Chapter 433 reappears the shocking prophecy! Electronic duality! Clues to the fourth quantum number! Everyone is going crazy!
Li Qiwei's speech today is destined to shock the entire scientific community.
His status in the world of chemistry will become as dominant as in the field of physics.
Its brilliance is like the high sun, making the chemical sky no longer dark.
The electron shell model and the derived chemical bond theory make chemistry a logically self-consistent independent discipline.
From then on, chemists had their own theoretical weapons.
You can delve down to the atomic level, explore the essence of chemistry, and master the truth of reactions.
Instead of just tinkering with bottles and cans, and then weighing and measuring to see the changes.
"Professor Bruce delivered on his promise."
"The chemist is no longer an alchemist from now on."
This shows how high Li Qiwei’s status in the chemical world will be.
Nernst's evaluation as "the father of modern chemistry" is by no means an exaggeration.
At this moment, the entire venue was plunged into a sea of shock.
Everyone can't help but share their feelings with the person next to them.
For some people, being able to hear a speech of this level in their lifetime is enough to be considered a blessing.
Li Qiwei waited for five minutes before the venue gradually became quiet.
He always had a slight smile on his face, looking like a spring breeze.
It was as if the great and earth-shattering achievement just now was completely insignificant in his eyes.
He opened his mouth and said:
"You can ask any questions you have about the speech I just gave?"
"I really hope to communicate with you."
The crowd suddenly became commotion.
Only then did everyone remember that the question-and-answer session was the more thrilling part of Professor Bruce's lecture.
It was an academic competition where ideas collided and wisdom burst out!
It is the lifelong dream of all scientific researchers.
However, there are not many people in the world who are qualified to debate back and forth with Professor Bruce.
In front of such a great theory, if you ask a very stupid question, you will definitely die.
As a result, only whispers could be heard in the huge venue.
No one dared to raise their hands.
And most people really can't find any problems.
Although the electron shell model and chemical bond theory are, in a sense, just conjectures.
But this conjecture can solve too many practical problems.
On the contrary, this proved the correctness of the conjecture in disguise.
Therefore, everyone treats it as a new and correct theory.
Li Qiwei's coercion permeated the venue, making people unable to muster the courage to debate.
Just when the big guys in the front row were preparing to take the lead and set an example.
Suddenly, Pauli moved.
"Professor Bruce, I have a question."
As soon as he stood up, there was a burst of exclamation.
"Wow, it's that fat boy again!"
"What is he going to do this time? Now is not the time to talk nonsense like before."
"You must first understand Professor Bruce's theory before you can ask valuable questions."
"That kid doesn't even have hair on his mouth, so what kind of knowledge can he have?"
"It's probably the young people who want to impress the public."
"."
Everyone was obviously not optimistic about Pauli.
According to experience, generally the more out-of-the-box a person is, the less good they are.
But Heisenberg was different.
He knew very well that his senior brother was extremely talented and was definitely the top genius.
He looked at Pauli with envy. Even in the face of everyone's contempt, Pauli remained calm and careless about his surroundings.
It seems that no rumors can cause mood swings.
If it were Heisenberg himself, that would be absolutely impossible.
He also thought about asking his mentor Sommerfeld to introduce him to Professor Bruce after the speech.
Because he didn't dare to ask questions openly and confidently in front of so many people.
This is due to his character.
In the front row, Einstein looked at Sommerfeld's embarrassed look and asked curiously:
"This is your student?"
Sommerfeld smiled and said: "He is Pauli."
Einstein said oh and looked at Pauli twice.
Apparently, he had also heard Pauli's story.
"So he is Pauli."
"It's a little different than I imagined."
"But he is very good and courageous!"
"Bruce likes young people like this."
Suddenly, Einstein joked again:
"Sommerfeld, you might as well ask Pauli to study at Bruce's Quantum Institute for a few years."
"Take good care of his character."
Hearing this, Sommerfeld looked back and smiled with relief.
He murmured to himself: "Pauli is doing well this way."
At this moment, under Li Qiwei's gaze, Pauli calmly began to introduce himself.
"Hello, professor, I am Pauli, currently a student at the University of Munich, Germany."
"My mentor is Professor Sommerfeld."
As soon as he finished speaking, there was a small shock in the venue.
Obviously, Pauli's fame is no longer limited to the University of Munich, but has spread to German academic circles.
