Chapter 337 Goodbye, 1850! (2) (still ten thousand words!!!)
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Looking at the scene as silent as a cemetery.
Looking at everyone in front of them, including Wheat and Lao Tang, there were expressions of astonishment on their faces.
A hearty feeling of joy suddenly emerged in Xu Yun's heart.
The secret is finally revealed, these past few days have been suffocating him to death.
During this period of time, he had kept the equipment confidential to the highest degree.
Except for Aveline.
No one has ever seen this complete set of equipment.
For example, in the factory, decentralized processing is carried out. Each team completes its own production content independently and does not know what the combined finished product will look like.
This model is somewhat similar to the two small things Xu Yun asked Aveline to produce, except that the two small things are more dispersed.
And in terms of assembly.
Xu Yun also arranged for segmented assembly:
They arranged for workers to assemble it separately overnight, and immediately covered it with a covering cloth after completion. Even Lao Tang, the president of the Gewu Society, had never seen its original appearance.
And now the shocked expressions of these ‘audiences’ illustrate one thing:
The confidentiality arrangements Xu Yun made in advance were all worth it!
Of course.
The surprise of these people at the scene was actually what Xu Yun had expected.
After all, look at all copies in the past.
Whether it's the Mavericks' 1665 or Lao Su's 1100.
Even counting the first half of the 1850 copy of Mai, he has never come up with something so shocking.
He even dared to pat his chest and confirm:
of all known time travellers.
Except for the wall-mounted ones that could be directly realized through the XX system, there were definitely no more than five fingers of people who could make their own particle accelerators in 1850.
That's right.
The final equipment that Xu Yun took out this time was exactly one——
Particle accelerator!
Brackets, the ultimate ultimate beggar’s version.
As mentioned before, the third experiment Xu Yun is going to do today is the double-slit interference experiment of electrons.
Among them, due to the foreshadowing he had laid during the electromagnetic wave calibration - that is, he misleadingly proposed that electromagnetic waves are a kind of light, photons were successfully replaced by Xu Yun into electrons.
After all, a single photon is too difficult to produce.
The 'single photons' used by most laboratories in later generations are actually just energy photons, usually detected through HBT experiments or g2.
Because the energy is given one by one, the frequency multiple of the minimum energy that can be produced can theoretically produce a single photon.
For example, you have a bag of the same third set of one-yuan coins, each coin weighing 6.1g.
Then when sorting, just look at the display of the electronic scale. If 6.1 appears, it means that one-yuan coins have been sorted. The whole process does not involve "touching" the coins with your hands.
That is to say, we rely on numerical values rather than phenomena to produce photons.
The production of real single photons is very, very complicated, such as attenuating laser pulses, spontaneous four-wave mixing, or artificial atoms radiating single photons, etc.
Even Xu Yun couldn't come up with these technologies - or it would be difficult to come up with them within a few months.
And what about energy photons?
This concept clearly failed to convince the public in 1850.
Therefore, Xu Yun finally thought over and over again and decided to use electrons instead of photons.
But electronics also have a problem:
Although electrons are easy to generate, they are not easy to emit.
At present, Xu Yun has only one means of electron emission, which is to emit cathode rays.
But cathode rays have a fatal flaw when they are emitted - the beams they produce are very long.
After a little dispersion, the vertical emissivity is very wide.
Therefore, there are only three improvement methods before Xu Yun.
One is field emission.
The second is to build a semiconductor photocathode, which contains telluride, antimonide and III-V compounds.
Then we can almost get it done by creating a super-era fine grating.
The third is to create a multiple combination link yourself to screen out advection electrons.
This is also the reason why it is difficult for you to see videos of electronic double-slit interference experiments in later generations - if you don’t believe it, if you search online, almost all you will see are demonstration animations or one or two pictures.
Demonstration animations and textbooks usually only capture part of the imaging screen. The emission source looks like an electron gun, and the experimental area may not be as big as a public toilet.
But in fact, to carry out this experiment, an accelerator and even some other instruments that require a high degree of confidentiality must be used.
