Chapter 467 Innate attributes! Indescribable! It's wrong to think about it! It’s a mistake!
When Li Qiwei introduced the concept of "spin and non-spin", everyone was confused.
No one can understand the meaning of this sentence.
Electrons rotate around their own central axis, just like a top, so they are called "spin".
But now, Professor Bruce says that spin is not rotation.
So what is it?
This is too incredible.
Genius students such as Dirac and Heisenberg also looked puzzled.
Even with their intelligence, they couldn't figure out the meaning of this sentence.
However, they firmly believe that Professor Bruce must have deep meaning.
It's just that they can't understand it.
The big guys in the front row also frowned, carefully trying to figure out the connotation of this sentence.
Based on their understanding of Professor Bruce, it was impossible for the other party to say something mysterious.
Only Bohr had a flash of inspiration and said "Oh" excitedly.
What he hadn't figured out before suddenly became clear in an instant.
At the same time, he also knew the meaning of spin and non-spin.
Bohr couldn't help but sigh:
"I'm afraid only the teacher can see the key to the problem at a glance."
"Yes, if the electron is not really spinning, then everything can be explained."
Ehrenfest, who was next to him, heard Bohr's "nonsense" and smiled bitterly in his heart.
"As expected, they are master and apprentice, even the mysteries are the same."
At this time, Pauli's mood was the most complicated.
He was hailed as a super genius in physics, and published papers that shocked the academic world, successfully becoming a physicist.
But now, I can't even understand a word of Professor Bruce.
This gap caused his heart to break.
It's like a practicing genius who has gone through various disasters and successfully ascended to heaven.
In the end, he became an ordinary heavenly soldier who surrounded and suppressed the Monkey King.
In the end, without even seeing the face of the great sage, he died in the hands of his clone made of a monkey hair.
How pitiful and pitiful!
But Pauli would never give in.
His character determines that he will fight to the end.
So, he quickly asked:
"Professor Bruce, forgive me for being stupid, I don't understand what you mean."
"What is spin and non-spin?"
"Is there another explanation for the rotation of electrons?"
Pauli's question is everyone's question.
At this moment, everyone held their breath, waiting for Professor Bruce's next words.
Li Qiwei smiled slightly, breathed a sigh of relief, and then said slowly and lowly:
"In their paper, Uhlenbeck and the others assumed that the electron is a solid ball."
"It has a diameter, a mass, and a volume."
"Since there is volume, there must be a central axis."
"The electrons rotate around their central axis."
"They imagined the image as electrons spinning."
"However, this is a wrong concept."
"The electron is not a solid ball."
"The diameter we measure now is only an approximation with a very large error."
"So the spin of the electron is not that the electron is really rotating around the axis."
"It is not the same thing as rotation in macroscopic physics."
"So, the theory of classical physics cannot be used to explain spin."
"Electron spin is a purely quantum concept."
"It is an innate property of electrons."
"It doesn't matter whether the electron is in a hydrogen atom or an oxygen atom."
"Whether this electron undergoes a chemical reaction or forms an electric current."
"None of this affects the spin of the electron."
"It can be understood this way."
"The electron spins as if the electron had mass."
"But we can't ask the question [how long is the mass]?"
"Because it makes no sense."
"Similarly, for electron spin, its surface speed cannot be calculated according to classical rotational motion."
"That makes no sense."
"If you accept this concept, you can answer Pauli's question."
"The electron spin discovered by the Uhlenbeck trio does exist."
"We can even calculate its spin quantum number through theoretical calculations."
"But it doesn't move in the form of macroscopic classical spin."
"Whether it is a super-light problem or a rotation return problem, the essence is a macro problem."
"For electron spin, it makes no sense."
"In short, don't think of electron spin, just think of electrons as really spinning like a ball."
"This is the peculiarity of concepts in quantum theory."
boom!
The whole place was silent!
Everyone was stunned and in complete disbelief.