"Wow, it turns out to be the genius student known as the Whip of God."
"I heard that he was both an undergraduate and a doctoral student. I have never heard of such a thing."
"I have read the theory of relativity he wrote, and it is really good."
Pauli was the envy of many students.
Young, talented, and arrogant.
This is what students dream of themselves.
The big guys are relatively calm.
After all, Pauli is now just a genius in their eyes, not a truly accomplished physicist.
Geniuses, the bosses have seen too many of them.
Among you in the front row, who was not a genius when he was young?
The man on the stage is even more of a genius.
At this time, Li Qiwei was shocked.
"Good guy, it turns out to be Pauli."
"I didn't expect that he was still a little chubby."
"The one next to him who looks a little shy must be Heisenberg."
At this moment, Li Qiwei had expectations for the two of them.
These two are key figures in quantum mechanics.
I didn't expect to meet him on today's occasion.
He glanced at Sommerfeld with a smile, then looked at the brave young man.
"Hello, Pauli-san."
"Your tutor and I are very good friends."
"If you have any questions, feel free to ask."
Although Pauli liked to criticize people, he was not stupid either.
Facing the world's number one Professor Bruce, he must show enough respect.
He said: "Thank you, Professor."
"My question is about the relationship between the number of electrons and energy levels."
"In your electron shell theory, you layered the electron orbitals."
"The maximum number of electrons that can exist in each layer is strictly limited."
"According to your theory, the number of electrons is twice the number of energy levels."
"The first energy level can accommodate 2 electrons."
"The second level has 4 energy levels and can accommodate 8 electrons."
"And so on."
"But why can't all electrons be squeezed into the lowest energy level?"
"For example, all electrons are crowded in the first layer, or squeezed into a certain energy level in the second layer."
"In this way, the energy of the entire system will be the lowest and the state will be the most stable."
"If electrons cannot be packed into the same layer or energy level, then why can each energy level accommodate 2 electrons?"
"Logically speaking, one energy level represents one orbit, shouldn't there be only one electron?"
"If two electrons are in the same orbit, won't collision or other effects occur, causing the electron motion to be unstable?"
"Does this [2] have any special meaning?"
Wow!
Pauli's question surprised most of the people present.
Because they unconsciously ignored this issue during Ridgway's eloquent speech.
It seems like 2 times is what it should be, it’s natural, and there’s no need to prove it.
However, Pauli's keen physical intuition prevented him from letting go of this small detail.
There must be a deeper secret hidden here.
At this moment, everyone realized that they had underestimated Pauli.
The other party's reputation as a genius is by no means unfounded.
And it makes sense that this kind of genius likes to criticize people.
After all, geniuses make everyone feel stupid.
Einstein smiled and said to Sommerfeld:
"This young man Pauli is really good."
"He was able to spot the problem so quickly and was good at thinking about it."
"I'm ready to ask Bruce this question."
Sommerfeld was very happy after hearing Einstein's compliment.
Pauli did not disappoint him. Even when facing Professor Bruce, he was able to put forward his doubts to the point.
These are the qualities a good physicist needs to possess.
You can worship and envy, but you must not flatter.
Think independently.
After listening to Pauli's question, Li Qiwei sighed inwardly.
The physics giants in history are indeed worthy of their reputation.
Pauli was only 20 years old this year, and he had only studied physics systematically for a short time before he had such a profound understanding.
Isn’t this question obvious and easy to ask to future generations?
But in that era, when the front was full of fog, being able to grasp the key factors keenly was an incredible ability.
It's even a talent.
It is the key that distinguishes the big guys from ordinary people.
And this question will directly lead to the last piece of the old quantum theory puzzle: the fourth quantum number!
At this moment, Li Qiwei smiled and said:
"Thank you for your question, Pauli."
"That's a very good question."
"In fact, I haven't figured out how to answer it for a while."
There was another burst of exclamation from the audience.
Pauli also had a proud look on his face.
"I am indeed a genius, hehe."
Heisenberg secretly tugged on Pauli's trousers and gave him a look of admiration.
Li Qiwei continued:
"When I was thinking about the electron shell model, I naturally used the 2-fold relationship."
"Because it makes the arrangement of electrons very regular and perfect."
"So much so that I never thought about why it was 2 at first."
“Before today’s speech, I had been thinking about this issue, but I just had no idea.”
