Chapter 421 Atomic Ripper vs. God of Time and Space! Proton-neutron model! Shocking appearance!
Rutherford's "proton-electron model" of the atomic nucleus amazed all the big guys present.
Like the original planetary model, it allows people to clearly understand the structure of microscopic particles such as atoms.
Existences that cannot even be observed with a microscope are depicted by human beings with their wisdom.
For a physicist, this achievement is intoxicating.
Although the planetary model was eventually replaced by quantum theory, the Bohr-Lee model did not negate the planetary model.
On the contrary, it has improved various existing problems.
Now, coupled with Rutherford's model of the atomic nucleus, the secrets of the atom were revealed.
An atom is a small ball.
In the very small area in the center of the ball, there is a nucleus.
Outside the nucleus, there are electrons moving at high speed in certain specific orbits.
The inside of the atomic nucleus is made up of protons and electrons, bound together in some way.
This model can explain almost all relevant physical phenomena.
The remaining question now is how protons and electrons are combined in the nucleus.
Physicists such as Thomson, Wilson, and Old Bragg all recognized Rutherford's hypothesis.
Because it is based on a lot of experimental evidence and logically rigorous conjectures.
But now, some people have expressed opposition.
Everyone couldn't help but look towards the source of the sound.
Everyone wants to know who it is that dares to object even though so many big bosses are optimistic about it.
The moment Rutherford heard the sound, a smile appeared on his lips.
His sharp eyes were locked on the tall man in the front row.
"Bruce, you finally couldn't help it anymore."
Wow!
Everyone was shocked!
Because the person speaking was none other than Li Qiwei!
"Oh, God, how could it be Professor Bruce? Aren't he and Professor Rutherford close friends?"
"You don't understand this. The more friends you are, the less you will care about it."
"You didn't see that Professor Rutherford's face was happy, not worried."
"This is probably the pinnacle of competition in the field of atomic research."
Everyone suddenly thought of a terrible fact.
Since Professor Bruce proposed the general theory of relativity that shocked the world, everyone has automatically ignored his other results.
But as the proposer of the planetary model, the other party has always been a leader in the atomic field.
In terms of research on atoms, I am afraid that only Thomson and Rutherford were the only two people present who dared to say that they surpassed each other.
This is simply an academic battle within Cavendish.
Everyone looked at Thomson with envy.
The Royal Society's limelight was completely overshadowed by Cavendish's group.
With these two great disciples in my life, what more could I ask for.
At this moment, facing the gazes of hundreds of academicians present, Li Qiwei looked calm and relaxed.
He stood up calmly, making people feel like a god had descended into the world.
Big academicians look at Li Qiwei just like ordinary people look at academicians. They only admire him and cannot surpass him.
Everyone was excited.
The public debate between the two big guys on such a cutting-edge physics topic was definitely a gluttonous feast in the academic field.
"Atomic Ripper" Rutherford versus "God of Time and Space" Bruce.
A discussion that will determine the future direction of atomic science is about to take place.
Regardless of the outcome, today's content will shock the entire physics community.
Everyone sighed in their hearts: "1919 was indeed the beginning of science's prosperity again."
Rutherford asked with a smile and a faintly excited tone:
"Bruce, what do you think is wrong with my theory?"
Li Qiwei said methodically:
"The proton-electron model does explain the periodic table of elements and radioactivity."
"But the existence of this model itself cannot withstand scrutiny."
"First of all, according to existing data, the size of the atomic nucleus only accounts for one hundred billionth of the volume of the atom, but it accounts for 99.9% of the mass of the atom."
"But if electrons exist individually in the nucleus, they will take up a lot of space."
"Because electrons are constantly moving."
"This is inconsistent with the extremely small size of the nucleus."
"Secondly, even if the electron can exist in the nucleus, what is its state?"
"I just calculated that if electrons and protons are so close, the electromagnetic force between them will be an astronomical figure."
"Under the action of such a strong force, it is impossible for the atomic nucleus to exist stably and will be torn apart."
"Finally, it's the quality of the nucleus."
