Chapter 422: Thoughts of separation and recombination! Endless shock! Professor Bruce ended all chemistry!
As soon as Li Qiwei's proton-neutron model came out, he instantly conquered the big guys present.
Compared with the proton-electron model, it is obviously more concise and reasonable.
Everyone saw sighs on Rutherford's face, indicating that the other party was also convinced.
However, today's speech is destined to have twists and turns, stimulating the hearts of the big guys.
Rutherford also discovered problems with the new model.
Hit the nail on the head!
Tit for tat!
At this moment, when he raised a question, the academicians collectively fell silent and looked at the stage expectantly.
A confrontation is about to begin!
Rutherford said confidently and meaningfully:
"Bruce, I just reinterpreted the periodic table and radioactivity using your new model."
"See if my analysis is correct."
Li Qiwei smiled slightly and said, "Come on, Rutherford."
Rutherford said:
"If the proton-neutron model is correct, then the order of the periodic table is simple."
"The number of protons in the nucleus of an element is the number of elements it has."
"Based on the relative mass of the atomic nucleus and the similar masses of protons and neutrons."
"We can know the composition of the nucleus of any element."
"Take lithium as an example."
"The relative mass of the lithium nucleus is 7, which indicates that its number of protons and neutrons combined is 7."
"At the same time, we can also measure its nuclear charge, which means that the number of protons is 3, ranking third."
"So the lithium nucleus is composed of 3 protons and 4 neutrons."
"By analogy, all elements can deduce the composition of their atomic nuclei."
"Because the relative mass of the atomic nucleus and the number of protons can be measured directly."
"So, even if neutrons are electrically neutral and cannot be measured by electromagnetic fields, we can still infer indirectly."
Rutherford's analysis shocked the chemists present.
Because this is simply perfect, even more perfect than the proton-electron model just now.
With the proton-neutron model, there are no more secrets in the periodic table.
From Mendeleev's relative atomic mass ranking, to the nuclear charge number ranking of atoms.
Nowadays, the periodic table of elements is finally sorted according to the number of protons.
And, from Rutherford’s logic, it’s almost impossible to be wrong.
At this time, Rutherford added another dose of surprise and continued:
"At the same time, the new model can also explain the nature of isotopes."
"Take the tenth element [Neon] (pronounced milk) in the periodic table as an example." (Is this the reason why Shi Hao loves to drink milk?)
"The most common one is neon 20, that is, the relative atomic mass of neon is 20."
"However, Professor Thomson later discovered neon-22 in uranium salt ore."
"In order to study the relationship between two elements, Aston invented the mass spectrometer."
"With the new model, we can analyze it easily."
"There are 10 protons, 10 neutrons in the nucleus of neon 20, and 10 electrons outside the nucleus."
"There are 10 protons and 12 neutrons in the nucleus of neon-22, and there are also 10 electrons outside the nucleus."
"This is why neon-20 and neon-22 have different relative atomic masses, but their chemical properties are similar."
"Because they have the same number of protons, they also have the same number of extranuclear electrons."
"This is the essential reason why their chemical properties are similar."
"So, the so-called isotopes are actually different atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons."
"Because they have the same number of protons, they should be ranked at the same position in the periodic table."
"The proton-neutron model gives us a deeper understanding of elements."
"Why are the relative atomic masses of various elements not integers? For example, lithium is 6.9412."
"It is because of the existence of isotopes that the number of neutrons between each isotope is different, which causes the relative mass to be calculated as a decimal."
Wow!
Rutherford's analysis of isotopes drove chemists absolutely crazy.
"Oh, God, I heard something!"
"Is this Professor Bruce's theory? It's really scary."
"This is not the end of the periodic table of elements. This is clearly the end of the entire chemistry!"
"With the proton-neutron model, the elements no longer have any secrets from us."
"What a wonderful speech."
At this moment, chemists went completely crazy.
The influence of physics on chemistry reached its peak under Rutherford's analysis.
