Chapter 468 The end of the old quantum theory! In my name, Bruce Lee! Announcing the arrival of quantum mechanics!
Li Qiwei's "electron spin is indescribable" shocked everyone present.
No matter the genius or the big guys, they can’t imagine what that state is like.
As physics develops to the end, is the ultimate result unknowable?
That’s a bit too cruel for a physicist.
In real history, the introduction of the concept of electron spin was an important watershed in quantum mechanics.
Before it, it was called [Old Quantum Theory];
After it, it was the real [Quantum Mechanics].
The reason why the old quantum theory carries the word "old" is because it still uses the concepts of classical physics to understand the quantum world.
From Planck’s proposal of the quantum concept, to Bohr’s proposal of quantized orbitals, to the last four quantum numbers that all appeared.
You will find that classical physics is everywhere.
For example, Bohr believed that the movement of electrons around the nucleus is in the form of orbits, and orbits are the concept of classical physics.
Spin in electron spin is also a concept of classical physics.
It can be said that everything in the old quantum theory is based on classical physics.
We cannot mathematically deduce the various behaviors of electrons through the most basic principles or assumptions.
In other words, the old quantum theory has no theoretical basis.
That’s why it has various problems.
For example, the contradiction of electron spin.
Wait.
The above problems eventually led to the birth of quantum mechanics.
It is as important to modern physics as Newtonian mechanics is to classical physics.
No words can be used to describe its greatness.
Li Qiwei stood in front of everyone, and what flashed in his mind was the magnificent history of quantum mechanics.
For every physics student in future generations, it was a fascinating era.
And Li Qiwei will soon personally open up this golden world.
No one could understand his inner excitement.
But now, he first had to explain the problem of electron spin to Pauli.
This question is not easy to answer.
In real history, Heisenberg emerged from nowhere and proposed the first version of quantum mechanics: matrix mechanics.
Through matrix mechanics, the first three quantum numbers of electrons (excluding spin) can be directly derived.
Shock the world!
But matrix mechanics has a shortcoming, that is, it is too obscure and difficult to understand.
Because of the mathematical tool it used: the matrix, not many physicists were familiar with it at that time, let alone use it.
It would take someone as powerful as Pauli half a month to use matrix mechanics to derive the electronic model of the hydrogen atom.
Others can imagine.
Fortunately, it didn't take long for Heisenberg to propose matrix mechanics.
Immediately afterwards, Schrödinger burst out with inspiration and proposed the second version of quantum mechanics: wave mechanics (Schrödinger equation).
(The reason why Schrödinger was able to propose wave mechanics was inspired by de Broglie’s wave-particle duality.)
(This is another wonderful story involving matrix mechanics The struggle with wave mechanics will not be spoiled for now)
Using wave mechanics, it can also be directly deduced that the electron has the first three quantum numbers.
But for physicists, wave mechanics is much friendlier than matrix mechanics.
Because the knowledge of waves is the strength of physicists, everyone can understand and calculate it well.
So, as soon as wave mechanics appeared, it overtook matrix mechanics and became the mainstream version of quantum mechanics.
At the same time, it was precisely because of this that Heisenberg and Schrödinger could not look at each other.
But after a period of time, everyone discovered that matrix mechanics and wave mechanics are actually mathematically equivalent.
(Note! They are not equivalent in physics!)
Both are not wrong, they are just different aspects of the same theory.
But no matter which one it is, the fourth quantum number cannot be correctly derived: electron spin.
At this time, Dirac took action!
He creatively combined special relativity and wave mechanics, unifying special relativity and quantum mechanics.
Proposed the Dirac equation that shocked the world of physics.
In this equation, Dirac considered the relativistic effects of electrons moving at high speeds.
Through it, it can be directly deduced that the electron has spin, and the spin quantum number is 1/2, and the magnetic moment can also be deduced.
Later, particles with a half-integer spin were called fermions, such as electrons.
Particles with an integer spin are called bosons, such as photons, with a spin quantum number of 1.
At this point, all behaviors and properties of electrons have a solid theoretical foundation.
