Chapter 338 Goodbye, 1850! (3)
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Look at the interference fringes appearing on the crystal plate in front of you.
After the results of the Michelson interferometer imaging plate were released, the entire experimental site once again fell into an extremely eerie silence.
And it's different from last time.
The faces of all the scientists at the scene all had the same expression:
0v0.
They were like puppets who were performing passionately on the stage and suddenly had their strings cut off. They were dazed with a somewhat funny and even cute look.
The emotions such as shock and panic that should have appeared disappeared instead.
However, this subtle atmosphere only lasted for a few seconds, and everyone soon regained consciousness.
One after another, they shouted:
"God, what did I see? Am I dreaming?"
"Exactly the same experimental process, but light shows two properties?"
"First the ether and then the light. Is today the day of destruction for natural science?"
"Heresy, this must be a heresy!!!"
"wdnmd!"
at the same time.
A voice full of rage and disbelief suddenly sounded in Xu Yun's ears. Xu Yun recognized the identity of the other party without even looking:
"This is impossible, Luo Feng, you. You must have tampered with the crystal plate!"
"A scam, it must be a scam!"
Xu Yun turned around when he heard this, glanced at Georgia Terry who had broken through the defense, and shook his head:
"Dear Mr. Terry, I think I need to remind you again."
"Including the fat fish interferometer experiment, all my experimental procedures and related theories tonight are transparent and open to the public, and all verifications are welcome."
"The paper that nonlinear crystals can leave electron traces can be traced back to 1842, and the discoverer was Mr. Armand Fizeau."
"He is also here today. In addition, the record is also stored in the Cambridge University Library. It is in the third row of the fourth bookshelf in the physical partition on the second floor, at the seventeenth position from right to left."
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"Besides."
Said.
Xu Yun looked at Faraday beside him, and the two nodded to each other in tacit understanding.
Xu Yun then continued to say to Georgia Terry:
"Mr. Terry, no one would use their reputation to falsify such an important experiment - do you think that after tonight, no one will repeat the verification of these two experiments?"
"How stupid do you think I, Mr. Faraday and the trustees of Cambridge University must be to commit fraud at this juncture?"
"This"
Georgia Terry opened her mouth subconsciously, but found that she was speechless.
The meaning of Xu Yun's words is actually the same as the logic of those melon-eating gangsters on Pluto Night.
At that time, the reason why the melon-eaters were convinced that the star search was successful just by hearing Gauss's sentence "We discovered Conan's star" was because of the same reason:
This kind of subversive or destructive experiment will definitely be verified repeatedly by countless people. There is no point in cheating for temporary vanity.
Even Millikan's oil drop experiment, which was later called the biggest scam of the Nobel Prize, had no problem with its principle and accuracy:
It does calculate the charge of an electron.
It's just that Millikan tampered with the data and turned a low success rate event into a high success rate event.
And then there's the original Michelson-Morley experiment itself.
This experiment was started in 1887, but it was not until twelve years later that the etheric theory completely gave up resistance and raised the white flag of surrender like Gaul.
By the way.
The "declaration" of surrender happened to be issued by the Paris Academy of Sciences.
Another example is the famous Fermat's Last Theorem.
It was actually proved by Andrew Wiles in 1993 - although there were some errors in the first version, Andrew Wiles quickly corrected the correct solution.
But it was not until 1995 that he was more generally accepted.
By June 1997.
Andrew Wiles won Wolfskehl's 100,000 mark reward specifically for Fermat's Last Theorem.
There are too many similar examples, just like the updates of a certain fishing guy, too many to count.
In physics. Or in the history of technology.
The significance of the first day of the experiment lies more in its qualitative role.
For example, you will often see a sentence in the books of later generations:
The XX experiment was successfully conducted by XX on X, month, XX, which represents a further step forward in humankind's understanding of XX.
But you rarely see when this experiment is recognized by the industry. This is the meaning of qualitative.
It is also commonly known as leaving a name in history.
This is an unspoken rule in the scientific community, and it was still very reliable at least in 1850.
If this experiment is a fraud.
Then let alone Xu Yun or Faraday, Cambridge University will be bulldozed to the ground the next day - bulldozed in the physical sense.
At this moment.
Looking at Xu Yun who looked calm, Georgia Terry suddenly realized
I originally thought I was fishing, but I was actually the fish that was caught!
There is not much time left for him now
But Georgia Terry obviously wanted to save himself, so he thought quickly and said:
"No, no, no, of course I don't mean to question Mr. Faraday, but yes, it must be an experimental error!"