The confrontation between these two top physics tycoons will directly create a bright future for chemistry.
However, everyone suddenly had a question.
Didn’t Professor Rutherford want to point out the problem with the proton-neutron model?
How come the current analysis proves the correctness of the new model.
"A bit strange?"
The big guys thought to themselves.
However, Rutherford did not keep everyone waiting for long.
He then reversed:
"It has to be said that Professor Bruce's proton-neutron model has undisputed advantages when analyzing the periodic table of elements and explaining isotopes."
"However, there are problems when interpreting the radioactivity of elements."
"According to the new model, when a radioactive element emits alpha rays, it actually loses two protons and two neutrons in the nucleus."
"Because alpha rays are the nucleus of helium, which is composed of two protons and two neutrons."
"But how do you explain the emission of beta rays?"
"The essence of beta rays is electron flow, but there are no electrons in the nucleus, so how can electrons be emitted?"
"In addition, since there are no electrons, there will be no electron transition, so how are gamma rays emitted?"
"This is my question about the proton-neutron model."
"Professor Bruce, can you explain?"
Wow!
As soon as the question came out, everyone present was shocked.
Offense and defense have changed shape!
"Professor Rutherford's question is just as sharp as Professor Bruce's question."
"The two of them are indeed the two giants of atomic science."
"They all have sharper intuitions about issues in the atomic field than ordinary people."
"What a battle between dragons and tigers!"
At this moment, even those present were all big guys in various fields, and they couldn't help but get excited.
Such exciting academic exchanges are not often encountered.
This is extremely demanding on the quality of both parties.
Not only should their levels not be too different from each other, they should also be much higher than ordinary people.
Only in this way can people have a feeling of admiration.
Just like two undergraduates, no matter how exciting the debate is, it can only make the big guys smile and not care.
At this moment, everyone suddenly focused their attention on Li Qiwei.
They wanted to know how the man would explain this problem.
Thomson sighed.
Next to him, Sherrington had just come to his senses, and the shock on his face had not faded.
He suddenly felt that as the president, could he really suppress the many bigwigs of the Royal Society of Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon?
This debate about the nucleus was an eye-opener for the neuroscientist.
The wisdom of the two is definitely the pinnacle of this world.
He looked at Thomson and smiled bitterly:
"Professor Thomson, why did you sigh just now?" Thomson heard this and said with emotion:
“My colleagues all respect me as [the person who opened the door to the atom].”
“But it wasn’t until today that I discovered that the inside of the door is so wonderful.”
"It's a pity that I no longer have the opportunity to go in and see with my own eyes."
Sherrington said: "You physicists are already very happy."
"At least the door can be opened."
"We medical scientists haven't even found the door yet?"
"The mystery of life has not even been revealed yet."
When Thomson heard this, he felt better and comforted Sherrington.
"Don't worry, you will definitely see it."
"I'll talk to Bruce another day and ask him to take time to study biology."
After saying that, the two looked at each other and smiled.
At this moment, Li Qiwei once again became the focus of the audience.
After listening to Rutherford's question, he felt that he was truly worthy of being the boss in the physics book. This ability to adapt to changes reflected the other person's profound background.
If it were an ordinary person, it would be absolutely impossible to answer this question.
There are no electrons in the nucleus, so how can electrons be emitted?
Without electrons, there would be no electronic transition, so how could electromagnetic waves be excited?
Logically speaking, these two problems are simply unanswerable.
Unfortunately, they met Li Qiwei.
"Then give this world a little shock."
boom!
Under the shocked eyes of everyone, Li Qiwei's momentum suddenly exploded!
There was a smile on his lips, which put the big guys in a trance.
Rutherford's heart trembled inexplicably.
"Bruce in this state is really scary!"
Ridgway finally spoke.
"Rutherford, you have a good question."
"However, my model is fully explainable."
As soon as he opened his mouth, Li Qiwei calmed everyone down.
