Chapter 479 wonderful summary! Theme sublimation! "Now, I will show you the framework of the world system!"
With the naming of the weak force completed, Ridgway's speech officially ended.
In this speech, he proposed three earth-shattering concepts one after another.
The strong force, weak force, protons and neutrons can be subdivided.
Even though they are just conjectures now, they are conjectures with the highest gold content and research value.
Just like various conjectures in the field of mathematics.
Its proposer and solver are equally great.
Everyone knew that this speech would cause a sensation in the physics community.
The Bruce Conference lived up to its status as the highest conference in physics.
It once again opens up a new future for physics.
It shows that modern physics has other shocking fields besides relativity and quantum theory.
There is both challenge and hope for everyone!
Host Lorenz concluded:
"After listening to Professor Bruce's speech, I kind of understand why he is obsessed with the reconstruction of quantum theory."
"I want to tell you a little story about myself."
"When I was young, my favorite physicist was the French optical master Fresnel."
"The first extracurricular academic material in my life was the collected works of Fresnel."
"I think Fresnel is unrivaled among physicists of that generation."
"He did a lot of groundbreaking research in the field of wave properties of light."
"So my PhD thesis is also about optics."
"The title is: The theory of refraction and reflection of light."
"The young people here may find this topic very simple."
"Well, that's true."
Everyone laughed, knowing that this was Professor Lorenz being self-effacing.
That paper was anything but simple.
"This subject has already been done by Fresnel."
"But I am different from him."
"I used Maxwell's equations to re-process the phenomenon of reflection and refraction of light."
"In the words of Professor Bruce, it is to reconstruct the wave theory of light."
"The result is that I unified the old wave theory of light with the new electromagnetic theory of light."
"This gives Maxwell's equations a solid physical basis, rather than a purely mathematical derivation."
"But it is still a theory in the purely electromagnetic field."
"The largest part of our world is matter, not electromagnetic waves."
"How do Maxwell's equations explain matter?"
"Later, I founded the electron theory based on the electromagnetic theory of light."
"Professor Bruce once said to me: Electronic theory is the pinnacle of classical physics and the highest height that the latter can reach."
"I don't know if he deliberately made me happy."
Everyone laughed again.
Li Qiwei smiled and quickly expressed that he was sincere.
Electron theory is the last glory of classical physics.
In layman's terms, this theory holds that matter is made of electrically charged particles.
The interaction between electromagnetic waves and matter can be classified as the interaction between electromagnetic waves and charged particles in matter.
It is now known that the so-called charged particles are actually electrons.
But at that time, electrons had not yet been discovered by Thomson.
It can be seen that the electron theory is so awesome that it is ahead of its time.
It perfectly combines classic concepts such as force, electromagnetism, and matter, and explains the nature of the world in a logical and self-consistent manner.
Of course, this theory was later abandoned.
The generally accepted theory for studying the interaction between electromagnetic waves and charged particles is [quantum electrodynamics].
Like quantum chromodynamics, it is also a branch of quantum field theory, and it is the most mature and complete branch.
Quantum electrodynamics quantizes the electromagnetic field.
In the later stages, physicists’ research method was to quantize the four fundamental forces.
The quantum theory of electromagnetic force is quantum electrodynamics;
The quantum theory of the strong force is quantum chromodynamics;
The weak force does not have a separate quantum theory, but is unified with the electromagnetic force. Their quantum theory is the electroweak unified theory;
Finally, there is gravity, which cannot yet be quantized.
The most popular experiment at present is the quantum gravity theory.
Once successful, the unification of the four basic forces will be very close.
All of the above theories are a type of quantum field theory.
This shows the importance of quantum field theory!
The core of quantum field theory is quantum mechanics.
Therefore, from the perspective of explaining the origin of the world, the importance of quantum mechanics even exceeds the theory of relativity.
At this time, Lorenz sighed:
"Of course, with the development of modern physics, the previously perfect electron theory now also has problems."
"I am not telling this story to evaluate the quality of electron theory."
"But I will use my personal experience to tell you what reconstruction of quantum theory is all about."
"It is true that today's quantum theory is very powerful, just like the original Maxwell's equations."
"It can explain many, many phenomena in the field of atomic science."
"However, it cannot explain the stability of the nucleus and cannot explain beta decay."
"In fact, it cannot explain the strong and weak forces."
"In addition, the objects of quantum theory are microscopic particles."
"So what are microscopic particles?"
"If electrons count, do atoms count? Do molecules count? Does a single polymer count?"
"What if protons and neutrons really have a composite structure?"
"In my opinion, the reconstruction of quantum theory is very similar to the creation of electron theory."
"A theory should ultimately explain our objective world."
"But now, the results of atomic science are far ahead of the existing quantum theory, and the two do not match."