Of course.
This cannot be said to be an oversight or a bug similar to Baidu Encyclopedia.
Mainly for high school students, the process of generating advection electrons is abstruse and unnecessary, and is considered advanced professional knowledge.
So it was naturally simplified.
And in this era of 1850.
The second possibility is directly ruled out. The first one is slightly less difficult, but as the finale, it would be a bit of a downgrade.
So 'in desperation'.
Xu Yun could only choose the third option.
That is, rubbing an accelerator with your hands.
In his previous life, Xu Yun was not admitted to the junior class of HKUST, but became an ordinary HKUST student with a normal score.
My major is particle physics and nuclear physics in the Department of Modern Physics.
It is not difficult to see from this major that this is a subject that often deals with the microscopic world.
Such as the ATLAS and ALICE experiments at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN, the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory across the sea, and the Dark Matter Particle Detection Satellite DAMPE, also known as the Wukong experiment—
Xu Yun has never participated in any of them.
Ahem
However, Xu Yun has participated in the Belle experiment, the Daya Bay Neutrino Laboratory, the Yanjing Electron Positron Collider BEPCII experiment, etc.
Xu Yun once personally used KEKB, the predecessor of Neon's asymmetric electron-positron collider called SuperKEKB.
Ordinary.jpg.
It's a pity that the concepts of Super Tao Can Device and CEPC were not proposed at that time, otherwise he might still be able to get some buffs.
In his previous life, Xu Yun had been dealing with large and small accelerators or accelerators for seven or eight years, so he naturally knew how to assemble an ultimate cheap beggar's version of a particle accelerator.
However, considering that this is a logical flow novel, here are some additional information:
The first cyclotron in human history appeared in 1930 with an energy of 1MeV.
And the craftsmanship used to make it is actually about the level of 1900.
And mentioned earlier.
Because of Mavericks, the manufacturing level of this copy now, especially in optical instruments, is also close to that of 1900.
For example, exchange rate conversion is calculated based on the year 1900.
In other words, in terms of instruments, the difference between the two eras is not very far. The key lies in the difference in knowledge and theoretical systems.
And this is precisely the advantage of Xu Yun, a time traveler.
Secondly.
It is the same engine that Xu Yun created in the 1100 copy.
The core logic principle of this beggar's version of the accelerator is that it only needs to cope with a few experiments, which means that it will be scrapped after almost all the tinkering tonight.
There is no need to consider long-term stability.
Many links have been loosened countless times.
In later generations, some people even specialized in selling self-made accelerator graduation projects, which cost about five thousand yuan.
Students who have made their own accelerators or were accelerators in their previous lives should all know this.
There are several main difficulties to consider when designing an accelerator:
1. What kind of accelerator should I use? Straight line or roundabout?
2. What kind of charged particles do you want to use?
3. How to focus the particle beam?
4. How much voltage can be used to accelerate?
5. How to detect accelerated particles?
6. How to reduce the energy loss of particles in the air?
Of these six questions, the first link is obviously the easiest.
Because Xu Yun only needs to produce advection electrons, which are one of the simplest particles with a terrifyingly low magnitude.
So it doesn't matter if it's a straight line or a convolution or even compounded together.
For example, the beggar's version of the accelerator designed by Xu Yun has a composite appearance. One side is a round iron box with a diameter of about 1.5 meters and a height of about half a Pandora.
The outside of the iron box is connected to a one-hundred-meter-long channel, with an interference imaging plate placed at the end.
It's probably like this:
O→I, that I is the imaging plate.
The principle of this accelerator is very simple:
The vortex electric field generated by electromagnetic induction is used to accelerate the magnetic flux. It is roughly similar to the shot put in the Olympic Games. It spins to the appropriate position and throws the ball.
The more turns you make.
The greater the kinetic energy given to the 'shot put'.
The next easiest ones are the four questions 2, 4, 5, and 6.
The DIY process of later generations is generally like this:
Spend some money online to buy an ionization sensor smoke alarm - it contains americium-241, which is a very safe particle source.
