Chapter 464 Two major doubts about electron spin! The surface speed is faster than the speed of light! Why is the spin quantum number a fraction?
Inside the Quantum Research Institute.
When Uhlenbeck first proposed the concept of electron spin.
The whole audience was shocked.
It was like a spiritual light that passed through everyone's brain.
In the boundless darkness, the appearance of truth shines.
Electron spin is not only the last piece of the puzzle of quantum theory, but also gives everyone a new understanding of the properties of microscopic particles.
The big guys in the front row have already begun to think and review, while many students are discussing with each other.
At their level, it is not yet possible to judge the accuracy of electron spin.
But it doesn’t affect bragging.
Among the crowd, Koronig couldn't help but pat his thigh, regretting it.
He felt like there were ten thousand ants crawling in his heart now.
"What a fool I am!"
"Why are you so unconfident? You were fooled by Pauli."
"Looking at the expressions of Professor Bruce, Professor Bohr and others, they did not immediately question it."
"It shows that this conjecture has merit."
"Hey, if only I were more bold!"
It can only be said that character determines destiny.
In real history, in 1924, Pauli was invited by Bohr to study at the Bohr Institute.
There he met Koronig.
At that time, the discovery of the anomalous Zeeman effect made physicists realize that there should be an undiscovered quantum number.
Many people are doing research.
Koronig first thought of electron spin and wrote the paper.
Originally he was going to publish it directly, but he heard that the genius Pauli was coming to the Bohr Institute.
So he changed his mind and asked Pauli to read his paper first and see if he could make some suggestions.
Because at that time Pauli had just published the Exclusion Principle and was a hot supernova in the world of physics.
Kroenig felt that if he could get Pauli's guidance, it would definitely be helpful for the paper to be published.
Therefore, he showed the paper to Pauli first.
Unexpectedly, after the latter read it, he ridiculed and criticized it, and then went straight to emo for Kroenig.
"What kind of rubbish are you!"
Kroenig said he was heartbroken and had completely lost faith in himself.
I tore up the paper when I got home that night.
Unexpectedly, the next year, 1925, Uhlenbeck and Gudsmit published the same paper.
Even the derivation process of spin quantum numbers is the same as Kronig's.
As soon as the paper came out, it shocked the physics community.
Einstein, Bohr and other great figures all agree with this view.
A few years later, electron spin was theoretically proven by Dirac.
So far, it has become an important basic concept in quantum mechanics with far-reaching influence.
But even for such a major discovery, none of the three Kowugu won the Nobel Prize in Physics.
Because one of the rules for awarding Nobel Prizes is that no awards will be awarded for any controversial achievements.
This shows that Koronig, Pauli, and Ugwu must have been at odds over this matter.
That's why even electron spin didn't win the Nobel Prize.
There was nothing we could do about it. There were no electronic records or anything like that at the time, so we couldn’t figure out what was going on in the publication of the paper.
The Scourge of God certainly lives up to its reputation.
A whip will give you a reward.
Pauli later regretted this incident and felt very guilty.
He felt that he was sorry for Kronig, and also for Uhlenbeck and Gudsmit.
However, he used his connections to find Kroenig a very high-paying job to make up for it.
And at the 1976 annual meeting of the American Physical Society.
When the host introduced Uhlenbeck and Gudsmit as Nobel Prize winners.
Gudsmit said humorously:
"We didn't win this award because people thought we both had already won it."
This shows the importance of electron spin in the field of physics.
At this moment, Koronig suddenly felt a little lucky again.
If it were not for the quantum theory seminar held by Professor Bruce today.
He might meet Pauli ahead of time.
Because Professor Bohr told him that Pauli was originally going to visit the Bohr Institute.
Later, it was canceled because of the quantum theory seminar.
Kroenig was afraid for a moment if he had torn up the paper prematurely.
Then it will be really hard to argue.
Now, although he has lost the glory of starting the game, he discovered the fourth quantum number independently of Ugu and the other two.
In terms of contribution, the three are the same.
This situation has existed in history.
For example, Newton and Leibniz independently invented calculus.
At this point, Koronig made up his mind.
