Chapter 463 The fourth quantum number is announced! Electron spin! Atomic structure and the solar system! The whole audience was shocked!
June 11, 1921.
Quantum Research Institute, large conference room on the second floor.
A seminar on quantum theory is about to begin.
The influx of seventy or eighty people made the conference room a little crowded.
But this did not affect everyone's excitement and expectations at all.
The bosses sat in front, and the students followed behind, sitting or standing, looking very casual.
It is completely different from the usual formal meeting style.
Li Qiwei stood in front and said:
"Twenty-one years have passed since the founding of quantum theory in 1900."
"It has also developed from a simple quantum concept to the current quantum model."
"Using quantum models, we can explain many previously unsolved mysteries."
"Periodic table of elements, changes in chemical properties of elements, atomic spectra."
"In addition to these general directions, there are also some subdivisions."
"For example, Professor Einstein used quantum concepts to explain specific heat capacity."
"Professor Ehrenfest applies quantum models to thermodynamics."
"Wait."
"There is no doubt that quantum theory has achieved impressive results."
"However, you and I here should know that this is far from the limit of quantum theory."
"There are always new theories emerging."
"For example, the exclusion principle discovered by Pauli is an important supplement to quantum theory."
When Pauli heard Professor Bruce mention his name, he immediately straightened his collar and looked confident.
His mentor, Professor Sommerfeld, was also there, so he kept a low profile.
"So, I am holding today's meeting and inviting everyone here for a simple purpose."
"The idea is to use your young people's wild imagination to expand the boundaries of quantum theory through brainstorming like this."
"Therefore, everyone must not be afraid of making mistakes."
"A classmate told me yesterday that he was worried that his research content would be wrong, so he did not dare to share it."
"This is putting the cart before the horse."
"Besides, if you don't make mistakes, then who should I educate?"
Everyone laughed, and their nervousness disappeared instantly.
Koronig glanced around secretly and found that no one was paying attention to him, then smiled awkwardly.
At this time, Li Qiwei continued:
"Let's change the order of today's meeting process."
“Students share their research first, and then we, the tutors, share their research.”
"Now I have a more and more premonition that the future quantum theory will definitely be carried forward in the hands of young people like you."
"I have to learn from you."
Wow!
Many students present were in awe.
As strong as Professor Bruce, he actually learned from them.
This is simply unbelievable to everyone.
They felt Professor Bruce's awe for academics.
In today's meeting, there is only exchange of academic equality, and there is no gap in status.
First up were the students from Rutherford.
The Cavendish Laboratory is not only a leader in the field of atomic structure, but also has made remarkable achievements in the field of quantum theory.
Because the material basis of quantum theory is exactly atomic research.
However, Dirac did not appear. He has not yet officially started physics research and is still an undergraduate student.
In today's meeting, Rutherford just wanted to bring him some knowledge.
Because Dirac had revealed to Rutherford that he wanted to engage in research on quantum theory.
Rutherford strongly agrees with this.
He believed that this young man would definitely achieve great things.
At this moment, the big guys in the front row looked calm.
In their opinion, students' research is still relatively immature.
But in the eyes of other students, Rutherford's students are still worthy of learning.
The content of the speech was logically logical and the data was accurate. It looked like he had received very formal training.
Pauli, however, looked sleepy and uninterested.
He felt that the research content of these people was too low-end.
However, although he was high-profile, he was not stupid and did not say it to his face.
Instead, he began to observe the people in the room.
When he saw Koronig's energetic expression, he looked very shocked.
"What's going on?"
"Is that guy still carrying his own garbage as a treasure?"
Pauli felt that the other party must have gone crazy.
Then, he looked at Gudsmit.
The latter also spotted Pauli, and the two looked at each other.
Dragon King Goodsmit smiled and showed a provocative expression.
Instead of being annoyed, Pauli became interested.
"Ouch!"
"How dare that Dutch scumbag be so crazy?"
“The last question in the Physics Olympiad was so wrong.”