I saw him turning around, pointing to the crystal plate with a determined expression, and said loudly:
"For example, this crystal plate actually has quality problems. An experiment can't explain anything!"
"Re-inspection, must be re-inspected!"
Seeing this civilian science, I still don’t give up.
Xu Yun thought for a while and said to Lao Tang beside him:
"Mr. Thomson, please go to the analytical machine and invite Mr. Armand Fizeau over."
Lao Tang nodded:
"Understood."
After Lao Tang leaves.
Xu Yun turned around again, patted Xiaomai on the shoulder, and said to him:
"Donkey is wrong. Classmate Maxwell, please go and move another crystal plate here."
Wheat should follow suit.
After a few minutes.
Lao Tang returned to the scene with a bearded man about thirty years old with a bald spot on the left side of his forehead.
This person's alopecia areata hairstyle is unique in the entire history of physics, and is more recognizable than Faraday's sword eyebrows and Riemann's oily hair.
Therefore, Xu Yun confirmed that he was the person he was looking for without any introduction.
When Lao Tang and the bearded man came forward, he quickly greeted them and reached out:
"Good evening, Mr. Fizeau."
That's right.
This bearded man with a bald spot on the left side of his forehead is the famous Fiso.
He is also the designer of the Fizeau's running water experiment mentioned before, the source of all evil in civilian science.
He is a well-known experimental designer and numerical detector. He is responsible for the speed of light, current intensity and the Doppler effect in electromagnetism.
In fact, Fizeau's status in the history of physics is not very high. He is probably ranked around sixty or seventy, or at most fifty - those in front of him are all mountain monsters.
But Fizeau may not know it until his death.
He will actually become the starting point of Chinese civil science in later generations.
The flow experiment he designed became the mainstream weapon used by civilian scientists to overthrow the old favorite theory of relativity in later generations
At this time, Fizeau was just a relatively well-known junior in the industry, perhaps a little more famous than Stokes, and on the same level as Kirchhoff.
After arriving at Xu Yun's side.
Feiso also took the initiative to reach out and shake Xu Yun's hand:
"Good evening, classmate Luo Feng."
After letting go.
Feiso looked at the situation curiously, lowered his voice and asked Xu Yun:
"Classmate Luo Feng, I don't know why you asked me to come here? The analysis machine is at a critical moment."
Fizeau was an avid astronomy enthusiast and one of the few scientists who held a dialectical view of the ether theory. His 'belief' in the ether was not that pious.
Otherwise, the flow experiment would not have been designed.
Therefore, as soon as he arrived at the site today, he was attracted by the star-finding experiments of Gauss and others.
From the time the analysis machine started calculations until just now, he has not left the first experimental area.
Naturally, he was a little surprised by Xu Yun's move of sending Lao Tang to look for him.
Xu Yun smiled at him when he heard this, his eyes quickly swept across the bald spot on Feiso's forehead, and asked him:
"Mr. Fizeau, I remember that you should have done a lot of research on nonlinear crystal plates, right?"
Fizeau immediately puffed up his chest. Historically, Fizeau was a very confident man:
"Yes, I have been studying nonlinear crystal plates ten years ago, and I have even studied the effect of electrons on crystal plates - but at that time I didn't know that it was electrons that left traces."
Xu Yun nodded.
Mentioned earlier.
The crystal plate cannot visually see the electrons, but it can restore the signs of electron movement through the 'pits' excited by the electrons.
In order to facilitate understanding, here is a simpler example to explain this principle:
When you were in elementary school, you must have seen the kind of hole-dongle in the stationery store outside school that had hundreds of holes on a board, and you could poke one for 10 cents or 50 cents, right?
This kind of hole music is like a neatly arranged crystal plate. When an electron touches the crystal lattice, it will puncture the hole, which means the crystal turns black.
So when you hit a bunch of electrons up.
As long as you count the holes that have been punctured, you can simulate the trajectory of the electrons.
The interference fringe is equivalent to a 100x100 hole hole. Every 10 grids there will be a row of vertical holes, and the observer will know that electron interference has occurred.
Fizeau once used a lightning rod to attract lightning to bombard a crystal plate, and became the first person to discover that electrons would leave corresponding traces on the crystal plate.
Then Xu Yun led Fizeau to the operating table and explained to him the principles of the accelerator:
"Mr. Fizeau, that's roughly what happened."
"In order to prevent us from having the 'crystal plate quality problem' that Mr. Terry said again, I asked Mr. Thomson to invite you over."
Hearing this, Feiso looked at Georgia Terry playfully.
As a supporter of emerging science, he was always unhappy with supporters of classical disciplines like Georgia Terry:
"Classmate Luo Feng, I am extremely happy to serve you."