Coupled with the CMOS image sensor in a digital camera as a detector, a pressure cooker and a vacuum pump, these links can be solved.
The whole set costs about 8,000.
And Xu Yun this time
That would be much simpler.
What he needs to accelerate are electrons, and the detector is naturally a sensor screen - now that Xu Yun has invented the vacuum tube, the sensor screen is no longer a problem.
The University of Cambridge is responsible for the voltage, and the voltage of the Rumkov coil must be sufficient anyway.
As for reducing energy loss
"As you can see, the inner wall structure of this accelerator, I call it the inner wall of the beam tube."
Next to the beggar's version of the accelerator.
Xu Yun first knocked on its silver aluminum shell, making a "dong-dong-dong" sound.
A small opening was opened from the side, revealing the scene inside:
"The bundle tube is mainly used to ensure a high vacuum inside, so the selection of bundle tube materials requires a low gas outflow rate and a relative magnetic permeability close to 1."
"This concept is similar to a vacuum tube, and you should be familiar with it, Professor Faraday."
Faraday, who rushed from his seat to the accelerator, came forward and took a few glances, then nodded slightly.
The magnetic permeability in the original timeline would not be proposed until 1885, but now under the influence of Mavericks, the magnetic permeability was born in advance. (See Chapter 295)
So now that Xu Yun explained it like this, Faraday followed his train of thought.
Then Xu Yun took out a few things from a box on the ground, and it turned out to be the beryllium tubes and other objects that Aveline had been asked to build:
"This is a beryllium tube. It can seal the vacuum and at the same time ensure that the electrons of the gadget will have unnecessary effects after hitting the inner wall - but please be careful, the beryllium tube is highly toxic and carcinogenic, so we can only remove it Observed in glass, cannot be used”
"This is a hollow solenoid containing zinc-doped ferrite, which can form a porous structure and create a temporary storage ring"
"The one on the right is a cone of pure molybdenum, which can slow down the growth rate when the number of electrons increases."
while explaining.
Xu Yun also took out a schematic diagram that he had prepared a long time ago to conduct more intuitive science popularization through the diagram.
Faraday listened carefully to Xu Yun's introduction, took the schematic diagram and looked at it for a while.
After a moment of silence, he looked at the 100-meter-long dragon in front of him and asked:
"Classmate Luo Feng, how many electrons can this accelerator emit per second?"
Xu Yun thought for a while and said:
"About a thousand or so."
His design plan is based on the previously mentioned plan developed by the physics department research team of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in 2011.
That is doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/15/3/033018.
This plan first allows two cathode ray guns to fire at each other, and the electrons will be deflected after passing through a preset electrode.
Then it is screened by the control pole, and then occurs on the preset zinc plate——
photoelectric effect. (It kills me, all the materials on the photoelectric effect are prepared for this chapter)
In the photoelectric effect of light, an atom generates a photon and a free electron. By controlling the number, the total number can be calculated.
This energy level was unknown to the scientific community in 1850, but in later generations any physics student could calculate it.
Suppose there is a group of particles and the particles fully exchange kinetic energy with each other to reach an equilibrium state.
Then the kinetic energy of these particles will satisfy the Boltzmann distribution.
That is, EK=3/2kT, where T is the temperature.
Once you've calculated the kinetic energy, it's easy.
Just install another metal ring and apply a negative voltage. Since electrons are also negatively charged, adjusting the voltage on this electrode can slow down the electrons and screen out some electrons that are deflected in the wrong direction.
Some electrons didn't have enough kinetic energy, so they simply turned around and went back.
These electrons are stored in an air-core solenoid containing zinc-doped ferrite and can be deflected again to become emissible electrons again.
After such a screening, staged multi-electron ejection can be achieved.
Just have it.JPG.
Of course.
Due to accuracy issues, Xu Yun certainly could not guarantee that only one electron would be emitted every time.
But it is not difficult to pass through the accelerator at an average speed of one electron per millisecond. That is, as Xu Yun said, 1,000 qualified electrons hit the imaging plate in one second.
His gaze returned to its original position.