"But just now, after Pauli raised it, I suddenly had an inspiration." "I think this may be the most likely answer."
Wow!
As soon as Li Qiwei finished speaking, everyone was shocked.
In everyone's eyes, it doesn't matter even if Professor Bruce can't answer twice as many questions today.
In the future, as more people start to study, it will definitely be solved.
Chemists, especially, will never give up on this theory.
Even if it's a coincidence, you still have to come up with a reasonable explanation for the 2x relationship.
But now, in just a moment, Professor Bruce thought of the answer because of Pauli's inspiration.
"This is incredible!"
Einstein and other big guys also looked serious and became nervous.
Because this problem is purely physical.
It is related to the future of quantum theory, and no one cares about it.
Ridgway paused for a while and then said:
"You should know that there are three quantum numbers in the current Bohr-Lee model."
"It was through in-depth analysis of these three quantum numbers that I proposed the shell structure of electrons."
"But the anomalous Zeeman effect discovered by Yu Yin cannot be explained by three quantum numbers."
"So, almost everyone in the physics community believes that there must be a fourth quantum number."
"I myself hold this view."
"But unfortunately, no one has found any trace of the fourth quantum number so far."
"Because the number, shape, and direction of electron orbits have all been quantized."
"It's almost impossible to find properties that haven't been discovered yet."
"However, my intuition tells me that the fourth quantum number must exist."
"It's in an obvious place, but everyone ignores it."
"To this day, Pauli's question is why the number of electrons is twice the energy level."
"I probably thought about where this quantum number would be hidden."
"It is contained in the number [2]!"
boom!
At this moment, the entire venue was completely boiling!
Everyone was breathing rapidly with excitement, fearing that they would miss a word next.
That is content that may be related to everyone's fate.
Because the fourth quantum number is too special.
If Ridgway was talking about unified field theory or relativity today, people present would not be so excited.
Because those things are too far away from most researchers.
Basically there is no relationship.
It's like the competition for the throne of a country now begins.
But what does it have to do with ordinary people?
You do not have the status of a prince, and you are not even qualified to participate in this competitive game.
Such is the theory of relativity.
It's so hard.
For many physicists, it is something that is on the shelf.
Ordinary scholars simply don’t have to think about it.
But the fourth quantum number is different.
With the reference of the first three quantum numbers, everyone knows from what angle to think.
Although I can't find it yet, there is at least a glimmer of possibility.
Just like civilians also have the qualifications to compete for the throne.
How not to drive people crazy!
And now, Li Qiwei is about to give clues, making it easier for everyone to find the fourth quantum number.
This is an unimaginable blessing.
Everyone desires to be the lucky one.
The discovery of the fourth quantum number became famous in the world of physics and reached the sky in one step.
At this moment, everyone looked at Li Qiwei with burning eyes.
What that man does next will most likely create a top physicist.
This kind of strength is unpredictable.
Facing everyone's expectations, Li Qiwei smiled slightly and said:
"Pauli was right to say something."
"Since one energy level represents one orbit, one orbit should only accommodate one electron."
"It's like a train running on railroad tracks."
"Only one train can exist on a track at a time."
"But now, if my electron shell model is right."
"Then the fact is that there are indeed two trains on one railway track."
"On an electron orbit, there are two electrons."
"I think this weird property is caused by the fourth quantum number."
"This quantum number should act on the electron itself, causing the electron to undergo some unique change."
"But I don't have the answer yet to what specific properties it has of electrons."
"Everyone can brainstorm ideas and go back to them as their own research topics."
"Perhaps you here will discover it before me."
What Li Qiwei said is actually infinitely close to the [Pauli Exclusion Principle].
In real history, Pauli put forward this hypothesis when thinking about the 2-fold problem.
He firmly believed that only one electron could exist in an orbital energy level.
The so-called 2-fold phenomenon shows that the known electron orbitals are not one energy level.
How to understand it.
Electron orbital model according to three quantum numbers.
The electron orbit is determined by its sequence number, shape, and direction.
When an electron is in this orbit, its state properties are fixed.
But what if the electron itself also has quantum numbers?
Although two electrons exist in the same orbit, their states are different.
The image explanation is:
There is already a train on the railway track. What should I do if I want to add another train?
Simple, just make another train fly.
Its flight trajectory is the same as that of a railroad track, which means it also exists on a railroad track.
