Chapter 621 The possibility of iteration of explosives (Part 2)
"Zhendong, Yongzhong, what do you think?"
Observation room.
Hearing what Wang Yuan said.
Liu Zhendong and Yu Yongzhong looked at each other and made a brief exchange with their eyes. Then Yu Yongzhong said:
"Wang Gong, let me say a few words."
Wang Yuan nodded immediately:
"Say it."
Liu Zhendong and Wu Yongzhong can be regarded as Wang Yuan's second generals. However, Liu Zhendong's work direction is more in the actual debugging and production of explosives, and Yu Yongzhong's experience in research and development is indeed richer.
Then Yu Yongzhong took a deep breath, raised his head, glanced at Xu Yun, and slowly said:
"Wang Gong, I think the plan mentioned by Comrade Han Li should be feasible to a certain extent."
"First of all, I have been exposed to the chromatographic separation of nitrite solution mentioned by Comrade Han Li - I happened to be in charge of gas chromatography detection when I was at the Institute of Geophysical Research."
"Although gas chromatography and liquid chromatography are technically very different, the core principles of the two are similar, so I have some understanding of liquid chromatography."
"As far as I know, the head-on method and the displacement method of liquid chromatography are now very mature. The 256 Institute in Shanghai has just introduced an alumina-filled distribution chromatograph with the help of overseas Chinese."
"So I personally think there should be no problem with what Comrade Han Li said."
Chromatographic detection.
This is a very common technology in modern times, and its prototype can be traced back to before AD.
Around 500 BC, a detection method almost appeared in the East and the West at the same time:
Fabric merchants would place a drop of a solution containing mixed pigments on a piece of cloth or paper and analyze the dyes and pigments by observing the concentric rings created by the solution spreading out.
The essence of this method is actually the basic principle of modern chromatography.
Then in 1903.
Tswett, a woolly bear botanist, published a paper titled "A new adsorption phenomenon and its application in biochemical analysis" at the Biological Society meeting of the Natural Sciences Society in Warsaw.
The paper proposed a new method for separating plant pigments using the principle of adsorption. This work marked the beginning of modern chromatography.
At that time, he packed calcium carbonate into a vertical glass column and poured petroleum ether leaching solution of plant pigments from the top.
Then further washing with solvent causes the solute to form obvious color bands in different parts of the column.
In this way he publicly demonstrated a solution of plant pigments purified by chromatography, and a column showing colored bands on the chromatogram.
Tswett named this method chromatography, the filling in the tube is called the stationary phase, and the flushing agent is called the mobile phase.
1941.
Martin et al. used water-saturated silica gel as the stationary phase and chloroform containing ethanol as the mobile phase. The separation of acetyl amino acids was the first application of partition chromatography - and then they proposed the chromatography plate theory that laid the foundation for the development of chromatography technology.
Now 20 years have passed.
Chromatography technology has achieved relatively mature results in the direction of liquid-solid chromatography and is so popular that even the neighbor next door named Jin has mastered the relevant technology.
Last year, scientists across the sea also successfully developed a fine-grained, high-efficiency packed chromatography column, which greatly improved the separation capability of liquid chromatography.
And it's interesting.
With the help of some patriotic overseas Chinese.
This distribution chromatograph with a fine-grained and highly efficient packed column was successfully shipped back to China at the beginning of this year.
What?
Who is the matchmaker, you ask?
Need to ask?
Of course it was Comrade Qu Runpu, ahem, Mr. Qu Runpu, an old acquaintance of the rabbits.
all in all.
With the assistance of such a set of equipment, there should be no problems with the chromatographic separation of nitrite solution.
Then Yu Yongzhong paused and continued:
"As for the second step of the aldehyde-amine condensation reaction, if I understand Comrade Han Li correctly."
"This should be the process of covalent cross-linking between compounds with aldehyde groups and compounds with amino groups through the condensation of aldehyde groups and imino groups into Schiff bases, right?"