Faraday touched the outer shell of the accelerator and tapped his fingers rhythmically on it.
For some reason, he was inexplicably fond of this smooth aluminum exterior that was all silver.
After a while, Faraday suddenly thought of something again. He stopped his fingers and continued to ask Xu Yun:
"Classmate Luo Feng, I almost understand the principle you said, but there is one thing I still don't understand."
"The design you mentioned seems to be able to filter out electrons with the same direction and speed, but how can you bring them together?"
Xu Yun was stunned for a moment.
After coming back to his senses, a sigh appeared in his heart again.
He is indeed a professional boss
Those students who are not dizzy after seeing this should still remember it.
Among the six points raised above, there is still one link that does not have an answer.
That is the third point:
How to focus a particle beam.
After all, after having a particle source, you still need to consider the issue of beam focusing.
If we don't focus, it may take a long, long time before experimental results are produced.
Looking at Faraday with a curious look on his face, Xu Yun dug out of the storage box again and took out a silver-white metal block:
"Professor Faraday, just rely on this."
The metal block Xu Yun took out was different from the sealed beryllium tube, indicating that it could be used.
So Faraday took the metal block from Xu Yun's hand with trust and looked at it carefully.
This metal block looks square, about the size of a palm, but it feels a bit...
soft?
Faraday tentatively pinched the metal block with his thumb and let out a light sigh:
"Huh? This is."
I saw him digging in his pocket, taking out a small iron piece he carried with him, and gently placed it three centimeters below the metal block.
soon.
Snap——
The iron piece quickly adsorbed to the metal block.
See this situation.
Faraday looked at Xu Yun again and asked tentatively:
"Is this a metal magnetic pole?"
Xu Yun nodded, gave him a thumbs up, and added:
"To be precise, this is a rare earth magnet."
In later generations of large particle accelerators, superconducting quadrupole magnets were usually used to focus the beam.
However, Xu Yun's particle kinetic energy was currently very small, so he asked Aveline to tinker with rare earth magnets.
The magnetic quadrupole composed of rare earth magnets is one of the best magnetic quadrupole to obtain, and its effect on focusing low-energy particles is miraculous.
In later generations, there was a neon man named Michio Kaku, the author of "Beyond Time and Space". He made his own accelerator when he was in middle school.
The beam focusing tool used in his accelerator uses rare earth magnets.
With the help of rare earth magnets, the energy potential state of advection electrons is basically maximized.
That is to say
The materials for the electron double-slit interference experiment are now fully prepared.
The rest is.
Official experiment!
Due to the high degree of secrecy surrounding the entire process, only Xu Yun is now able to conduct experimental operations.
After everything is ready.
He led Faraday and others to the beggar's version of the console and pressed the switch - note that the imaging screen was powered on at this time and was in a running detection state.
Boom boom boom——
The Rumkov coil quickly began working.
It has not yet reached the level of refined craftsmanship, causing the coil equipment to make a sound similar to that of later tractors.
Then quickly.
under strong voltage.
Prick, prick, prick~
A gas discharge began to occur in the vacuum tube, the potential barrier was broken down, and a beam of cathode rays appeared.
at the same time.
The wheat next to Xu Yun pointed at the indicator, tugged at the corner of Xu Yun's clothes a few times, and said to him:
"Mr. Luo Feng, look quickly, the indicator is responding!"
Xu Yun glanced at the indicator.
He nodded and said nothing.
The indicator monitors the circuit conditions around the vacuum tube. If cathode rays appear, the indicator will inevitably change.
If something went wrong in even this link, he might as well just go back to the first scene and get killed on the analysis machine.
Immediately afterwards.
In the microscopic world that Xu Yun and others cannot see.
咻咻咻～
The chaotic electrons began to move rapidly in the vacuum tube.
They first encounter the remaining air molecules in the middle of the gap, and after a series of collisions, a large number of new electrons, positive and negative ions are produced.
Since electrons move very fast, a large number of electrons are concentrated in the front part of the forward direction.
The positive ions stay at the rear and form a collection of electrons and positive ions in the tube.
