Chapter 457 Why does matter have volume? Pauli-Bruce Exclusion Principle! Shocking announcement!
Time flies by and we enter 1921 in a blink of an eye.
This year will be the year that all physicists are most looking forward to.
Because after nine years, the third Blues Conference is finally back!
October 30th is destined to be the grandest carnival in the physics world and the most anticipated day in the entire scientific community.
However, spots at the Blues Conference are limited.
In order to get a chance to participate, many physicists tried their best to make breakthroughs in their research.
Not only the older generation of physicists, but also the newly promoted young people born in the 2000s are also beginning to gear up.
University of Munich.
The Second Physics Olympiad made Pauli and Heisenberg famous figures in the school.
If their genius relied on the evaluation of their bosses before, now they rely on their own strength.
A silver medal and a bronze medal.
This means that the two of them are the second and third among all their peers in the world.
What an honor!
Since Heisenberg won the award, his personality has become much more cheerful and no longer so shy.
Because he could feel the envy of everyone towards him.
After all, strong people will be respected at all times.
Therefore, Heisenberg is very satisfied with his current study life.
However, his senior brother Pauli was not satisfied at all.
"That guy Dirac is so perverted."
"I even suspect that a perfect score is not his limit, but the limit of the paper."
"When it comes to solving problems, it's impossible for me to beat him."
"If you want to surpass him now, you can only publish papers."
"Our battlefield in the future will no longer be exams, but real physics research."
Heisenberg heard this and said with a smile:
"Brother, you can definitely do it."
"Your strength is not exams, but real research and thinking."
"Even Professor Sommerfeld praised your doctoral thesis for being well written."
When Pauli heard this, he waved his hand and didn't take it seriously.
"Hey, nothing special."
"My doctoral topic is to study the application of quantum theory in complex particle systems."
"After studying for a year or two, I finally found that quantum theory cannot explain even the most basic hydrogen molecules."
"Not to mention other complex molecules."
"No wonder Professor Bruce wants to establish a quantum research institute."
"Although current quantum theory has made many achievements, there are still a lot of problems."
"Far less complete than the theory of relativity."
"This is our chance."
Having said this, Pauli's eyes flashed with light.
In real history, Pauli graduated with a doctorate in 1921, when he was only 21 years old.
His research topic is quantum theory.
The quantum orbital model proposed by Bohr was all based on hydrogen atoms.
All analyzes are about hydrogen atomic orbitals.
This is because the structure of hydrogen atoms is the simplest, and patterns can be easily discovered from it.
But when Bohr's atomic model is applied to more complex atomic or molecular systems, problems arise.
This is where quantum theory is imperfect.
At the same time, this also shows how powerful Pauli is.
He is not satisfied with the existing authority and has the spirit to break the casserole and ask the truth.
After hearing Pauli's ambitions, Heisenberg couldn't help but admire:
"I really hope I can attend a blues conference based on my results!"
In real history, Heisenberg's doctoral thesis was on fluid mechanics.
As we all know, this is a very difficult subdivision in physics.
It requires extremely advanced mathematical knowledge.
Perhaps it was precisely because of the rigorous training during his PhD that Heisenberg was able to derive the obscure matrix mechanics in the future.
After listening to Heisenberg's words, Pauli also had a look of envy on his face.
As physics geniuses, one can imagine their obsession with the Bruce Conference.
That is where the true pinnacle of wisdom lies!
Compared with the Physics Olympiad and the Bruce Conference, the light of fireflies competes with the bright moon.
Pauli had long regarded the Olympiad results as a thing of the past.
Now he has bigger ambitions, which is to get an invitation to the Third Blues Conference.
Pauli smiled crookedly like the Dragon King, obviously full of confidence.
Because, he finally had a breakthrough in another research topic.
In February last year, Li Qiwei was invited by Einstein to study in Germany.
At the University of Berlin, he gave a speech that shocked the world.
Not only did he use quantum theory to lay the foundation for modern chemistry, he even gave clues to the fourth quantum number.