Xu Yun nodded happily.
The concept of chemical groups was proposed very early, as early as 1837, it was introduced by Liebichty and Wheeler.
Nowadays, concepts such as amino group, cyano group, and aldehyde group are compulsory for chemistry students.
With Yu Yongzhong's ability, it is not surprising that he understood Xu Yun's meaning so quickly.
Of course.
Xu Yun's introduction ended here. Xu Yun did not mention more about the more in-depth peptide chains, cross-linking bonds and collagen structure.
After all, these concepts have not yet come out, and the explanation is very complicated and meaningless-anyway, the synthesis process of CL20 only involves aldehyde-amine condensation.
And the other side.
After receiving Xu Yun's affirmation, Yu Yongzhong picked up the paper and pen and continued to explain his understanding:
"Since it is a covalent cross-linking process, the mechanism of the aldehyde-amine condensation reaction can theoretically have two situations."
"One is CH2C6H5[NO+]N(NO)CH2C6H5→NOHN+CHC6H5+H2O→C6H5CHONH[NO+]NNO"
"The other one is NCHC6H5HN2O4N＋O→NOCHC6H5NNO＋C6H5CHO"
"When the TADNSIW formed above reacts with a nitrating agent, a nitrosamine and tertiary acetamide reaction occurs, and the nitrosolysis mechanism of HNIW nitrosamines is similar to that of tertiary amines"
"Following the dehydration reaction of amines with aldehydes and ketones, monomethanolamine is first generated, and then further dehydration under acid or alkali catalysis can generate imines."
"But since nitroamine contains two nitrogens with different reactivity, from the reaction equation, there are two ways to react between nitroamine and formaldehyde. One is to use N1 on the nitroamine as the nucleophilic center"< br>
Seeing Yu Yongzhong writing the derivation process eloquently on the paper, Xu Yun couldn't help but feel a surge of emotion in his heart.
He is indeed the top boss among the rabbits in the field of explosives
He only briefly mentioned the preparation process and molecular structure, but Yu Yongzhong was able to think of such a profound level.
To know.
These days, the aldehyde-amine condensation reaction is still an area in the chemical field where the fog of war is thick.
After all, it involves many complex microscopic reactions, and current theories and technologies are far from being in-depth. It will take several years before the entire concept is fully understood.
For example, carbon-carbon bonds, alpha-hydrogen bonding, etc.
Although Xu Yun respected many seniors present, he had to admit that Yu Yongzhong's ability was indeed higher than that of Wang Yuan and others.
Nowadays, Yu Yongzhong has not been able to become the leader of a certain research group. A large part of the reason lies in his age - he is only 27 years old now.
Although there are not many scandals about seniority in the 221 base, everyone subconsciously thinks that the age of the project leader cannot be too young.
As the saying goes.
If you have no hair on your lips, you will not be able to do things well. This concept is also very common in later generations.
For example, when people go to the hospital to see a doctor or choose a teacher for their children, few people choose young people - experience and age are indeed equivalent most of the time.
So generally speaking.
Unless there are rare cases like Xu Yun who convince everyone with his performance again and again, it would be difficult for most people to directly become the person in charge of a certain project in their 20s - especially one as critical as the development of explosives. on the subject.
However, with Wu Yongzhong's ability, it would be a matter of time before he came forward.
Think of this.
Xu Yun brought his mind back to reality, preparing to wrap up the topic of CL20 after Yongzhong's derivation.
After all, he had almost finished all the information that needed to be said. The rest was mainly the tasks of Wang Yuan and Yu Yongzhong's research and development team, and he couldn't help much.
Judging from Yu Yongzhong's derivation process, it should not take long for him to finish.
But while Xu Yun was waiting.
Yu Yongzhong, who was doing the paper derivation, suddenly paused with his pen tip and let out a light sigh:
"Huh?"