I can't find the words to describe this feeling.
A full minute passed before a gasp of air erupted in the room.
"Oh, God, what kind of answer is that?"
"I didn't expect Professor Bruce to directly deny the significance of the two questions."
"This is so unexpected."
"Why do I feel that this is about to become metaphysics? Electron spin is not rotation, so what is it?"
"Quantum theory is indeed more interesting than relativity theory."
"."
At this moment, both the students and the bosses were more confused than before.
Even the three authors Uhlenbeck, Gudsmit, and Kronig were at a loss.
What's going on?
Why is the theory I researched so awesome that even I can’t understand it myself?
The derivation process of the three people at that time was as follows:
First, knowing the existence of the anomalous Zeeman effect, we can know the separation between spectral lines.
Then, based on the knowledge of electromagnetism and quantum theory, we can calculate how much magnetic moment the electron needs to have.
Since electrons are negatively charged, according to the law of electromagnetism, it is easy to think that electrons are spinning.
And it’s the kind of rotation, circling, and spinning that everyone defaults to.
Finally, based on the size of the magnetic moment, the spin of the electron can be inferred.
The logic of this process can be said to be completely unproblematic.
But now, Professor Bruce has denied it.
However, this creates a new problem:
"If the electron is not spinning, how does it create a magnetic moment?"
The three authors can think of it, and Pauli can certainly think of it too.
At this moment, he almost fell into madness.
He disagreed with the traditional concept of electron spin of the Kronig trio.
He believes that the fourth quantum number should transcend classical mechanics and be a pure quantum concept.
But Li Qiwei's point of view is a bit too shocking.
Even the bold Pauli thought it was a bit nonsense.
He used his sharp style again and asked again:
"Professor Bruce, you said that electron spin cannot be imagined as rotating around an axis."
"So, what kind of state is it?"
"Even if it's not spinning, it's jumping or something else."
"But how do these states generate magnetic moments?"
Pauli's question even made the three of them nod in agreement.
They are now on the same side as Pauli.
That's how dramatic it was.
Under everyone's gaze, Li Qiwei smiled and said:
"Pauli, I know what you mean."
"It's like, I now say that the color of apples cannot be described, it is neither red nor cyan."
"But you would think that there must be a property that describes the [state] of the color of an apple."
"And this state is conceivable."
"Right?" Pauli nodded.
"But, unfortunately, I can't do it."
"I can only tell you that electron spin has no counterpart in classical physics."
"There is no counterpart even in our entire universe."
"We can't give a visual picture of it."
"Just like you can't imagine something you've never seen."
"We can only understand it mathematically, and 1/2 is the mathematical meaning of electron spin."
"And what its physical entity is, we don't know, at least not yet." (Note: We don't know yet)
"The magnetic moment of the electron, like the spin of the electron, is its innate property."
"Even if the electron stops spinning, its magnetic moment will still not disappear."
"If you insist on me giving a definite conclusion."
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"Then I can only say that electron spin is a quantum concept and an inherent intrinsic property of electrons."
"Innate attributes! Indescribable! It's wrong as soon as you think about it! It's wrong as soon as you say it!"
boom!
When the last words were spoken, it seemed as if even the heaven and earth fell silent.
An inexplicable and huge terror suddenly struck.
Everyone felt their hearts palpitating and their whole bodies trembling.
It was like seeing something terrible.
Everyone was shocked!
"God! What do I hear?"
"I actually heard four indescribable words from Professor Bruce's mouth."
"This is just incredible."
"Isn't physics the subject of exploring the truth?"
"How can we encounter the indescribable truth."
"It's so scary!"
"."
At this moment, both geniuses like Dirac and big guys like Bohr were all shocked.
The content of the discussion has completely exceeded their expectations.
A great door of truth is slowly opening.
There was only a slight hint of aura in it, which made everyone addicted.
For physics geniuses like Dirac and Heisenberg, this feeling is indescribable.
