Chapter 458 is a sensation in the physics world! "Only by finding the fourth quantum number can we surpass Pauli!"
Historically, the Pauli Exclusion Principle is a crucial theory in quantum mechanics.
Together with the minimum energy principle and Hundt's rule, it becomes the three major principles of electron distribution outside the nucleus.
However, compared to the latter two, Pauli's exclusion principle is particularly important.
Based on this principle, physicists can distinguish between fermions and bosons.
All fermions obey the Pauli exclusion principle.
Therefore, two fermions with the same quantum state cannot exist in the same space, such as protons, neutrons, electrons, etc.
Their behavior is consistent with Fermi-Dirac statistics.
All bosons do not comply with the Pauli exclusion principle.
Therefore, two or more bosons can be superimposed at the same position, such as photons.
Their behavior is consistent with Bose-Einstein statistics.
This should be easier to understand.
Protons, neutrons, electrons, etc. are "visible and tangible" existences, and they cannot be in the same position.
Just like two people cannot occupy the same space.
Otherwise, wouldn't it be a fusion?
But two different laser beams can be focused on the same point at the same time.
In other words, photons have no concept of volume, just like ghosts.
It’s incredible when you think about it!
Although this phenomenon may be something we have already become accustomed to.
But the reason behind it is very profound.
Fortunately, most of the particles that make up our world are fermions.
That's why atoms can occupy a certain volume and form the current macroscopic world.
This shows the importance of Pauli's exclusion principle.
It is the basis for many natural phenomena and plays an important role in many subdivisions of physics.
Now, when Pauli's paper was published, it instantly caused a sensation in the physics community.
His identity shocked all students and young scholars.
"Oh! God! The author of the paper is actually the bronze medalist in the second Physics Olympiad?"
"Oh my God! The contestants in the Physics Olympiad are so awesome!"
"We are all undergraduates, and the gap is too big."
"Excuse me, what is the level of publishing a cover of "Nature" as an undergraduate?"
"The instructor lets you ride on your neck!"
"Pauli is simply my idol!"
For a time, Pauli became the idol of all students.
Although he is young and frivolous and likes to criticize others, his personal strength cannot be overridden.
A completely crushing genius.
Because the other person is only 21 years old now and has not even graduated with a Ph.D., yet he has already published such an awesome article.
Many people even think that Pauli will become the second Professor Bruce.
In this regard, Pauli stated in a high profile:
"Although Professor Bruce is also my idol, idols are not for worship, but for transcendence."
Wow!
As soon as these words came out, Pauli was instantly thrust into the spotlight again.
People who like him like him even more.
People who don't like him can only endure it silently.
Pauli would be unhappy unless he published the same paper himself.
Otherwise, for people in the scientific community, they are just clowns and bring humiliation to themselves.
Ordinary students and scholars only know that this paper is awesome.
Otherwise, it would not be published on the cover of the journal Nature.
But they couldn't understand the impact this paper had on the physics community.
Because the Exclusion Principle is so profound that most people can’t understand it.
Therefore, everyone can only boast about Pauli's identity.
After all, if Professor Bruce published this paper, no one would be surprised and would just take it for granted.
However, for real physics masters, the situation is completely different.
They don't care about the rhetoric of young people, but are seriously thinking about the meaning of the paper.
Although Pauli's paper was not wildly imaginative, it was completely based on Professor Bruce's work.
But this kind of smooth and logical reasoning is what the big guys love most.
Professor Bruce's style, which is earth-shattering at every turn, is actually a minority in the field of physics.
University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
Bohr was deeply saddened after reading Pauli's paper.
He didn't expect that a young man could do this.
Taking quantum theory one step further.
This step may seem simple, but it is of great significance.
It gives Professor Bruce's extranuclear electron arrangement a real theoretical basis.
At the same time, it also provides more clues for the search for the fourth quantum number.
In this sense, Pauli is already a well-deserved physicist.