His confidence made it impossible for anyone to question him.
"Answer the first question first, why can atomic nuclei emit a stream of electrons."
"We can first imagine such a problem."
"According to the law of conservation of charge, if an electron is ejected from the nucleus, since the electron has a negative charge, then the nucleus will inevitably have an extra positive charge."
"Excuse me, in what form does this positive charge exist?"
The physicists in the field began to frown slightly.
But as the thinking deepened, Thomson, Rutherford and other big guys suddenly thought of a possibility.
They were shocked.
Li Qiwei looked at everyone's expressions and knew that it was almost done.
He struck while the iron was hot and said firmly:
"Yes, it will only exist in the form of protons, because protons are positively charged."
"So, I think that when the atomic nucleus emits electrons, it is actually a neutron that changes into a proton and an electron."
"Then, the electron is decayed."
"This process satisfies the law of conservation of charge."
"This is my interpretation of Professor Rutherford's first question."
Wow!
Everyone opened their mouths in shock.
This idea is really too far-fetched.
They thought of what Li Qiwei said at the beginning: think of protons and electrons as a composite particle.
Now, when beta decay occurs, the composite particles are actually transformed into protons and electrons.
One point, one point, one point, one point, although the process is simple.
But what is shown in it is some supreme truth of the universe.
"Professor Bruce is probably the only one in the world who can come up with this kind of idea."
"I can't find words to describe its exquisiteness."
“I really don’t know how Professor Bruce’s brain grew.”
“This way of thinking makes people addicted and unable to extricate themselves.”
Rutherford's face was flushed now.
Ridgway's analysis made his soul tremble.
"It's wonderful, it's wonderful."
"It was as if the truth were dancing in front of me."
At this moment, everyone is immersed in this physical thought.
Li Qiwei looked at everyone's surprised expressions and smiled.
The proton-neutron model is worthy of such a reaction.
According to previous theories, when an atomic nucleus undergoes beta decay, neutrons will not only turn into protons and electrons, but also emit a type of particle.
This particle is uncharged, has only one millionth the mass of an electron, and moves at nearly the speed of light.
This particle was first conceptualized by Pauli in 1930.
It is the famous [neutrino].
Neutrinos are everywhere. Tens of billions of neutrinos penetrate the human body every second, but we can’t feel it.
Because it has no charge, its mass is too small, and it hardly interacts with any matter, it is difficult to capture and study.
Therefore, neutrinos are also called "ghost particles."
After Pauli proposed his hypothesis, Chinese physicist Wang Ganchang once proposed a method to detect neutrinos.
But unfortunately, his achievements were buried.
In this life, Li Qiwei will never let this happen.
At this moment, he continued:
"As for the second question, it's relatively simple."
"There is no evidence that electromagnetic waves can be generated only when electrons transition."
"When the nucleus undergoes alpha decay and beta decay, it will also be in a change in energy level, and this change will also produce photons."
"That's the so-called gamma ray."
"This is also the reason why electronic transitions cannot produce gamma rays."
"Because the energy levels of electrons and nuclei are very different."
"The above is my answer to Professor Rutherford's question using the new model."
"Of course, any theory must be verified by experiments. I am not sure that my model is correct."
"After all, my planetary model has already failed once."
"Next, we need the efforts of experimental physics giants like Professor Rutherford."
Li Qiwei ended with a joke, but apparently the bosses were not interested in the joke.
Many people didn't even realize that the answer was already over.
The shock given by the answer just now was unimaginable.
In Li Qiwei's description, the atom is like an extremely small but extremely precise machine.
People can't help but marvel at the magic of nature's creations.
It took a few minutes for many of the big guys to recover from the shock.
Rutherford has been drawing schematic diagrams on paper according to Ridgway's ideas.
The more he drew, the more he couldn't help but want to ask a question:
"Bruce, how on earth did you come up with this model?"
When everyone heard this, they all looked forward to it!
(End of chapter)