This is the ins and outs of electron spin derivation.
It can be said that it runs through the entire development process of quantum mechanics.
In this process, physicists have gradually deepened their understanding of the quantum world.
This is when everyone discovered that the mysterious electron spin is just the tip of the iceberg of quantum mechanics.
There are many more incredible phenomena that are even more bizarre than electron spin.
For example: uncertainty principle, wave function collapse, quantum entanglement.
So, everyone stopped entangled and finally accepted the indescribability of electron spin.
Since you can’t think of it, just think of it as an inherent property of electrons.
At the same time, other quantum properties are also accepted.
This is the weird thing about quantum mechanics.
The deeper you go, the more it seems like there is an invisible barrier, hindering physicists from continuing to explore.
In the quantum world, many things can only be accepted but cannot be understood.
Don’t ask, I don’t know even if you ask.
At this moment, if Li Qiwei wanted to convince Pauli, there was only one way.
"Because, in my name, Bruce Lee!"
"Within five years, I will prove the correctness of electron spin!"
Boom!
As soon as he finished speaking, the whole audience was shocked!
Everyone opened their mouths with disbelief on their faces.
No one expected that Professor Bruce would treat the issue of electron spin so seriously.
Even swear by his own name.
What kind of spirit is this!
“God, I seem to be reminded of the scene when Professor Bruce faced Lord Kelvin twenty-one years ago.”
“It’s just that the identities have been reversed.”
"Professor Bruce became Lord Kelvin, and Pauli became Professor Bruce."
"But even so, Professor Bruce's passion never changed."
"His passion for The pursuit and love of physics are simply crazier than those of young people.”
“Forty years old is the right time to enter the field of physics!”
At this moment, there are many people present. The students screamed as if they had been beaten to death.
As strong as Professor Bruce, he still works so hard.
What qualifications do they have for not working hard?
Pauli's expression at this moment was extremely shocking.
He really didn't expect that Professor Bruce would value him so much.
With the other party’s status, there is no need to be like this.
But the other party is so serious.
This made Pauli's soul tremble.
He felt that Professor Bruce was the same type of person as him, and only saw pure physics in his eyes.
Pauli would not dare to question just because Professor Bruce was a big boss.
Professor Bruce would not choose to be perfunctory just because Pauli was a rookie.
The two share certain qualities.
That’s serious!
Take any physics problem extremely seriously.
At this moment, Li Qiwei left an indelible impression on Pauli's heart.
Proud as Pauli, he regarded Professor Bruce as an idol whom he respected throughout his life.
At this time, Li Qiwei smiled slightly and continued to say to everyone:
“Don’t think that I am using my status to pressure Pauli.”
“I dare to say such things because Electron spin gives me hope.”
Wow!
Everyone was shocked!
They immediately cheered up and listened attentively. Because everyone knows that the next content is definitely the top priority.
Li Qiwei glanced around and said:
“Last year, in my speech at the University of Berlin in Germany, I proposed an idea that many people found incredible.”
“That is, I want to reconstruct the existing quantum theory.”
There was a buzz in the room, and it was obvious that everyone present knew about it.
“At that time, many of my good friends were not optimistic about this.”
“For example, Professor Rutherford, Professor Einstein, etc.”
“They The reason is very good, because quantum theory can already solve most problems."
"Why should we modify it?"
"It's like my tools are so easy to use, why do I need to melt them down and make a new one?"
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“At the time, I couldn’t convince them.”
“Because my desire to reconstruct quantum theory came entirely from my strong intuition.”
“Yes. For physicists, intuition is sometimes more important than anything else.”
"It wasn't until recently that I made some breakthroughs in my research."
"I am confident with a high probability that the path I chose is correct."
Boom!
Everyone was shocked!
No one expected that Professor Bruce would actually break through quantum theory.
Oh my God!
Does he want to publish the general theory of relativity?
The existing quantum theory is like the special theory of relativity, and Professor Bruce wants to make another breakthrough based on it.
What could it be?
No one dared to imagine it.
But it's definitely earth-shattering.
Maybe it will change the history of physics again.
