Chapter 465 Extreme Counterattack! Reversal and reversal! Is electron spin really wrong?
The concept of electron spin is both amazing and bizarre.
The two major questions raised by Pauli made everyone present think deeply.
First, why is the spin quantum number a fraction?
Second, the surface speed of electrons exceeds the speed of light.
If these two problems cannot be explained, then the physics community will not be able to admit the correctness of electron spin.
In other words, the fourth quantum number is not the electron spin.
As soon as Pauli took action, today's meeting became confusing and exciting.
The big guys in the front row suddenly felt that this kid was indeed a bit high-profile, but his physical strength was unquestionable.
No wonder he published the Exclusion Principle at such a young age.
And Pauli was entirely addressing scientific issues.
Therefore, everyone does not have any dislike for him, but rather admires him.
Of course, this little fat guy's hurtful words were too unpleasant.
At this moment, the big guys also frowned slightly after thinking about Pauli's doubts.
These are indeed two very fatal questions that go straight to the core.
However, they did not speak out immediately.
Because this is what the speaker needs to answer directly.
Therefore, even if Bohr and Ehrenfest had some ideas, they would not take the initiative to express them first.
Even though the respondents were their students.
When you propose new theories, you must be prepared to face various doubts.
The most nervous people now are the three Uhlenbecks.
Gudsmit and Kronig are already showing signs of decline.
Obviously, the two of them could not answer this question.
Uhlenbeck held all the hope.
The discovery of electron spin gave Uhlenbeck great confidence.
He no longer considers himself inferior to others.
Therefore, Pauli's aggressive and powerful momentum did not affect Uhlenbeck's mentality.
He was thinking calmly and calmly.
And he also looked at the people present from time to time to observe everyone's reactions and look for some inspiration.
Dirac lowered his head and was calculating something, his face expressionless.
Heisenberg looked up at the ceiling and muttered something.
Professor Ehrenfest and Professor Bohr were discussing in a low voice with very excited expressions.
Pauli looked down at the audience with his arrogant posture.
Suddenly, Uhlenbeck's eyes fell on Li Qiwei at the front.
boom!
A moment!
The void generates electricity!
Lightning shines!
Uhlenbeck was shocked!
It was as if there was a burst of hot blood rushing up from the soles of his feet.
At this moment, in his eyes, Professor Bruce was like a god.
There was a faint wise smile on the other party's face, which showed the calmness of looking down on the world.
The opponent's eyes are as deep as the stars in the universe, with everything from electrons to celestial bodies spinning endlessly inside.
The other party's momentum was overwhelming, and Pauli's sharp questioning was just an insignificant breeze in front of him.
First there is physics and then there is heaven, and Bruce is still in front of physics!
Everything is under control!
Uhlenbeck was obsessed with Ridgway's visions.
Suddenly, it was like being completely transformed.
His momentum suddenly changed!
Countless pieces of information create a storm in my mind.
Numbers, physical concepts, inspiration.
He seemed to have been given strength through the air and became extremely confident.
"With Professor Bruce sitting here, what do I have to worry about."
"Even if the answer is not good, it only means that my ability is limited."
"I firmly believe that the electron spin must be right!"
Pauli frowned below. He felt something was different about Uhlenbeck.
He couldn't tell exactly what was different.
At this moment, all eyes were focused on Uhlenbeck.
He finally spoke:
“Many thanks to Dr. Pauli for the question.”
"I can try to explain it to you."
"First question."
"Dr. Pauli believed that there is no object that can rotate twice before returning to its original position."
"This statement is open to question."
"Everyone, please look at the screen. I designed such a structure."
"It consists of three gears and three metal lines."
"When in the original position, the three metal lines appear at the same time and are connected into one line."
"When the top gear is rotated once, due to the cooperation between the gears, the metal lines on the top gear are hidden on the back of the other gear."
"At this time, we then turn around again, and the hidden metal line reappears and reconnects with the other two straight lines."
"In this structure, there is a phenomenon that it takes two turns to return to the original position."
"So, I think it might be a similar situation with electrons."