Since Bohr first proposed quantum orbitals, atomic models have experienced rapid development.
Now, with the emergence of the electron exclusion principle, the problem of electron arrangement outside the nucleus has been officially solved.
Quantum theory has entered a new stage.
This gave Bohr a feeling of overlooking the world.
After all, he was the founder of the Bohr-Lee model.
All developments in quantum theory are based on him.
Looking at Koronig in front of him, Bohr suddenly sighed:
"Today's young people are really amazing!"
"Koronig, do you feel any pressure?"
When Koronig heard this, he smiled calmly and said:
"Professor, I'm not stressed."
"Because I didn't participate in the Physics Olympiad with Pauli."
"I think Dirac and Heisenberg were under a lot of pressure."
Bohr was stunned when he heard this, and then laughed.
I have to say that my mentality as a student is very good.
Bohr taught his students without much ambition.
Like Sommerfeld and others, he never dared to hope to surpass his teacher, Professor Bruce.
He mainly cultivates students' interest in physics.
In Bohr's view, a genius like Pauli was indeed rare.
But ordinary scholars like Koronig also have their own value.
Although the other party may not be able to create a theory that shocks the world of physics, his down-to-earth and diligent attitude can make up for many shortcomings.
So Bohr never pushed his students.
This kind of attitude of letting nature take its course will have unexpected results.
Perhaps this is why his reputation is particularly good.
In real history, whenever students encounter a research problem.
Bohr would never discuss things with the other person immediately, but would take them hiking or walking.
Wait until your body and mind are completely relaxed, then discuss how to solve the problem together.
It is a pity that this kind of relaxed academic atmosphere will never appear again in the era of later generations where results and time are the only priorities.
Bohr always remembered what Professor Bruce said to him:
"Physics is all about the universe, but not all about life."
This sentence, which is rich in Eastern philosophical ideas, benefited Bohr a lot.
Every time I read it, I gain new insights and thoughts.
Bohr murmured: "And my life is only the universe."
Kroenig is not under any pressure at the moment, because his research will soon have an important breakthrough.
But some people are stressed. Leiden University, Netherlands.
Ehrenfest is sharing the latest advances in physics with students.
And what he was talking about was Pauli's paper.
"According to the exclusion principle, all electrons inside the atom will not fall into the lowest energy orbit."
"They must occupy orbits with increasingly higher energy in a certain order."
"At this time, the gap between electrons constitutes the volume of the atom."
"A large number of atoms together form a macroscopic position."
"Moreover, according to the exclusion principle, the existence of electron binary can be directly deduced."
"Because according to the electron arrangement outside the nucleus proposed by Professor Bruce, two electrons can exist in each energy level."
"The energy level represents the orbit, that is, there are two electrons in each orbit."
"Since they are electrons in the same orbit, it means that their three quantum numbers are the same."
"And now these two electrons must be incompatible, so their quantum states must be different."
"This leads to the conclusion that there is a fourth quantum number."
Ehrenfest was indeed a disciple of Boltzmann.
He clearly explained the relationship between the extranuclear electron configuration theory and the exclusion principle in very easy-to-understand language.
This impressed all the students present.
Although Professor Ehrenfest is not the most famous in the physics community, there is no doubt about his strength.
Otherwise, it would be impossible to succeed Professor Lorenz.
At this time, Uhlenbeck and Gudsmit looked a little anxious in the audience.
There was no way around it. Pauli's paper was like a bomb that stunned all the contestants of the Second Physics Olympiad.
"We are still silent in the cheers of talented students."
"You've already started to get involved in the boss's territory."
Ordinary players also have reasons to deceive themselves.
Because their own strength is indeed not as good as super geniuses like Pauli.
But Uhlenbeck and Gudsmit are different.
They were on the newspaper's talent list.
No matter how valuable and authoritative this list is, at least in the eyes of others, the two of them are geniuses.
Now Pauli was one step ahead of everyone and "entered the world of adults", making these geniuses feel the pressure.