Everyone present felt a sense of pride.
At this time, Li Qiwei suddenly said excitedly:
“And today, the appearance of electron spin is the last ray of light.”
"It makes me extremely certain that quantum theory must have a deeper essence!"
"Many concepts of existing quantum theory are based on classical physics."
"So, It cannot explain the purely quantum property of spin."
"We need to create a new paradigm that completely breaks away from the constraints of classical physics."
"Using it, we can derive. Everything with quantum theory appears.”
"Let quantum theory truly become the pillar of modern physics."
"This is destined to be a great undertaking."
"It is absolutely impossible for me to do this in five years by myself. Completed within."
"So!"
"Gentlemen, let us rebuild quantum glory!"
boom!
The whole place was excited!
Shocked!
Everyone felt Professor Bruce's determination to defeat the enemy.
What passion!
How domineering!
How earth-shattering!
This scene left an eternal mark in the blood of everyone present.
Heisenberg suddenly felt his heart throbbing.
It was as if there was a great force in his body that was about to burst out.
His soul trembled.
Destiny seems to be coming.
On Quantum Eve, Heidegger will appear!
Who can compete with the heroes of the world!
Heisenberg’s heart was roaring crazily:
"I must reshape quantum theory and leave my name in physics!"
Schrödinger changed from his usual suave and suave expression, and his expression was extremely serious.
He was deeply infected by Li Qiwei's aura.
An indescribable will surged through him.
“In the face of physics, women have to stand aside.”
Of course, for him, this realization is only for today.
As I get older, I just need to get excited once in a while, as long as I get the point.
Dirac’s sharp eyes seemed to pierce the sky.
At this moment he is no longer withdrawn and low-key.
The unparalleled appearance that dominates the world explodes without reservation!
His ambition is higher than the sky and wider than the sea!
Not only does he want to transcend quantum theory, he also wants to transcend quantum theory.
Quantum field theory shocks the world!
Bohr looked at his mentor excitedly.
He felt the long-lost passion.
It's like going back to the time when I was a young doctor.
As the founder of quantum theory, he feels it more than anyone else.
At the same time, there is also more pride.
“I, Bohr, can continue to dance!”
Pauli was finally moved, breathing rapidly and looking rosy.
He and Bohr's momentum rose at the same time.
At the same time.
Eight hundred miles away, in the center of Paris, France, a breath rose into the sky.
De Broglie's noble eyes penetrated time and space.
“How can I be missing in this great world!”
Fifteen hundred miles away, at the University of Göttingen in Germany, the light of wisdom shines.
Born murmured to himself:
"Professor Bruce, twenty-one years ago, when I first met you, I made a lifelong mistake!"
Boom!
These two breaths echo the stronger breath of the British direction.
At this moment, if anyone can look down at the whole of Europe from the sky, they will find a shocking sight.
A series of heart-stopping fluctuations finally gathered together to form a huge cloud.
It is so dreamy and breathtaking that even your soul will fall into it just by looking at it.
Deep in the clouds and mist, a tyrannical figure loomed.
It is Tao, reason, singularity, and dimension.
It’s God coming to the world!
Phew!
After an unknown amount of time, the vision disappeared and the room finally calmed down.
It was as if everything that happened just now had never happened and no one saw it.
Pauli did not continue to ask questions because it was no longer necessary.
Electron spin, whether admitted or denied.
Its relationship with quantum theory can no longer be separated.
At least the vast majority of people present agreed with Professor Bruce’s point of view.
Because it's incredible.
Between Professor Bruce and Pauli, everyone will of course choose the former.
At this point, the four quantum numbers of quantum theory are back in place!
Pauli was not upset.
Because he has peeked into the wider world.
Even Kronig and Gudsmit have let go of their grudge against Pauli.
Their argument seems so insignificant in Professor Bruce's vast quantum world.
Summer insects cannot speak of ice.
In front of Professor Bruce, they are like summer insects.
At this moment, Li Qiwei felt thunder in his chest and his face was like a flat lake.
“Quantum mechanics, I’m coming!”
(End of this chapter)