While the bosses were deep in thought, he stood up on his own initiative and walked to the front of the crowd.
He wanted to ignore Pauli's influence and show his achievements openly.
"Professor Bruce, Professor Bohr, and all professors and gentlemen."
"Please forgive my rudeness."
"I want to share my content in advance."
"Because my research results are closely related to what Mr. Uhlenbeck just shared."
Snap!
The slide shows the contents of Koronig's paper.
"Electron spin."
"Spin quantum numbers."
Wow!
People who were shocked just now were shocked again.
"God, what is going on?"
"Kronig also discovered the fourth quantum number at the same time?"
"Oh my god! Even this kind of thing can happen, what kind of day is today?"
"Such a low probability is simply unreasonable."
To everyone's shock, Kroenig spoke briefly and skillfully about the results of his research.
Many people can be sure that he definitely did not plagiarize.
Because there is not enough time.
In fact, he discovered it earlier than Wu Gu and the others!
And there are some unique ideas of his own in what Koronig showed.
However, there are a few people who think this is too strange.
How could there be such a coincidence in the world?
And it also happens to the fourth quantum number, which is the hardest to find.
However, everyone quickly calmed down.
"Although the derivation process is the same for both sides, there are so many big guys present."
"Their sharp eyes are enough to detect any trace of plagiarism."
No one has the courage to openly lie in front of the boss.
At this time, Li Qiwei's words directly sealed the conclusion.
"Kronig's research was completed independently."
"I met him yesterday and got a glimpse of his thesis title."
boom!
The whole place was shocked!
No one questions it anymore.
In the world of physics, no one has more authority than Professor Bruce.
Since he dares to say such words, it means that he is guaranteeing it in his own name.
This favor is huge.
Everyone was extremely envious.
"Kronig is considered Professor Bruce's disciple."
"With the support of such a big man, you are still afraid of a ball!"
Kroenig cast a grateful look at Ridgway.
Then he looked at Bohr again.
The latter's face was full of pride and relief.
Bohr knew very well the character of his student.
He also believed that his eyes would not see the wrong person.
Although Professor Bohr did not speak, Kroenig still felt the warmth.
Finally, he and Ugu looked at each other, and the three of them smiled and nodded. It has the heroic feeling of a hero meeting you late.
At the same time, Wu Gu and the two felt frightened.
Fortunately, Koronig did not announce it in advance, otherwise both of them would have wanted to die.
Because once someone else’s paper is published in a journal in advance.
That means something completely different.
Even if the two Wugu discovered it independently, it would be difficult to explain.
Even if you jump into the Yellow River, you won’t be able to escape.
At this moment, all three of them thanked Professor Bruce.
Without the meeting the other party had today, some of the three of them would have regretted it for the rest of their lives.
And now, there are so many people witnessing it, as well as Professor Bruce and many other big shots.
The three of them are the common discoverers of the fourth quantum number.
Proponent of the concept of electron spin.
No more objections!
At this time, Koronig and Gudsmit looked at Pauli at the same time.
The former is a firm look.
"This time, I would rather be proudly wrong than be reluctantly right!"
The latter is the pure thrill of being proud.
"I, Gu, am not a scumbag!"
"That day I was insulted like an ant, and today the ants are also disrespectful to me!"
"I am a genius physicist just like you Pauli!"
The dramatic changes on the court pushed the atmosphere of the meeting to a climax again.
The students were talking a lot, and the bosses were still reviewing the derivation process of electron spin.
Pauli's expression was extremely strange.
It seems like a smile but not a smile, it seems like a joke but not a joke.
He just let out a faint hum.
After spraying out Koronig's paper yesterday, he did the calculations again when he went back in the evening.
He discovered a fatal problem with electron spin.
Originally, he was not prepared to tell Koronig.
Because he thought the other party would just give up and stop sharing the original content.
But unexpectedly, instead of giving up, the other party was confident.
More importantly, that scumbag Gudsmit also proposed electron spin at the same time.
This is fun.
"Take care of both of you together."
After Kroenig's sharing, Li Qiwei, as the host, said:
“I really didn’t expect that today’s meeting would be so exciting.”