"Then the second question."
"Because the electron spins, it produces a magnetic moment."
"The magnetic moment interacts with the magnetic field, causing the spectral lines to split."
"So based on the splitting of the spectral lines, the size of the magnetic moment can be calculated."
"Then, we can reversely deduce the magnitude of the spin speed."
"Finally, based on a simple conversion relationship, the speed of the electron surface can be obtained."
"The data calculated by Dr. Pauli is 137 times the speed of light."
"This obviously violates the special theory of relativity."
"But, thanks to Dr. Pauli for reminding me."
"Electron spin should be considered in special relativity."
"According to the special theory of relativity, the greater the speed of electrons, the greater the mass."
"The increased mass in turn restricts the speed of electrons."
"So, the spin speed of electrons cannot exceed the speed of light."
"It's a formula like this."
Uh-huh!
Uhlenbeck made a calculation and gave an expression for the electron spin speed.
In this formula, the relativistic effect is taken into account.
Therefore, the speed of electrons is restricted and cannot exceed the speed of light.
In this way, the second question can be explained.
"That's my answer."
Wow!
As soon as Uhlenbeck finished speaking, everyone in the audience was shocked!
Everyone looked at him in disbelief.
"Damn it, how can a person be so handsome!"
“So domineering!”
"Although Uhlenbeck ranks low on the talent list, not as good as Pauli, his strength is equally extraordinary."
"Under such great pressure, you can still cope with it so calmly."
"."
At this moment, many students were impressed by Uhlenbeck.
If Dirac had given such an answer, they would have been shocked, but not sympathetic.
Because Dirac is recognized as the number one genius in physics, it is natural for him to crush Pauli.
But Uhlenbeck is different, he is not even in the top ten.
Facing the powerful Pauli, he did not feel timid, but instead tried his best to squeeze out his potential.
Almost a perfect answer.
Yes, in the eyes of the students, Uhlenbeck's answer was enough to explain Pauli's doubts.
Even Dirac, Heisenberg and others nodded slightly.
From a logical point of view, there is nothing wrong with the other party's answer.
But soon, Dirac frowned slightly. He had just calculated it again, and there was a small problem.
Ehrenfest's face glowed red and he showed a happy smile.
Uhlenbeck has far exceeded his expectations.
Even he himself couldn't answer it so well.
"It's true that the waves behind the Yangtze River push the waves ahead!" However, Bohr's answer to Uhlenbeck was solemn.
He always felt that the other party did not really understand the essence.
Electron spin is a quantum concept after all.
But Uhlenbeck's answers were all based on classical physics.
If we consider the special theory of relativity, will the magnetic moment of electrons change?
Unfortunately, Bohr is no longer the super genius who shocked the world.
His knowledge structure and level are certainly several levels higher than those of the students present.
But when it comes to computing power, it is no exaggeration to say that even Pat Ma cannot keep up with Dirac, Pauli and others.
It's a matter of proficiency.
Bohr's research was more about thinking about the origin of physics than pure calculation.
Therefore, he was not sure whether this answer was correct or not.
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"However, from the look in Pauli's eyes, there must be something wrong."
Then, Bohr glanced at Professor Bruce again.
He wanted to find some clues from his teacher.
However, at this moment, Li Qiwei was still sitting there calmly, with no fluctuation on his face.
Neither Pauli's question nor Uhlenbeck's answer gave him any special reaction.
Bohr was relieved.
According to his understanding of the teacher, at this time, the other person's mind was going through a thought process that ordinary people could not imagine.
The time has not come yet!
Professor Bruce can't take action yet!
Uhlenbeck glanced around.
He was still very satisfied with his answer.
At least logically there is no problem at all.
Finally, his eyes settled on Pauli.
Under the gaze of everyone, Pauli smiled evilly and then stood up gracefully.
Uhlenbeck's answer made him feel nothing because it was full of flaws.
"Mr. Uhlenbeck, your answer does not convince me."
Wow!
When Pauli spoke, everyone was shocked.
None of this works?
On the other hand, Bohr, Dirac and others nodded slightly. They probably understood Pauli's thoughts.