"I don't believe he can do any good research."
"I want to appreciate it later."
Pauli decided that when the time came, he would give the other party some color.
Professor Bruce also said just now that he encourages everyone to ask questions.
This plays into his hands.
So, Pauli began to cheer up, waiting for Gudsmit to play.
As the meeting continued, each student came on stage one by one, and the atmosphere gradually became heated.
Everyone enthusiastically raised various questions and deepened their understanding of quantum theory through discussions.
The occasional sharp questions raised by the big guys made the students who gave speeches speechless and at a loss.
At this moment, they deeply realized how difficult the path of physics research is.
They thought they had done a good enough job, but in the eyes of the bosses, they were still full of loopholes.
Even Li Qiwei commented:
"You can't always be almost the same when doing research, just about the same."
"Otherwise, when you actually discover a new theory, you will miss it because it is almost the same."
Many students deeply agreed and nodded frequently.
The big guys in the front row looked at each other and smiled. It seemed that there would be no surprises today.
Sure enough, not everyone can be as successful as Pauli.
However, the big guys will not look down on everyone because of this.
They still uphold rigorous academic literacy and analyze research problems for students.
At this time, it was finally Uhlenbeck and Gudsmit's turn to take the stage.
They were both in a very excited mood now.
The two looked at each other, their eyes full of confidence and heroism.
After today, maybe the future will be different.
The two walked to the front together, but Uhlenbeck was the speaker.
Gudsmit stood next to him as an additional answering officer.
Uhlenbeck looked at everyone with excitement.
Then he glanced around at the big guys in the front row, and finally fixed his gaze on Ehrenfest.
This made the latter's face change, feeling that something big was about to happen.
"Could it be that these two little guys really discovered the fourth quantum number?"
"It's impossible."
Ehrenfest's heart suddenly beat, as if he was looking forward to that scene.
Pauli smiled when he saw Gudsmit's tug.
"It seems like there is a real surprise today."
Soon, Uhlenbeck was ready to speak, and as soon as he spoke, his words were earth-shattering.
"What we are going to share today is about the fourth quantum number."
"The research work was done jointly by Gudsmit and me."
"If nothing else happens, we should have found the fourth quantum number."
boom!
The words just fell.
Everyone was shocked beyond belief.
Especially students like Uhlenbeck couldn't believe their ears.
"Oh! My God! The fourth quantum number was discovered?" "This world is so crazy!"
"Then what I shared earlier turned into rubbish instantly."
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The students were all shocked.
Each saw a range of emotions in the other's eyes.
Envy, surprise, loss.
When Pauli heard this, his sharp eyes flashed with semen.
He stared closely at Uhlenbeck, then at Gudsmit.
I want to find clues from their faces.
However, he only saw the provocation on the latter's face.
On an occasion like today, no one dares to grandstand.
Since Wu Gu and the two are so confident, they must be fully confident.
But the fourth quantum number is not so easy to discover.
Pauli smiled coolly.
"It's a bit interesting."
"I want to see what the fourth quantum number you discovered is?"
At this moment, even the big guys in the front row were shocked.
The problem of the fourth quantum number has been plaguing quantum theory for more than ten years.
No trace of it has ever been found.
But today, two young people who have not yet graduated from undergraduate degrees announced with a high profile that they have discovered the fourth quantum number.
Everyone looked toward Ehrenfest, seeking verification.
However, he just spread his hands with an innocent look on his face.
"I only know that the two of them have been studying this issue recently."
"But I don't know the specific situation."
The big guys cheered up instantly.
Will there really be a surprise today?
At this moment, the most shocked person in the room was undoubtedly Koronig.
He seemed to have heard the most terrifying and incredible thing.
"Has anyone discovered the fourth quantum number yet?"
"Could it be the same as me, all spinning?"
"Could it be that there is nothing wrong with this?"
Koronig's whole body was shaking.
He now regrets why he chose to take the stage later.
If Pauli is wrong, electron spin is right.