It can be said that that speech made quantum theory more popular.
Countless physicists have joined in the study of quantum theory.
And Pauli was a blockbuster in his speech.
Not only did he ask sharp questions, he also received praise from Professor Bruce.
It later proved that Professor Bruce's vision was indeed correct.
Pauli proved his talent by winning the bronze medal in the second Physics Olympiad.
He is a true physics genius.
Ever since that lecture, Pauli became obsessed with one of these questions.
"Why is there a 2-fold relationship between the energy state and the number of electrons?"
For this reason, Pauli devoted almost all his extracurricular time to this problem.
Compared with his doctoral project, this problem is more urgent.
And he finally got results.
January 15, 1921.
University of Munich, physics laboratory.
Everyone who had just celebrated the New Year returned to their respective research positions.
As a professor of theoretical physics, Sommerfeld also had laboratory management responsibilities.
As his doctoral student, Pauli naturally came often.
Usually after class, Pauli would come to the laboratory for a walk.
If you put it aside, you would be what others call a "second-rate physics student".
In real history, Pauli became even more bohemian when he went to work as an assistant to Born at the University of Göttingen.
He even asked Born to send two maids to wake him up every day.
But now, everyone's attitude towards him has changed significantly.
All naturally because of the Physics Olympiad.
But today, Pauli's expression was rare and serious.
By chance, he met Heisenberg who also came to the laboratory.
Pauli looked excited, and he quickly shared his latest research results with Heisenberg.
"Heisenberg, do you still remember Professor Bruce's lecture in Germany?"
"Professor Bruce uses the electron arrangement rules outside the nucleus to explain the nature of the diversity of chemical element properties."
"And he also proposed that the maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in each shell is twice the number of energy states in the shell."
Heisenberg nodded and said:
"Yes, this is the origin of the binary nature of electrons."
Pauli clapped his hands and said with a smile:
"Yes."
"Although I don't know what electron duality is."
"However, I thought of a theory, or hypothesis."
"According to my theory, I can even explain why everything in the world has volume."
Wow!
Heisenberg was shocked when he heard this!
If true, this is a shocking result!
Professor Bruce explains why chemical elements have different chemical properties.
And now, this wild senior brother of mine wants to explain why chemical elements have volume.
Heisenberg was shocked. How did the other person spend this year?
A few years ago, everyone was still discussing Olympiad questions, but after this year you actually started to study the binary nature of electronics.
"Obviously we are senior brothers, but I didn't expect you to be messing with me!"
He quickly asked:
"Brother Pauli, please tell me."
"I can't wait to hear your theory."
Pauli said coaxingly at this moment:
"Heisenberg, you will have to help me when the time comes."
"My theory still lacks some mathematical proof, please help me improve it."
Heisenberg nodded quickly.
At this time, Pauli explained:
"Based on the concept of electronic duality, I proposed such a principle."
"That is, in an atom, there are no two or more electrons with the same energy state."
"I call this principle [Electronic Exclusion Principle]."
"This theory can explain why there is a limit to the number of electrons in an energy level, and why electrons are not all squeezed into the lowest energy state."
"And, precisely because electrons in an energy state cannot be in the same position."
"That's why atoms have the concept of volume."
"Heisenberg, please help me see if there is any problem."
With that, Pauli handed over the first draft of his paper.
Heisenberg quickly took the paper and read it carefully.
The more I looked at his face, the more shocked he became.
I admired Pauli deeply in my heart.
Although the electron exclusion principle proposed by the other party seems to be similar to the electron duality proposed by Professor Bruce.
It seems like a small leap.
But the meaning it contains is extraordinary.
"Brother Pauli, you are too strong."
"What Professor Bruce mentioned in the lecture was just a conclusion."
"With his unparalleled intuition, he discovered the relationship of 2 times at a glance."
"However, he did not give a specific mathematical proof."
"He didn't continue to discuss why it couldn't be a triple or quadruple relationship."