Uhlenbeck took a deep breath and said calmly:
"Want to hear the details, Dr. Pauli."
Pauli talked eloquently:
"First, first question."
"The three-gear model you drew is very exquisite."
"Too bad it means nothing."
"Because in your paper, the electron is a real little ball."
"The diameter of the currently known electron is 2.8×10(-16) meters."
[Note: This was the classical diameter recognized at the time, but electrons actually have no diameter. In modern physics, they are regarded as point particles. 】
"Do you want to say that there is such a sophisticated and complicated structure inside it?"
"That's too much nonsense."
"So, even if there is the structure you mentioned that can rotate twice and return to the original position."
"But it certainly won't be a small ball like an electron."
"So, this problem still has no solution."
"Second question."
"If we consider the special theory of relativity, we can certainly make the surface equatorial speed of electrons not exceed the speed of light."
[Note here that what is discussed is the surface spin speed of electrons, not the speed of electrons moving around the nucleus. 】
"But according to calculations, in this case, the magnetic moment generated by the movement of electrons will be reduced many times."
"A magnetic moment of this size is not enough for electrons to split their spectral lines due to different energy levels."
"In other words, the anomalous Zeeman effect cannot be explained if special relativity is taken into account."
"So, this answer is also wrong."
Wow!
Pauli's answer left everyone stunned and stunned.
The most important thing is that there is no reason to refute him.
Because his answer is well-founded.
It almost made many people think that electron spin might really be a mistake.
"Oh God! Who can tell me for sure what is going on with electron spin?"
"Why do I feel that Pauli's analysis is right?"
"According to his calculation method, it is indeed unlikely that the electron will spin."
"And all these calculation processes are all based on classical physics."
"With the method, even I can deduce it."
"."
The crowd's discussion made Uhlenbeck tremble slightly.
Until this moment, he finally felt the power of Pauli.
The opponent's angle is too sharp and tricky.
He didn't expect this level at all.
He looked at Koronig and Gudsmit as if to say:
What kind of monster have you two provoked?
Uhlenbeck is really out of options.
Pauli's rhetorical question struck a chord with him.
Even he himself began to doubt the correctness of electron spin.
"Is it really my wishful thinking?"
"That's the fourth quantum number!"
"How could I discover it so easily?"
"I'm not Dirac"
Pessimism spread over Uhlenbeck.
Even the two Gucos had forgotten their grudge against Pauli.
They cannot accept this reality.
Happiness comes suddenly and leaves suddenly.
"God, don't do this to me."
"I also want to win the Nobel Prize in Physics for electron spin."
At this moment, not to mention the three of them, even geniuses such as Dirac and Heisenberg are thinking hard.
Pauli's counterattack was impeccable!
Dirac calculated it again according to Pauli's method, and he was absolutely right.
Special relativity cannot simply be used to plug the spin loophole.
He murmured:
"If the electron is really spinning, it can only be consistent with Pauli's calculation results."
"But the derivation process of the three Uhlenbecks is also based on experimental phenomena."
"They derived this value based on the anomalous Zeeman effect."
"Both sides are not wrong, but why are they getting contradictory results?"
"Strange, what went wrong?"
Even a genius like Dirac was helpless.
Bohr, Ehrenfest, Einstein and other big guys also shook their heads slightly.
Pauli did convince them.
Because his derivation process can be reproduced by everyone present.
But something feels wrong.
"Is the mysterious electron spin really wrong?"
As for Rutherford and other experimentalists, they were confused.
The only way to maintain the mystery of the boss is to remain silent at this moment.
The room suddenly fell into an eerie silence.
Everyone was silent.
Only Pauli was high-spirited and arrogant.
He glanced at Gu Ke and Gu Ke proudly, and the meaning conveyed was self-evident.
"Small, I'll just say your paper is rubbish. I still don't believe it."
"Are you still stubborn now?"
At this time, Uhlenbeck looked at Li Qiwei first.
His heart has unlimited expectations.
"Professor Bruce, aren't you going to take action yet?"
(End of chapter)