Obviously, the properties of the two trains are different. After all, one can fly and the other cannot fly.
This is equivalent to two electrons.
For example, an electron can laugh and an electron can cry.
If electrons also have such a "binary" quantum number, then this phenomenon can be explained.
Accordingly, Pauli proposed the following hypothesis:
In an atom, there are no two or more electrons with the same state.
In other words, four quantum numbers are needed to determine the state of an electron.
In this way, it can be easily explained why the number of electrons in each energy level is limited.
For example, suppose there are two electrons at a certain energy level.
Although these two electrons are at the same energy level, they are different because of their binary quantum numbers.
One is a laughing electron and the other is a crying electron.
Therefore, according to the Pauli Exclusion Principle, they can exist at the same time.
If at this time, another electron is added to this energy level, then a problem will arise.
Electrons only have two quantum states: crying and laughing. If three electrons are together, the quantum states of two of them will be the same.
This does not comply with the Pauli exclusion principle.
Therefore, this theory perfectly explains the 2-fold relationship and why electrons cannot all be squeezed into the same energy level.
Furthermore, this theory will soon be extended to a deeper level.
It will explain: Why does matter have volume? (I will talk about it in detail later)
However, after Pauli proposed the exclusion principle, he did not know what the fourth quantum number was.
Now, Ridgway predicted in advance that the fourth quantum number is related to duality.
It will surely speed up Pauli’s process.
Sure enough, Pauli seemed to have fallen into an epiphany at this moment.
He kept standing upright, thinking about duality in his mind.
"How to use binary quantum numbers to explain the behavior of electrons?"
"What properties of electrons have two quantum states?"
At the same time, the entire venue was eerily quiet.
Immediately afterwards, the sound of everyone swallowing saliva could be heard clearly.
"Oh, God, Professor Bruce predicted the fourth quantum number!"
"In other words, this quantum number has a total of two states."
“And it’s also related to the behavior of electrons themselves.”
“It’s just a little bit close!”
"Oh my god, what is it? I'm going crazy!"
"Once found, it will surely shock the entire world of physics!"
"."
Countless unknown ordinary scholars are scratching their heads at this moment.
It's like the crown is right in front of you, but you can't catch it.
It seems like there's only one step left, but it's like a natural chasm.
Many big guys in the front row were shocked at all.
But when they thought about the electron shell model just now, they suddenly felt that the fourth quantum number was nothing more than that.
For ordinary physicists and even senior physicists, the fourth quantum number is of course crucial.
They may not be able to publish comparable results in their lifetime.
But for Professor Bruce, it seems a bit bland.
It had just been a year since the other party returned to Europe.
He successively published the wave-particle duality of light, the proton-neutron model, the electron shell model, and the chemical bond theory.
So scary!
Compared with these results, the fourth quantum number is just so-so.
But the big guys know very well that the fourth quantum number itself is not worthy of Professor Bruce.
It is an important puzzle piece of quantum theory, and may even be the last piece of the puzzle.
From this perspective, its importance is even higher.
Therefore, even these big guys are not calm anymore.
Complete quantum theory is a theory comparable to the theory of relativity.
No matter who makes a small contribution, it will leave a mark in history.
However, soon, they will be shocked again by Li Qiwei’s words!
At this point, Pauli finally recovered from his exciting epiphany.
He couldn't wait to organize his thoughts.
He found that Professor Bruce had not gone any further since then.
This is very strange.
Pauli couldn't help but ask:
"Professor Bruce, with your power, can't you still think of what the fourth quantum number is?"
"Binarity, related to electrons, shouldn't be particularly difficult, right?"
Hearing this, Sommerfeld showed a strange expression.
What? Does our Pauli also praise others?
It seemed that the other party was completely impressed by Professor Bruce.
After hearing this, Li Qiwei smiled.
He glanced at everyone in the venue, then took a gentle breath and said:
"I have already discovered two quantum numbers, so I have to leave some opportunities for others."
Everyone smiled knowingly.
Then, he said seriously:
"The reason why I don't continue to study the fourth quantum number is because there are more important things I want to do."
Pauli was shocked!
Is there anything more important than this?
"Professor, what is that?"
Li Qiwei said:
"I want to reconstruct the entire quantum theory!"
hiss!
The whole audience was shocked!
(End of chapter)