It was a touching feeling from the heart.
It is the destiny of pilgrimage to face the truth.
Even older prodigal geniuses like Schrödinger have become sacred.
It was as if they were walking together on a road paved with truth.
At the end of the avenue, stood the figure of a domineering Jedi.
It's Professor Bruce!
boom!
Gorgeous and colorful!
Mysterious!
Shocked the space and time of the universe!
The concept of indescribability deeply shocked everyone.
Everyone seemed to recall in unison:
Since physics entered modern physics in 1900, many incredible theories have emerged.
In 1900, Professor Bruce and Professor Planck proposed the quantum concept.
In 1902, Professor Bruce and Professor Einstein proposed the special theory of relativity.
In 1911, Professor Bohr proposed the quantum orbital model under the guidance of Professor Bruce.
In 1912, Professor Bruce proposed the general theory of relativity.
All the above theories caused shock in the physics world when they were proposed.
It is not an exaggeration to say that it shattered all three views.
However, no matter how earth-shattering, unimaginative and incomprehensible they are.
At least a little friendly.
That is what can be imagined and described.
For example, the slow clock effect of special relativity.
Although physicists have never seen it, they can imagine the physical picture in their minds.
Imagine that the size of the object has become shorter, and imagine that time has slowed down.
Another example is Bohr’s quantum orbit.
Although you have never seen it, it does not prevent you from imagining its operating rules.
You can even draw it on paper.
Just separate tracks.
I haven't seen it, but I can imagine it.
Even the wave-particle duality of light cannot be drawn using conventional means.
But at least it's understandable.
There can be a rough outline.
After all, whether they are waves or particles, they are very common phenomena.
Although their combination is a bit special, it is still understandable.
But now, things have changed.
What state and appearance the electron spin is in is actually unimaginable and indescribable.
This is so incredible.
It was almost like seeing a ghost.
Just like a person can lie down, stand, or sit, there is always a movement.
But if this action cannot be described, what is it?
Since it is an action, why can't it be described?
Even if you can't describe it, you can still draw it.
Hey, no.
You can neither describe nor draw.
This is how everyone now feels about Li Qiwei’s answer.
It’s so outrageous that his mother opened the door to outrageous things. It’s so outrageous.
At this moment, Pauli no longer felt as high-spirited as before.
For the first time, endless shock appeared on his chubby little face.
It was an indescribable feeling.
During the lecture in Germany, he thought he knew Professor Bruce well enough.
But now, he realized that this was just a drop in the bucket of that man.
He understood why the physics community called Professor Bruce "The Great Professor Bruce."
No one in the world but him would dare to think of such an unbelievable thought.
Although he didn't want to admit it, Pauli's intuition was warning him wildly.
This is completely new territory, a prelude to another great theory.
"But, I am Pauli!"
His heart roared crazily:
"I will never yield to authority when I pick someone up!"
"I'm going to break the casserole and get to the bottom of it!"
Wow!
Pauli's eyes were sharp and he asked for the third time:
"Professor Bruce, your theory is too incredible."
"I admit that if I accept your point of view, my doubts can be explained."
"But I still have to ask, how do you prove it's right?"
"Can you give me a reason?"
As soon as Pauli finished asking, everyone looked up at the two of them.
The excitement of this meeting has exceeded everyone's imagination.
Pauli's bravery once again left an indelible impression on everyone.
He is the whip of God and dares to whip the whip at God!
Faced with Pauli's questioning, Ridgway burst out laughing.
"Since you want it, I'll give it to you."
"Because."
As soon as he spoke, Li Qiwei suddenly stood up and took a step forward.
boom!
An overwhelming aura exploded!
At this moment, the heaven and earth turned pale and surrendered at his feet.
The universe was turbulent and spinning, suspended in the palm of his hand.
Under everyone's horrified eyes.
Vaguely, the truth emerges!
(End of chapter)