Then, he will miss the supreme honor of being the first to announce the discovery of the fourth quantum number.
This made Koronig's heart bleed.
However, he then thought about it.
If he hadn't shown it to Pauli in advance, others might have thought he was imitating the two Ugu.
It's a blessing in disguise.
Koronig's mind is in a mess right now.
Things were beyond his control.
The only thing he could do now was wait quietly.
Uhlenbeck looked at the expressions of everyone in the audience, and felt an indescribable sense of satisfaction in his heart.
However, when he looked at Professor Bruce, he was suddenly startled.
What kind of eyes are those?
Far and deep, high above, dominating the sky and the earth, overlooking the common people.
Even hearing the fourth quantum number did not cause the slightest movement in those eyes.
Uhlenbeck calmed down the moment they looked at each other.
"The light of an exploding star is, to the universe, nothing more than a faint candlelight in the endless darkness."
"What does my modest achievement mean to Professor Bruce?"
"Besides, it hasn't been confirmed yet."
At this moment, under the influence of Li Qiwei's momentum, Uhlenbeck grew rapidly.
He restrained his high-profile and arrogance and said confidently:
"Based on the findings of Gudsmit and I."
"We think the fourth quantum number should be the spin of the electron."
"Professor Bruce predicted at a previous meeting that the fourth quantum number should be the property of the electron itself, and it should be binary."
"The electron spin perfectly meets this condition."
"As shown in the picture."
"When the spin quantum number is [+1/2], it means that the electron rotates upward, or counterclockwise."
"When the spin quantum number is [-1/2], it means that the electron rotates downward, or clockwise."
"Please note that the number 1/2 is not something we made up, but was calculated through theoretical derivation."
"The process is as follows:"
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"Based on the electron spin, we can perfectly explain the anomalous Zeeman effect."
"At this point, the last remaining problem in atomic spectroscopy has been solved."
"To sum up."
"The electron not only moves in a circle around the nucleus, it also rotates around its own axis."
"It's like the earth is rotating around the sun while moving around it."
"As small as the atomic structure, as large as the solar system, there are such deep and similar connections between them."
"This makes me have to marvel at the magic of nature."
Uhlenbeck was clearly well prepared.
The content of the speech is not only well-founded but also logically rigorous.
And the sublimation at the end brings people infinite reverie.
boom!
The room was boiling instantly!
Everyone was stunned by this result.
"Oh my God! The fourth quantum number has actually been discovered."
"Electron spin? It takes such a wild imagination to think of this!"
"Uhlenbeck and Gudsmit are so strong!"
"He is truly worthy of being on the genius list."
"The discovery of the fourth quantum number must be no worse than the exclusion principle."
All the students were envious.
I can't wait to jump in and replace Uhlenbeck.
If their discovery is correct, they will become a physicist like Pauli.
At this moment, the big guys in the front row could not remain calm.
Everyone's face was full of surprise.
Bohr, in particular, was extremely shocked.
He understands the meaning of the fourth quantum number very well.
That is the last piece of the puzzle of quantum theory, which represents the completeness of the system of quantum theory.
Now, Bohr finally saw the dawn of victory.
His intuition told him that electron spin was the answer he was seeking.
Bohr was moved beyond words.
Although the fourth quantum number was not discovered by him.
But Quantum Theory is his child, watching the child thrive in front of him.
That feeling of happiness is intoxicating.
Ehrenfest rubbed his eyes, thinking he was still dreaming.
He felt he knew these two students very well.
But today he realized that he didn't know enough.
The two of them actually made such a big news quietly.
This made Ehrenfest feel light on his face.
The fourth quantum number!
That is a fruit that countless people dream of.
Is another miracle really going to happen today?
But soon, like the other big guys, he began to calm down.
They want to analyze the correctness of the electron spin.
At this moment, the ones in the most extreme mood on the court were undoubtedly Koronig and Pauli.
However, one is extremely regretful, and the other is extremely ridiculed.
(End of chapter)