“It’s a blessing in my life to be able to contribute to such a major event—can you spend a few hundred more words about me when writing the record?”
Xu Yun raised his head and looked at his alopecia areata:
"Of course."
Seeing the two people smiling at each other, Georgia Terry's already gloomy expression became even more ugly.
A few more minutes passed.
Wheat hummed again and returned to the console carrying a pair of crystal plates.
Fizeau stepped forward and observed it with a magnifying glass for a while, then borrowed a wire from Xu Yun, powered it on and rubbed it a few times on the upper right corner of the crystal plate.
Then he picked up the paper and pen and started writing on the calculation paper.
Five minutes later.
Fiso put the pen on the table, clapped his hands with a relaxed expression to shake off the non-existent dust, and said to Xu Yun with a smile:
"No problem, classmate Luo Feng, both the cross-section function and the physical properties are normal - this is an extremely high-quality crystal plate."
Xu Yun thanked him.
Then quickly.
Several physicists or chemists of varying ages stepped forward and carefully inspected the crystal plate.
Some of them are melon-eaters like Fiso, who come here with the idea of showing their faces or watching a show to gain some exposure.
Some are supporters of classical disciplines, with heavy eyes and faces, as if they have two ears on their shoulders.
Although the identities of these people are different, their purpose is the same - to ensure that there is no problem with the crystal plate.
After all, other aspects of this experiment are publicly computable, but there may be some unknowns about the crystal plate.
As for the final inspection results
Naturally, there are no quality defects.
These days, thanks to Mavericks, the cross-section function has developed to a very complete stage.
Although the concept of lattice structure has not yet been formally born, light polarization and refraction angle can be used to assist in verifying related properties.
Just like there was no concept of energy in ancient times, it did not prevent our ancestors from making fire by drilling wood.
The mathematical and physical properties meet the requirements, and even the most demanding person will not be able to find an excuse.
then.
To ensure that the crystal plate will not be tampered with on the road.
This time the coolies who carried the crystal plates to the accelerator exit were no longer Wheat, but replaced by Giorgia Terry and two other supporters of classical disciplines.
After placing the crystal plate.
Georgia Terry and others were called back to the console by Xu Yun to prevent them from affecting the experiment.
Wait until everything is ready.
Xu Yun decisively turned on the accelerator again.
Buzz buzz——
It's still exactly the same process as before.
Coil power generation,
Electronic generation,
Filter,
Accelerate.
This time.
Along with Prince Albert.
Everyone in the stands also left the auditorium and walked to the center of the field to wait for the final answer.
Or
trial.
Fifteen minutes later.
Xu Yun glanced at the pocket watch, closed the lid with a click, and pressed the freeze button.
Then he didn't wait for him to speak.
Georgia Terry quickly ran towards the crystal plate.
The other fanatics of the ether theory looked at each other and followed suit.
It took Georgia Terry just over ten seconds to run the one hundred meters distance.
In future generations, there may even be a chance to get a ticket for the 100-meter final of the Olympic Games.
Then quickly.
A huge wailing sound came from near the crystal plate:
"NO!!!!!!!!"
A word that couldn't be simpler, it already explains everything at this time:
Even if the experiment is conducted again, the result is still
interference fringes.
Same steps, just changed the imaging board - or turned off the receiver, but there are two results?
Of course.
Seeing this, some students may have a question:
That’s not right, fishing girl. (Girl with a hammer)
Although the receiver was turned off in this experiment, isn't it still possible to see the crystal plate with the naked eye?
Since it has been observed, the information will be leaked.
Why doesn't the wave function collapse?
How to say it
This is actually a question that was misled by those exaggerated claims about double-slit interference, but it has a certain quality.
The misleading part is that it exaggerates the effect of naked eye observation, and the high quality lies in the fact that it mentions the concept of information path.
This creates a result:
Some explanations will take this issue to the mysterious side.
For example, photons can resonate with your soul, and particles have spirituality.
This statement is not so much about idealism as it is about spirituality.
It just so happens that some people fall into this trap these days. You can see a bunch of comments on a certain channel that like to distort science into metaphysics.
So what is the truth?
Let’s first talk about the origin of the wave function.
more than a century ago.
When the wave properties and particle properties of light were presented to people at the same time, physicists began to look for a suitable mathematical language to describe this then-unfamiliar property.
Especially after de Broglie proposed in 1924 that all matter has wave-particle duality, this task became more urgent.
1925.
When Heisenberg, Born and others studied the energy spectrum of helium atoms, they connected the energy level transition process with the matrix and invented matrix mechanics.
As for how to incorporate the wave form, we have to resort to Fourier decomposition.