At this time, everyone in the observation room was paying attention to Yongzhong. Seeing his strange expression, Lao Guo couldn't help but ask:
"Comrade Yongzhong, what happened?"
"."
Yu Yongzhong was silent for a moment, put the end of the pen against his chin, and gently shook his head:
"Something happened, but it's not a derivation problem. It's just that I personally feel that something is a little strange."
Xu Yun was suddenly startled.
strangeness?
What does this mean?
But before Xu Yun had time to speak, Yu Yongzhong took out another piece of paper and started writing:
"Comrade Han Li, according to you, explosives like CL20 should have a standard three-dimensional structure, right?"
Xu Yun nodded.
This is information he mentioned a long time ago, and it is also the most essential difference between CL20 and the previous three generations of explosives.
Upon seeing this, Yu Yongzhong wrote again:
"The three-dimensional structure, that is, its structural formula is definitely different from our existing four-membered ring. It should be an undefined five-membered ring or a six-membered ring."
"Then the six nitro groups in the molecule can have different spatial orientations relative to the five-membered ring and the six-membered ring. The stacking method of the crystal lattice and the number of molecules in the unit cell are also different, so the possible crystal form should be."
"24 species."
Swish——
Yu Yongzhong quickly wrote down several configurations on the calculation paper.
The concept of cyclization reaction was not proposed by R.B. Woodward until 1973, but the prototypes of three-membered rings and four-membered rings had already appeared in the 1950s.
It’s just that the current understanding of three-membered rings and four-membered rings in the chemical community is relatively limited. The most well-understood substance is cyclopropane—and this thing can only be regarded as an entry-level entry in the cyclization structure.
But on the other hand.
Although I don’t have a deep understanding of three- and four-membered rings.
But this does not prevent Yu Yongzhong from guessing that CL20 has a five-membered ring or even a six-membered ring structure.
This is a logical problem - because a four-membered ring cannot support a three-dimensional structure.
Just like the fuel used in the curvature engine must not be coal, only a five-membered ring can support a three-dimensional configuration.
Of course.
The above sentence is based on the understanding of this era.
If we look at it according to the knowledge system of later generations, four-membered rings are not all planar structures - because bond angle tension is not the only source of tension.
For example, cyclobutane and cyclopentane are not planar structures, but have envelope and half-chair configurations, so I won’t go into details here.
His eyes returned to reality.
"Consultant Han, I have an idea that may be a bit wild."
Then Yu Yongzhong pushed the calculation paper in front of Xu Yun, considered it and said to him:
"Consultant Han, look at it, from the structural formula, CL20 is obviously a compound with high density and high nitrogen content."
"At the same time, due to the three-dimensional structure, the natural state of a single bond should be about 109.5 degrees - because it needs to support the structure."
"So I was thinking that since this three-dimensional structure can be stable, what would happen if we removed all other impurities?"
"According to the law of gas diffusion, the higher the decomposition rate of a compound and the smaller the average relative molecular mass of the product gas, the higher its detonation velocity."
"So if we can remove the impurities from the compound and only leave nitrogen clusters, wouldn't this explosive be more powerful?"
Looking at Yu Yongzhong who became more and more excited as he spoke.
At this moment, Xu Yun only had a row of question marks rising and falling in his mind:
"???????"
wdnmd Oh!
What did I hear?
Remove impurities from a compound and leave only nitrogen clusters?
Can you think of this?
All the co-authors named Yu are monsters, right?
As everyone knows.
In the year 2023, when Xu Yun traveled back in time, CL20, although known as a sub-nuclear explosive, won the title of the fourth generation target in the explosive circle.
But in the laboratory field, it is not the most powerful explosive.
in non-application areas.
There are three main new substances known as fifth-generation explosives:
One is based on niobium titanium magnesium.
Rumor has it that this material will explode if you look at it too much and melt if you get closer. The main structure is aluminum cerium.
The second is metallic hydrogen.