That is, electron collapse.
Then due to the different divisions of the ground state energy level.
The Aston dark zone anode glow zone appears in the vacuum tube
Electrons with different momentum completed the preliminary screening in the vacuum tube.
Some move on, some neutralize the ions, and some wander over and over again.
This kind of screening is countless times more intense than the human tadpole marathon.
After a short preliminary screening.
The number of electrons passing through in one second has been reduced to the order of 0.167x10^4 - the description here is the 'number' of the electron cloud concept. (Generally, Coulombs are used to describe electrons. The numbers here are just for the convenience of intuitive reading by the rare students.)
After the initial screening.
Those electrons that pass the test enter the accelerator.
The first thing that greeted them was a cone of pure molybdenum, a balancer in the accelerator.
Under the influence of the cone, the electrons are shrunk by a function that takes up 454 bytes when written and will be sprayed into hydrology.
Some more electrons "fallen" here.
The remaining electrons continue to move forward and reach the next level:
Negatively charged metal ring.
Likes repel each other, opposites attract, and negative charges and electrons quickly create a repulsive force.
It's like sailing against the current.
Some electrons with insufficient power or direction were cruelly eliminated into the zinc-doped ferrite hollow solenoid
that's all.
Under the influence of pre-set ‘processes’.
The number of electrons is getting smaller and smaller, but their properties are becoming more and more stable.
Finally, it is infinitely close to the effect of field emission.
In front of these ‘processes’ that are laid out in plain sight and can be explained with physical knowledge.
Even Georgia Terry, a civilian, couldn't find any so-called loopholes.
Georgia Terry, Avogadro, Doppler
All of them could only wait for the results.
These gradually stabilized electrons were quickly accelerated and passed through the "double slit" that Xu Yun asked the members of the Gewu Society to polish.
The whole process seems long.
But in reality, it was over in just a few seconds.
One minute later.
For the first time, a slight fluorescent flicker appeared on the imaging plate.
Xu Yun just stood there with everyone, quietly waiting for the result.
One minute
Three minutes.
Five minutes.
Six minutes.
There are more and more images on the imaging plate.
However, since the operating platform was more than a hundred meters away from the imaging board, no one could see what the specific content looked like.
More than ten minutes later.
Snap!
Xu Yun suddenly turned off the accelerator, ordered Xiaomai to package the imaging board, and immediately retrieved the scene.
After the wheat returns.
Xu Yun gave up his position to Faraday and let him tear open the seal.
Thorny——
Georgia Terry, who was on the side, rushed to the table immediately. After seeing the drawings clearly, he suddenly laughed:
"Two bright stripes, two bright stripes!"
"According to the function of the accelerator you mentioned, electrons are emitted, so it will inevitably show two rods on the imaging plate."
"This phenomenon does not prove any of your points. On the contrary, it verifies that the forward and backward properties of light under specific circumstances are fixed!"
Everyone's expressions were shocked when they heard this, and they all came closer.
really.
I only see this moment.
There are two bright long rods on the imaging board!
The two rods represent particle nature, and the alternating light and dark zebra lines represent wave nature.
This was common knowledge in 1850.
Then Georgia Terry turned his head and grinned at Xu Yun, revealing his back molar with a vegetable leaf stuck on it:
"Luo Feng, you are finished, you have dug a grave for yourself!"
Looking at Georgia Terry who was smiling like an elder of the Soul Palace, Xu Yun shook his head gently:
"Mr. Terry, the experiment is not over yet, why are you in a hurry."
"The unlucky guy who popped the champagne in the last half is still being counted every day by football all over the world."
Finished.
Xu Yun pressed another button.
Ka——
With a soft sound.
Another white spar plate appeared in place of the imaging plate.
Xu Yun stretched out his hand, pointed at the crystal stone slab from a distance and said:
"As you can see, this is a nonlinear crystal plate that conforms to the scattering cross-section function."
"After the electrons hit the crystal plate, they will leave certain traces on it, which will have the same effect as the imaging plate."