Later that same year.
Starting from the wave nature and inspired by the Hamilton-Jacobian equation in classical mechanics, Schrödinger wrote the Schrödinger equation ψ.
The interesting thing about the Schrödinger equation is that from the seemingly continuous appearance, a discrete energy spectrum can be solved.
Compared to matrix mechanics.
The Schrödinger equation, a form of differential equation, was more familiar to physicists at the time.
Moreover, it is more directly connected to various equations in traditional theoretical mechanics, so it has become a recognized door to the palace of quantum theory.
During the evolution of quantum theory, physicists have tried several times to build a path from classical theory to quantum theory from different angles.
These efforts are collectively known as "quantization."
But although the Schrödinger equation plays an important role in the entire quantum theoretical system, its physical meaning is not.
But it's still a mystery.
Schrödinger himself once mistakenly thought that it was the density of some kind of charge, but soon found that this could not be reconciled with experimental facts.
After thinking hard for several months, Born came up with another opinion:
What the equation describes is actually a probability.
The variation of Schrödinger's equation ψ represents the probability of a particle collapsing to state ψ when measured.
Since then, a debate that has lasted for nearly a hundred years has begun.
It has gone through many twists and turns, such as the EPR thought experiment, etc., but it is still mysterious and unresolved.
The first thing to explain is:
So far, none of the known laws can explain how the wave function collapses.
This collapse is absolutely random, and this kind of randomness does not exist in deterministic mathematical calculations.
So the collapse must be triggered by something other than mathematics.
For example, the comparison of girls before and after makeup.
This is a manifestation of "wave function collapse".
People go from healthy to sick.
It is also a manifestation of "wave function collapse".
The two went from strangers to lovers.
It is also a manifestation of "wave function collapse".
How can we describe the above situations using mathematical calculations?
Even if you read this text and typed it into a chapter, but deleted a certain word due to misspelling of pinyin, it is also a manifestation of "wave function collapse".
So this can lead to another concept:
The question of ‘extent’ of collapse.
For example, if you delete a word, it is a small collapse.
Deleting ten words is a big collapse.
The same is true for naked eye observation.
In the electron-photon double-slit interference experiment, which in reality is dominated by photons, the impact of naked eye observation on the results is much lower than the impact of the sensing device on the results.
This involves the concept of information number, which can be described as follows in a less rigorous but easier-to-understand explanation:
The sensing device is very sensitive and can feel every photon, but your naked eyes can only see very few photons.
The part you 'see' collapses into particles, while the part you don't see forms interference fringes - again, this is a very loose statement and is only for idiots. Ahem, few classmates understand.
In the future life of Xu Yun's time travel.
There are often some Internet writers who set the protagonist as an ‘observer’. Once he looks at the past, time, space and life will stop or be destroyed.
There is nothing wrong with this kind of plot in itself. Online novels are just for opening your imagination.
It’s just that the author who made these settings has most likely misunderstood the concept of real wave function observation as naked eye observation
Quantum mechanics is so obscure, but it does exist.
For example, quantum tunneling is more typical than observation.
If 'observation' is a bit far away for ordinary people, then the quantum tunneling effect is too close to our lives.
For example, our sun, or the chip of a mobile phone.
Everyone should be familiar with chips, such as Qualcomm, MediaTek, Huawei HiSilicon and so on.
When talking about chips, you will inevitably talk about lithography machines.
Everyone knows that my country's lithography machine technology is completely blocked by the outside world, but few people know that the minimum accuracy of a chip is 1 nanometer.
After 1 nanometer, serious quantum tunneling will occur in the chip.
In photosynthesis reaction centers and respiratory complexes, electrons pass through protein barriers, which is also a kind of quantum tunneling.
Still the same sentence.
No one can really explain quantum mechanics yet, but it is always closely related to your and my life.
It is far from the metaphysical concept of "quantum mechanics that can't decide when things happen".
The topic returns to its original place.
In the later life when Xu Yun traveled through time, there was a very typical experiment in the area of photon double-slit interference.
This is the paper 10.1126/science.1136303 mentioned before, published in the highest academic journal "Science".
One of the links is close observation with the naked eye - because it is photons, it can be seen directly.
The interference gap used in the experiment is so small that no fringes can be seen with the naked eye.
So the experimental team built a microscope and looked at it.
The interference fringes completely disappear in the final focused area, but the unfocused areas simply become lighter.
Even more advanced is the erasure experiment, which I will talk about later when I have the opportunity.
This was true at close range, let alone Xu Yun and the others standing a hundred meters away.
soon.