"You young people are more powerful than the other."
"Perhaps it won't be long before all the mentors here have to retire."
Everyone laughed when they heard this.
Professor Bruce is so funny.
"Okay, now comes the question and answer session."
"I hope everyone can think carefully and come up with some questions."
"This is a very good opportunity."
"I think the concept of electron spin is very important and may have a profound impact on quantum theory."
"So, every thought and every question you have is crucial."
Wow!
Li Qiwei's pie made many students look hot.
Electron spin becomes a piece of cake in their eyes.
Maybe we can make other discoveries based on it.
However, Li Qiwei had just finished speaking, before everyone could think about it.
Pauli spoke.
His brain was already hungry and thirsty.
"Mr. Uhlenbeck, Mr. Gudsmit, Mr. Kronig."
"I have to admit, your speech was very exciting."
"But your mistakes are just as wonderful."
Wow!
As soon as the Spout God opened his mouth, he immediately became the focus of the audience.
Sommerfeld helplessly covered his head and prayed that everyone would not look at him.
The students instantly transformed into melon-eating masses.
They had seen Pauli's sharp style yesterday.
It's not scary to be crazy alone. What's scary is that he is extremely strong.
You can't even refute it.
Pauli didn't give everyone time to think at all, just clicked and outputted.
"I have two questions."
"First, you said that the electron is a small ball and it is still spinning."
"Then, why is the spin quantum number a fraction?"
"A small ball actually needs to rotate twice before it can return to its original position."
"I can't imagine what form it would be in."
"Could it be that if I, Pauli, turned around once, I would no longer be Pauli, but would become Heisenberg next to me?"
Everyone laughed.
Heisenberg lowered his head shyly, looking very innocent.
"In addition, even if the electron is really spinning, then it will have a fatal problem."
"I just did the math below."
"If the conditions in your equation are to be met."
"Then when the electron spins, its surface speed will exceed the speed of light!"
"And this is obviously impossible."
"No object can move faster than the speed of light."
"These are my two major doubts about electron spin."
"How do you three explain these two issues?"
boom!
As soon as Pauli finished speaking, there was a gasp of air in the room.
Everyone was shocked by his question.
On the one hand, he was able to think of so much in such a short period of time.
On the other hand, after everyone saw the derivation of the super-light speed of electron movement, they all fell into admiration.
"Oh my god! I'm still sorting out the derivation process, and Pauli has found such a deeply hidden problem."
"His foundation in classical physics is too solid."
"Although Pauli is high-profile, his strength is really awesome, I admire him."
"This is really exciting!"
"Maybe today we will see a fight between dragons and tigers."
At this moment, Pauli stood upright, with full aura, he could be called a weak version of Tyrannical Jedi.
Of course, only he knew that the calculation process actually took him two hours to complete last night.
But since Koronig didn't mention what happened yesterday, he didn't mention it either.
Just treat it as a secret between the two of them.
What Pauli didn't know was that behind him, Dirac in the corner looked at the calculation formula in his hand and smiled.
Then he crumpled the manuscript paper into a ball and put it in his pocket.
No one present knew that Dirac had figured out the problem of electrons traveling faster than light on the spot.
This strength is unparalleled among his peers!
He said with emotion:
"You are all so strong!"
Kroenig now has no choice but to resign himself to his fate.
He thought about it all night last night, but couldn't solve Pauli's problem.
Unexpectedly, another difficult problem was added today!
The speed of light problem made him even more confused.
At this moment, he realized that Pauli was not targeting him personally, but really believed that electron spin was wrong.
Before Gudsmit could feel proud for a long time, he suddenly experienced the feeling of being called a scumbag by Pauli again.
Although he wanted to hang Pauli up and give him a beating, he had to admit that Pauli's questions were very sharp.
At least he couldn't think of it for the time being, and he even started to tremble.
Because going faster than light is a very childish mistake!
Logically speaking, it shouldn't be done.
Among the three, only Uhlenbeck could remain calm.
He had no grudge against Pauli, so he could think calmly.
but.
"How to explain these two problems?"
(End of chapter)