists were shocked.
Especially the chemists headed by Sodi felt a sudden rush in their hearts.
Chemistry once again became an appendage of physics.
I don’t know how many times this has happened.
“Oh, God, are our chemistry going to be overthrown by physics again?”
“Biochemistry, how can we be biological!”
Sodi as Rutherford The former assistant knew deeply about the strong experimental ability of the man on the stage.
The other party's research results have a disruptive impact on the field of chemistry.
Seeing everyone's expressions, Rutherford smiled and quickly added:
"Of course, I am not denying the arrangement rules of nuclear charges."
"But I want to supplement it."
"I think the nucleus should not only consist of protons, but also electrons."
boom!
Rutherford’s words shocked everyone again.
A small atomic nucleus hides so many secrets.
“With the addition of electrons, the problem of nuclear charge can be solved.”
“Let’s take the nitrogen nucleus as an example. In addition to 14 protons, there are also 7 Electronics.”
"In this way, the positive charge of the proton and the negative charge of the electron cancel each other out, and the entire nitrogen atom nucleus shows 7 positive charges to the outside world."
"So its nuclear charge number is 7."
< br>"Assume that atoms The number of protons in the nucleus is N and the atomic number is Z, then there are N-Z electrons in the nucleus. "
"This is my proton-electron model."
I have to say, Luther. Fu's logic is impeccable.
The proton-electron model, based on existing facts, integrates perfectly with other theories.
This perfection made the chemists present simply ecstatic.
Because they think this is the true meaning of chemistry.
Professor Bruce proposed a planetary model of atoms, but he knew nothing about the nuclei in the model.
Now, Professor Rutherford has proposed the proton-electron model of the atomic nucleus, completely allowing scientists to understand the structure of the atomic nucleus.
At the same time, the structure of atoms is also clear.
No one expected that Rutherford would bring such a blockbuster theory to a report meeting.
It shocked the physics and chemistry circles at the same time.
Everyone couldn't help but look at Thomson with envy on their faces.
Obviously, everyone thought this was Rutherford helping the teacher to support the scene.
It would really be meaningless if he just followed the script and told his thesis from beginning to end.
Nearly all the physical chemistry experts present have read Rutherford's paper, and there is no need to listen to it again.
Now, Rutherford proposed a model of the atomic nucleus based on the proton.
This not only improved the arrangement rules of the periodic table of elements, but also enabled atomic science to develop by leaps and bounds.
No words of praise can be said enough to describe this model.
Facing the eager eyes of everyone, Rutherford still had no pride.
He is still explaining his thoughts rationally.
“Based on this model, we can have a new explanation of the radioactivity of atoms.”
“As we all know, all known radioactive substances emit three different types of Rays: alpha rays, beta rays, gamma rays. ”
“Their essences are helium nuclei, electron flow, and electromagnetic waves.”
"Take the uranium nucleus as an example. If it loses 4 protons, it emits alpha rays."
"There are electrons in the uranium nucleus, so it can emit beta rays."
< br>"As for gamma rays, I guess they are caused by quantum transitions of electrons in the nucleus. ”
“Since electrons outside the nucleus can emit electromagnetic waves through transitions, the electrons inside the nucleus should also be able to do so.”
“At the same time, because the environment of electrons inside the nucleus is different from that of electrons outside the nucleus. Only then can we emit gamma rays that cannot be produced by extranuclear electrons.”
"The above is my analysis of the nature of radioactivity using the proton-electron model."
Wow!
When Rutherford finished speaking his theory, the entire hall fell silent.
Chemists lamented: "Rutherford ended the periodic table of elements."
Physicists lamented: "Rutherford also ended radioactivity."
Others: "Rutherford ended our ability to show off."
Everyone was impressed by this theoretical analysis, it was so perfect.
The most important thing is that, just like the original Bohr-Lee model, it solves various problems in reality.
Everyone can already imagine what kind of shock the physics world will have after today's lecture ends.
This is a theory that is as famous as the Bohr-Lee model.
Of course, the premise is that it must be verified experimentally.
The man on the stage is worthy of the title of Cavendish's pride.
Today’s content is enough to make Rutherford among the top physicists, and he can look up to Professor Bruce.
The big guys couldn't help but sigh:
"It turns out that Rutherford asked us to give us opinions before, but it was just his humble words."
"He himself already had the most perfect theory."
While everyone was immersed in Rutherford's proton-electron theory.
Suddenly, a voice sounded in the empty reporting hall:
“I don’t think it’s right.”
Boom!
Everyone was shocked!
(End of this chapter)