The principle of this thing is that under ultra-high pressure, hydrogen atoms are tightly combined to produce metallic bonds, which has metallic characteristics.
Theoretically, it is a room temperature superconductor with excellent electrical conductivity and can also be used as high-quality rocket fuel.
Early 2017.
A research team from Harvard University announced that it has produced solid metallic hydrogen for the first time by applying a high pressure of 495GPa to hydrogen gas.
But on February 22 of the same year.
Harvard University also claimed that due to an operational error, the diamond container holding the metallic hydrogen cracked, and the metallic hydrogen sample mysteriously disappeared.
Until 2023.
Metallic hydrogen still looks like a certain fisherman's vest. It seems to be very close, but in fact it is hard to find.
In addition to metallic hydrogen, the third more powerful explosive is.
Total nitrogen anion salt.
Mentioned earlier.
The so-called explosives.
It relies on breaking unstable chemical bonds and forming stable bonds to release the potential energy stored in molecules, and then perform work on the outside.
If the chemical bond energy is broken down, there are actually three categories:
100~400kJ/mol of unstable single bond/double bond
Stable double bond 600~700kJ/mol,
And the nitrogen-nitrogen triple bond 942kJ/mol (N2) or the carbon-oxygen triple bond 1072kJ/mol (CO).
In terms of magnitude, the energy difference is not that big.
So after the CL20 came out.
To obtain power across orders of magnitude, it is almost impossible to solve it purely through chemical energy.
So.
The chemical industry industry has set its sights on high energy density materials.
Energetic pure nitrogen species is one of the ultra-high energy density materials.
It includes nitrogen clusters (N4, etc.), high polynitrogen, pure nitrogen anions/cations (N3/N5+/N5), etc.
Because the product is mainly nitrogen, the energy release is extremely high, and breaking the unstable N-N bond only requires a free radical homolysis process. The reaction rate is usually very fast, so overall its work power will be very high.
Of course.
Polyazoles and oxazoles/furazoles with high density and good oxygen balance are also extremely powerful.
The earliest physical records of total nitrogen cation salts can be traced back to 1998.
At that time, the Propulsion Science and Advanced Concepts Department of the Air Force Research Laboratory across the sea came up with this thing, but it never came out of production due to stability issues.
Then in 2017.
Jinling University of Science and Technology synthesized the first total nitrogen anion salt. Its explosive power is more than ten times that of TNT and three to four times higher than CL20.
However, out of a low-key perspective, Xu Yun did not tell anyone about the total nitrogen anion salt.
After all, a CL20, let alone an atomic bomb, can be propelled by subsequent hydrogen bombs and neutron bombs.
Since CL20 is useful, there is no need to mention the total nitrogen anion salt.
The result was unexpected.
Yu Yongzhong actually came up with this thing based on his own hunch before the concepts of cyclization reaction and electron hybrid orbit were formally proposed?
This shit is too outrageous.
God knows, this time it is not Xu Yun who kicked the butt of history
Of course.
Ideas are ideas.
It will be difficult for total nitrogen anion salts to be released from the laboratory in 2023, let alone this period.
The value of Yu Yongzhong's concept lies more in the strategic field.
Just as meteorological Doppler radar opened a way for domestic radar research, total nitrogen anion salt also pointed out a very promising direction.
Think of this.
Xu Yun's heart couldn't help but beat a little faster:
True.
Considering time and technology, it was almost impossible for me to see the full nitrogen anion salt before the copy ended.
But don't forget.
More than ten years later, the rabbits and a certain white-eyed wolf are still fighting
Judging by the time, it should not be difficult for the rabbits to master this thing by then.
If that were the case, it would be a lot of fun
Note:
For some reasons, the plot of dynamite ends here, and there will be no more dynamite involved. Originally, the foreshadowing would be deeper.
In addition, some students asked about updates. I have been in the laboratory recently, so there may be fewer updates. Updates will start popping up after the 20th, the same as last month. (End of chapter)