After all, they were opponents playing together a few months ago.
Although there is a gap in strength between each other, everyone has an equal mentality.
Even the tenth-placed being dares to challenge the first-placed Dirac.
Until the last moment of submission, it is still unclear who will win and who will lose.
However, now, Pauli has simply flipped the table. People no longer play games at all, but start real physics research.
And the key thing is that he did not do research casually, but caused a sensation in the physics community.
This gap is like a chasm.
How could these geniuses tolerate such disparity.
It’s really like “I’m afraid of my brother’s hardship, and I’m also afraid of my brother driving a Land Rover.”
Wu Gu and the two listened very carefully.
They wanted to learn each other's excellent way of thinking from Pauli's papers.
Uhlenbeck said softly:
"Pauli found inspiration for this paper from Professor Bruce's speech."
"I think we can do the same thing."
"I want to read the minutes of the German speech a few more times."
"See if there is anything I missed before."
Gudsmit agrees with the idea.
“A very good idea.”
"We can ask Professor Ehrenfest for information after class."
"Also, Uhlenbeck, I think that only by finding the fourth quantum number can we catch up with Pauli."
"We must surpass that kid!"
Uhlenbeck looked at his friend, a little amused.
Although he was also under pressure, he still admired Pauli.
So, he smiled and said:
"Gudsmit, why did you react so loudly?"
"Did Pauli attack you?"
Gudsmit seemed to have thought of something bad.
He said angrily:
"At the end of the theoretical examination, Pauli and others were there to discuss the last question."
"I also went up to share my solution."
"In the end, I was humiliated by that Pauli guy."
When Uhlenbeck heard this, he was surprised. He really didn't know about it.
When the exam was over, he went to talk to Zhao Zhongyao.
In his opinion, this person is the real thick thigh, and maybe he can use him to get in touch with Professor Bruce in the future.
Pulling out a hair from that big guy's body is more effective than practicing hard for decades.
However, he was still curious about what happened to Gudsmit.
"Oh? How did he humiliate you?"
Looking back now, Gudsmit was still very angry. He said angrily:
"Pauli said I was a scumbag, my solution was nonsense, and it wasn't even a mistake."
Uhlenbeck didn't know whether to laugh or cry. This humiliation was indeed a bit harsh.
The image of that wild Austrian fat man seemed to appear in his mind.
He comforted:
"Don't worry, sooner or later there will be someone who can cure him."
"I don't believe he can never make a mistake."
"Even Professor Bruce missed it once."
"Oh, by the way, Goodsmit, did you get the last question right?"
Gudsmit suddenly scratched his head in embarrassment, his cheeks a little red.
"My solution is wrong, Pauli is right."
Uhlenbeck: "."
——
Soon, the big guys in the physics community called the electronic exclusion principle mentioned by Pauli in his paper the "Pauli-Bruce Exclusion Principle."
Because without Professor Bruce's theory and analysis, Pauli would not have been able to publish this theory.
Moreover, Pauli also drew on the concept of electronic duality in the derivation process.
Therefore, the bosses believe that Professor Bruce has made an indispensable contribution.
This is the scientific world, which is always fair and just.
As long as it is your achievement, even if you are an unknown student, no one will take it away.
If it is not your achievement, even if you are a big boss, you cannot share the honor it brings.
However, to Li Qiwei, this does not matter.
Pauli's paper was commissioned by him.
At that time, Gregory was not sure about the status of the paper, because the author was only a student after all, albeit a gifted one.
So, he sent it to Professor Bruce for advice.
Li Qiwei immediately gave instructions: It is recommended that the cover be published.
Since then, Pauli's name has resounded throughout the physics community.
In the Quantum Research Institute, Li Qiwei stood by the window.
His eyes sparkled with endless wisdom.
Unlike relativity, which is a one-man show, quantum mechanics is the work of many geniuses.
Next, it will be a splendid and prosperous time when you finish singing and I will appear.
And what role should he play?
(End of chapter)