"And you proved theoretically that atoms can exist stably only if electrons satisfy the exclusion principle."
"The 2-fold relation becomes a corollary of the exclusion principle rather than an axiom."
"This is amazing!"
"This paper will definitely cause a sensation in the physics community!"
Pauli tried his best to appear calm.
But he couldn't do it.
Heisenberg simply praised him to his heart's content.
Because this result is so important.
And it is the most difficult kind of breakthrough in theoretical physics.
It can be said that there are not many outstanding theoretical physicists in the world now.
It's just that Professor Bruce is too outrageous, and he has raised the level of theoretical physicists by himself.
This will give everyone the illusion that theoretical physics is very simple.
But after really studying it, I know that no one will say anything when I ask.
At this time, Pauli said with rare humility:
"Thanks also to the concept of electronic duality proposed by Professor Bruce."
"On the basis of his work, I was able to develop the electronic exclusion principle."
Pauli really meant what he said.
No matter how crazy he is, he doesn't dare to ignore Professor Bruce's role.
Without the other party's foundation, it would be impossible for him to come up with the electronic exclusion principle.
And Pauli was grateful for one thing.
That's because Professor Bruce is too busy.
There are lectures and meetings everywhere, leaving very little time for real research.
Otherwise, Pauli felt that with the opponent's incredible strength, it would not be his turn to propose the Incompatibility Principle.
After all, in terms of mathematical ability, among all the physicists in the world, no one should be better than Professor Bruce.
Still, Pauli was proud.
"I can't compare to Professor Bruce, so why can't I compare to you little Karami."
Heisenberg envied:
"That also proves your talent, Brother Pauli."
"The speech was public, but no one else thought of it, only you did."
"Hey, by the time this paper is published, senior brother you and I will no longer be on the same level."
Heisenberg knew how important this paper was to the world of physics.
It proved Professor Bruce's theory about the electron configuration outside the nucleus.
It is also a huge supplement and improvement to quantum theory.
It is no exaggeration to say that with this paper alone, Pauli could become a physicist.
He will be the second Olympian after Wu Youxun to complete the transition from student to scholar as one of the top three in the Olympiad.
This step is no small matter!
It can also be said to be a step to the sky!
Even a genius like Heisenberg was envious.
Because from now on, when we call him Pauli, we can no longer call him Pauli the genius, but Pauli the physicist.
However, he was truly happy for his senior brother.
The friendship between them is the purest relationship.
Pauli chuckled and said:
"Come on, let's show this paper to Professor Sommerfeld and ask him for some advice."
After that, the two of them walked towards the office together.
The 53-year-old Sommerfeld has gradually retreated to the second line of research.
He puts more energy into cultivating students.
Pauli and Heisenberg were his hope and pride.
He did not dare to hope that all the doctoral students he led would win Nobel Prizes like Professor Bruce.
It’s like a fantasy!
Just one or two will make Sommerfeld smile from ear to ear.
The dramatic thing is that in real history, the number of Nobel Prize winners he brought out is exactly the same as that of Li Qiwei today.
At this moment, after reading Pauli's paper, his mouth opened wide in shock.
"Oh! God! This paper is beyond my imagination!"
"Pauli, you are amazing!"
"I seem to be about to see a sensation in the world of physics!"
Sommerfeld had no idea that Pauli could be such a genius.
Surprisingly, he was able to publish such a profound theoretical physics paper while still a student.
A super star has risen.
Most importantly, this was his Sommerfeld student.
Pauli and Heisenberg looked at each other and smiled.
It seems that there is no problem with the paper, even Professor Sommerfeld was conquered.
Pauli was already looking forward to the day the paper would be published.
What he didn't know was that his paper would announce the rise of the younger generation.
The future of physics belongs to young people!
——
February 10, 1921.
Pauli's paper was published on the cover of the journal Nature.
The Electronic Exclusion Principle was born!
Suddenly, there was a sensation in the physics world!
(End of chapter)