"Take the three nuclei of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen as examples."
"The mass of a single proton is obtained by dividing the mass of their respective nuclei by the number of protons they contain."
"Logically speaking, the three results should be the same."
"Because they are all the mass of protons."
"But I just calculated and found that there is a 5% difference between them."
"Since Aston invented the mass spectrometer, we can now measure the mass of microscopic particles very accurately."
"So it's definitely not an error."
Wow!
Aston immediately felt countless eyes from the crowd directed at him.
The physicist, who also came out of Cavendish, looked a little embarrassed.
But he was extremely happy in his heart: Thank you, Professor Bruce. Originally, I only appeared in Chapter 227, but now I show up again.
After Soddy proposed the isotope hypothesis, Aston worked on the difficult problem of separating isotopes.
He invented the mass spectrometer, which can measure microscopic particles with an accuracy of one thousandth.
That's why Li Qiwei dared to say that 5% is definitely not an error.
"Therefore, based on the above analysis, I think Professor Rutherford's proton-electron model is wrong."
At this moment, everyone was completely dumbfounded.
This discussion at the highest level in the field of atomic science was truly fascinating.
The model that was perfect in the eyes of many big guys was full of loopholes in the eyes of Professor Bruce.
This is the difference in strength.
At this moment, everyone understood why some academicians could sit in the front row while others could only sit in the back row.
Because their strength does not allow them to sit in the front row.
"Phew! It's hard to imagine that Professor Bruce came up with this in such a short period of time."
"No wonder I just saw him lowering his head and fiddling with something. It turns out he was calculating."
"I'm curious, how does Professor Bruce remember the masses of those nuclei?"
"This is all fundamental to Professor Bruce."
“It’s so easy to pick up.”
The big guys have been impressed.
Thomson looked at Li Qiwei with great relief on his face.
The performance of his two disciples today gave him great satisfaction.
Such a high-level academic debate has not been seen in the Royal Society for too long.
And all of this was facilitated by him, Thomson.
Wilson looked at Li Qiwei with envy.
"Damn, Bruce still looks so handsome when he pretends to be cool!"
At this moment, Rutherford was filled with excitement.
He didn't feel hurt by Ridgway's retort.
Because in this world, there are not many people and things worthy of the opponent's action.
In other words, being questioned by Professor Bruce is an honor that not everyone is eligible for.
And he, Rutherford, is even more worthy of the other party's face-to-face attack.
Ridgway: I think you have Stockholm Syndrome.
Rutherford thought about it carefully and found that his proton-electron model could not explain these problems.
This is also normal. If it could be explained, Ridgway would not have brought it up.
At this time, Rutherford smiled and said:
"Well, Bruce, you are openly trying to tear me down."
Li Qiwei spread his hands and said helplessly: "Who let your theory have a flaw?"
Everyone: Stop flirting, two big guys. This is the annual meeting of the Royal Society.
Rutherford suddenly looked excited and asked:
"Bruce, I know you're not one to just ask questions."
"You must have thought of the answer, haven't you?"
"Or do you have another theory about the model of the atomic nucleus?"
Wow!
Everyone's emotions were once again aroused.
Especially the physicists and chemists looked at the man with burning eyes.
Today's discussion is crucial for both physics and chemistry.
It might even open up a whole new field.
Li Qiwei smiled softly.
"Yes, I do have some ideas."
As soon as he finished speaking, Rutherford's eyes flashed, and he was indeed right.
If Ridgway also came up with a theory.
So this is the real first confrontation between the two sides.
Rutherford suddenly felt that his mouth was dry and his blood was boiling all over his body.
Li Qiwei did not sell out and continued:
"I think it is possible to combine the proton-electron in Rutherford's model into a single particle."
"This particle is electrically neutral. Its mass is close to that of a proton, but smaller than that of a proton. It can exist stably in the nucleus."
"This will solve the three problems I just raised."
"Because there are no electrons in the nucleus, there are only protons and this new electrically neutral particle, so the first and second problems are gone."