"It's just that compared to the earlier imaging plate, it can record phenomena without electronic equipment - Professor Faraday has already verified this."
Faraday on the side nodded cooperatively.
Mentioned earlier.
Due to deliberate distortion and exaggeration by some marketing accounts.
In electron or photon double-slit interference experiments, many experimental processes have suffered from serious distortion.
For example, the ‘camera’ mentioned previously.
In the electron double-slit interference experiment, its output terminal is roughly like this:
Light source → double slit → imaging plate.
Those marketing accounts say the camera is located in the double slit, saying it can see the trajectory of electrons.
But actually.
At present, humans do not have any means to directly observe which slit a photon or electron passes through.
The 'camera' here actually refers to the detection means, that is, the detection instrument located at the 'imaging board' position, not on the double slit at all.
Without turning on the instrument, interference fringes will appear.
When you turn on the instrument, two rods appear.
The currently accepted explanation is that the instrument records information when it is turned on, which leads to the collapse of the particle wave function.
Wave function is a relatively complex concept. To understand it, it is a specific 'function' that forms a wave.
A steel structure similar to a building.
This function breaks down once it is observed, just like ice melting in the sun.
Once the 'steel structure' collapses, the 'building' of volatility will naturally disappear.
Without the wave function, the particles become particle-like.
Photons or electrons, or any kind of microscopic particles, all conform to the above rule.
It's just different from photons.
It is difficult for you to see the trajectory of electrons when the instrument is not turned on.
Photons will "emit". If you don't turn on the instrument, just put a black board or something like Yue Jian Hei behind it.
But electronics are different:
It can only be 'visualized' through the electron cloud.
Therefore, it is more difficult to visualize electrons without turning on the instrument, so we have to think of other methods.
What Xu Yun used this time was the lattice method that was more common in later generations.
In a periodic lattice, relativistic or non-relativistic electrons will broaden their energy bands due to periodic modulation of the lattice.
After the electron passes through its scattering cross section, some black traces will appear, and later generations developed angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy.
Strictly speaking, this method actually tests the excitation energy band.
Just like a meteorite hitting the ground and creating a big crater, the energy, speed, and size of the meteorite can be inferred through the conditions of these craters. This is substantially different from seeing the meteorite directly.
However, in the physics community of 1850, it was not a problem to say that it could detect electrons.
Just cheating and that's it.
Looking at the new things Xu Yun tinkered with.
Georgia Terry snorted again, clasped his hands behind his back, and stopped talking in a very stylish manner.
At this moment, he felt like a fisherman who had caught a big fish. The fish was making its final struggle, and he just had to sneak the fish away.
After replacing the crystal plate.
Xu Yun pressed the switch again.
Boom boom boom——
It's still exactly the same process as before.
Coil power generation,
Electronic generation,
Filter,
Accelerate.
The scene was silent, everyone was waiting for the final result.
After a while.
Georgia Terry couldn't help but glance at the pocket watch in her hand, secretly calculating the time for the fish to take the bait:
"Twelve minutes left."
There was also a trace of nervousness and solemnity on the faces of Mai Mai and Lao Tang.
Only Aveline still looked calm, not knowing what she was thinking.
Gradually.
Some small black dots began to appear on the spar plate.
More than ten minutes later.
Xu Yun turned off the accelerator and still asked Xiaomai to bring the crystal plate back.
Three minutes later.
Xiaomai, who was as tired as the old Su family's donkey, hummed and ran back carrying the crystal plate.
As soon as the crystal plate was put on the table, Georgia Terry couldn't wait to rush forward again:
"Aha, Luo Feng, let me see how you talk this time."
As a result, the words remained unfinished.
Georgia Terry's arrogant expression instantly froze on her face, and her pupils were round.
After a few seconds.
An exclamation echoed throughout the scene:
"How is this possible?!"
All I saw was the crystal plate in front of Georgia Terry.
There are many lines of light and dark.
zebra crossing!
That is to say
Under the same experimental steps, light (electrons) actually exhibits two properties at the output end! ! ! (End of chapter)