This crystal plate, along with the sluggish Georgia Terry and others, were brought back to the operating table.
Looking at the results of the second test, a real 'dead silence' fell around the operating table - many people's hearts were completely dead.
If it weren't for the occasional chatter from those who were not interested in the ether and were paying attention to the star search from beginning to end at the first experiment site, this open space would be basically the same as a tomb.
Two minutes later.
An old laugh suddenly sounded in the silent scene:
"Hahahahahahahaha!!!"
Xu Yun took advantage of the situation and looked around.
I only see this moment.
Ten meters away from him.
There was an old man in his sixties, covering his stomach with one hand, laughing wildly, and pointing at the people around him with the other hand:
"I get it, I get it, this has to be a joke, right?"
"You people know that today is my birthday, so you gang up and deliberately play my role, right?"
As he spoke, he raised his hands to both sides of his face, closed his five fingers and exploded at the same time:
"surprise?"
After speaking, he looked around, stared, and asked:
"Now the joke is over, where's my birthday present and cake?"
The answer to him was still dead silence.
When the little old man saw this, the expression on his face gradually solidified.
He suddenly rushed to the nearest person, held his shoulders with both hands, and shouted:
"Potter, please say yes quickly, this scene can be over now!! Hurry up!!!!"
Then the little old man thought of something again.
He turned around and came to Xu Yun's side in a few steps.
He also held his shoulders and shook them vigorously, and the veins in his hands were clearly visible:
"Classmate Luo Feng, Whewell knew that I, a former mathematics professor at Cambridge University, was coming back today, so he asked you to act in a play, right?!"
To the end.
There was already some crying in the little old man's tone.
Xu Yun looked up and looked into these somewhat cloudy eyes.
The little old man's expression at this time was almost the same as that of Avogadro before, with strong sadness, despair, helplessness and a trace of hope:
"It must be like this, right"
Xu Yun sighed and looked at this little old man he didn't know with a heavy heart.
He took a half step back and bowed slightly:
"Sorry, Professor, this is not a farce."
"."
The words just fell.
The little old man's hand gripping Xu Yun's shoulder slipped weakly, and he stared at Xu Yun dully.
After a few seconds.
The little old man's body suddenly shook violently, and he fainted on the spot.
Xu Yun quickly supported his body and checked the other person's pulse - he and Lao Su learned some medical skills in the Northern Song Dynasty dungeon. Although it was not as outrageous as Rejuvenation, it was still not difficult to judge a person's physical condition.
fine.
There was nothing wrong with the other party's body, he just fainted due to the intense heat.
Xu Yunjian sighed again, summoned two members of the Gewu Society, and sent the little old man to the school hospital for observation.
The rest of the people at the scene were still standing there like sculptures.
If there is still the possibility of error in the first experiment, then the second experiment is enough to serve as a solid hammer.
That is to say
Ether and light.
The two cornerstones of today's physics world have been completely shattered into pieces tonight!
Looking at the hands of the little old man who was being carried away.
After a few seconds.
Another middle-aged man who was standing calmly suddenly bent his knees, fell to the ground, and started crying in public:
"Ah!!!!!!"
The middle-aged man's voice seemed to turn on a switch, bringing the minds of most of the sluggish people present back to reality.
Gradually.
There were people at the scene, like middle-aged men, losing their support and falling heavily to the ground.
Or break down and cry.
Or tugging at the turf.
Or bang your head on the ground.
Others tore their clothes to pieces and stared blankly at the sky.
If there was an Eastern historian present at this moment, he would probably write something like this:
"On the twelfth day of the lunar month in the first year of Xianfeng, Emperor Wenzong of the Qing Dynasty, the middle road of the classical physics building collapsed, and Europe was wailing all over the land. This is the autumn of life and death!"
Looking at the scene in front of me.
Xu Yun suddenly thought of something, turned to look at Aveline, and winked at her.
The meaning is obvious:
When you say dig a grave, dig a grave. Isn't it nice to vent your anger?
Aveline glanced around and found that no one was paying attention to her, then she gave Xu Yun a thumbs up:
Like.JPG.
A while passed.
Prince Albert sighed quietly at the console, with a very complicated expression on his face:
“I can’t believe it, I can’t believe it”
"Light can actually exhibit two properties at the same time in one experiment"
"It seems that from today on, a dark cloud will appear over the scientific community"
And by Prince Albert's side.
Tian Caiming, who was following James Bruce, had an indescribable look in his eyes.
However, Xu Yun did not notice Tian Caiming's expression.
At this moment.
His mind was already drawn by another shout not far away:
"Hallelujah, we have discovered Planet X!!!" (End of Chapter)