"Also, because the masses of the proton and the new particle are close but different, the third problem can also be explained."
"Take the nitrogen nucleus as an example. The current atomic nucleus is composed of 7 protons and 7 new particles."
"So, we cannot directly divide the mass of the nitrogen nucleus by 14, but must calculate it separately."
"In this case."
Li Qiwei suddenly stopped, picked up the pen and paper he carried with him, and started calculating on the spot.
This scene directly shocked the academicians present and made their blood boil at the same time.
"God, Professor Bruce is going to work out his theory directly."
"It's terrible, it's really terrible."
"Is this the charm of the first person in the world?"
At this moment, the huge venue was so quiet that one could hear the needle drop.
People were secretly holding on to their restless hearts, not daring to make any noise to disturb the man.
There was a swishing sound in the venue.
It was the sound of the friction between pen tip and paper, and the collision of wisdom and truth.
The whole audience was looking forward to it and the whole audience was shocked!
One minute
Two minutes.
A full five minutes passed.
Ridgway finally stopped calculating.
I saw him exhale and say easily:
"Done."
"Using the new model, the finally calculated proton masses and new particle masses of the three atomic nuclei are the same."
"The error is one ten thousandth."
"This exceeds the accuracy of the best mass spectrometers, and I think the results are reliable."
The words just fell.
boom!
A huge gasp erupted in the venue.
Everyone was shocked by Li Qiwei's results.
"Professor Bruce gave a new atomic nucleus model on the spot."
"And it's even more sophisticated than Professor Rutherford's model."
"Because the proton-electron model cannot explain the problems, but the new model can solve them."
"Is this the strength of Professor Bruce? It is indeed terrifying!"
At this moment, Li Qiwei conquered everyone again.
Two atomic masters, two atomic models.
Professor Bruce wins!
At Thomson's suggestion, Ridgway's manuscript was passed around and viewed by everyone in turn.
This also facilitates the bosses to check whether the results are incorrect.
When Thomson saw the calculation process above, he was extremely shocked.
Because there are not only simple addition, subtraction, multiplication and division processes, but also thinking about the interaction between protons and new particles.
Neither Rutherford's model nor Ridgway's model actually explain how the particles inside the nucleus interact.
This is excusable.
Because with the current detection methods of physics, it is still impossible to penetrate to the proton level.
Suddenly, Thomson saw a word next to the new particle: Neutron.
"Bruce, is this your name for the new particle?"
Li Qiwei replied:
"That's right, since this new particle is electrically neutral and at the same time a microscopic particle similar to protons."
"So, I called it [neutron]."
Thomson nodded.
This naming is as clever as Rutherford's proton.
Protons, neutrons, electrons.
What a harmonious unity.
After listening to Li Qiwei's theory, Rutherford's heart was shaking like an earthquake.
Bruce actually boldly imagined the binary system of proton-electron as a neutron based on his foundation.
In this way, the model of the atomic nucleus becomes simpler.
And it avoids the elusive existence of electrons.
Rutherford had to admire that from every aspect, the [proton-neutron model] was better than the [proton-electron model].
This is the intuition of physicists.
They have a natural sensitivity to the symmetry, harmony and beauty of nature.
"This is really the blues style."
Rutherford naturally thought about other problems with the new model.
"If you want to prove that the [proton-neutron] model is better than the [proton-electron] model."
"Then the former must not only be able to solve problems that the latter cannot explain."
"What the latter can explain, the former must also explain."
"Well, in that case."
"The periodic table is fine."
"Radioactivity. Didn't even ask. No!"
"Wrong!"
"There's a problem!"
"Haha, Bruce, I also found the problem with your model."
"It seems I haven't lost yet."
"Who wins and who loses depends on the final experiment."
At this moment, Rutherford felt a sense of pride and ambition.
Facing Li Qiwei's sharp attacks and new theories.
Instead of being knocked down, he was about to fight back as well.
When the big guys were whispering about the new model, Rutherford said loudly:
"Bruce, although your model is good, it also has problems."
boom!
Everyone was shocked!
(End of chapter)