"That's why quantum theory needs to be reconstructed, just like the electromagnetic theory of light to the electronic theory."
"The theme of the 3rd Blues Conference is excellent."
"Atoms and Quantum."
"Compared to the theory of relativity, they may be closer to the nature of the world."
"I think the future of quantum theory will definitely achieve achievements that the world cannot imagine."
"I firmly believe that when that day comes, we physicists will be able to say proudly like Newton back then:"
"Now I will present the framework of the world system."
boom!
Thunderous applause instantly erupted in the venue.
“Professor Lorenz’s summary is so incisive and wonderful.”
"It perfectly complemented Professor Bruce's speech and sublimated the theme of the conference."
"This is the style and heritage of the older generation of physicists."
The older generation of physicists may have become slow in thinking and slow in action.
But their thoughts became more profound, like a jar of fine wine, refreshing their hearts and minds.
At this moment, the young talents present were very excited.
They witnessed the birth of a perfect speech.
Professor Bruce's wild imagination, coupled with Professor Lorenz's penetrating summary.
The best cooperation between the two makes them feel what a feast of ideas is.
"Professor Lorenz is worthy of being the first person in the field of scientific hosting."
After the opening speech, the report and discussion agenda of the Bruce meeting began.
First, the big guys took turns sharing their recent research. Of course, the research content must be consistent with the theme.
Rutherford shared the results of the Cavendish Laboratory in the field of atomic science.
Including the study of three types of rays, various particle bombardment experiments, atomic structure, etc.
Of course, the most eye-catching one is undoubtedly the experiment on the existence of neutrons.
"Since Professor Bruce predicted neutrons two years ago, many scholars have joined the search for neutrons."
"But unfortunately, progress towards this goal has been slow."
"So far, no institution or individual has publicly claimed to have discovered traces of neutrons."
"I think the biggest difficulty in the search process is that neutrons are uncharged."
"We cannot capture neutrons through electric or magnetic fields and observe their trajectory."
"However, our laboratory has recently designed a brand-new solution that may be able to better detect neutrons."
As he spoke, Rutherford began to demonstrate his experimental design.
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Today's meeting makes the existence of neutrons even more important.
It is closely related to so many new concepts and cannot be missed.
If neutrons do not exist, then the so-called strong and weak forces are nonsense.
Even the model of the atomic nucleus needs to be derived again, causing a major earthquake in the physics world.
However, Rutherford's confident tone reassured everyone.
Neutrons must exist!
It's just that it hasn't been found yet.
With the development of theory and experimental technology, traces of neutrons will eventually be found.
Irena listened very carefully and even took notes from time to time.
As an authority in the field of atomic science, Rutherford's experimental design was much stronger than that of the Quantum Research Institute.
This is also related to the fact that Li Qiwei was not an experimental physicist.
After all, theories can be deduced at will, but experiments may not be possible, even if the answer is known in advance.
In real history, the discovery of the neutron was of great significance.
It led directly to the discovery of uranium nuclear fission, and then to the emergence of the atomic bomb.
It is not an exaggeration to say that neutrons have changed the direction of the world.
Ridgway had previously conceived a plan to deliberately delay the introduction of the concept of neutrons so that the West would not discover nuclear fission.
But later he felt that there was a bug in this plan.
That is, once this happens, Qian Wushi and others will not know about Neutron.
Even theoretical calculations are impossible.
Then how can they study the atomic bomb?
Could it be that Li Qiwei is deceiving: Believe me, it will work!
I'm afraid everyone will think that the principal has gone crazy.
"The principal is crazy!"
"There are no neutrons in this world!"
So eventually, he gave up on the plan.
Promoting nuclear fusion is more reliable than hiding neutrons.
After Rutherford's sharing, Einstein, Bohr and others came on stage one after another.
They have all done a lot of basic work in their respective subdivisions.
As an important founder of quantum theory, Bohr even said boldly:
"We are fully prepared for the future of quantum theory!"
Finally, there is the report of the younger generation.
Pauli, one of several representatives of the younger group, shared his Exclusion Principle in detail.
Finally, he concluded:
"Combining the energy minimum principle and Hundt's rule, we can completely explain the arrangement of electrons outside the nucleus."
"This proves the theory proposed by Professor Bruce in his lecture at the University of Berlin in Germany."
"I think the next step for this theory is to study how molecules are formed between atoms."
"How are the extranuclear electrons of two atoms connected together?"
Pauli talked eloquently and even boldly predicted the future of electron configuration theory, quite like a master.
Although these contents were also mentioned in Li Qiwei's speech in Germany.
But Pauli was obviously well prepared, and he spoke in more specific and detailed terms.
This was a lesson he learned from Ridgway.
If you want to become a top physicist, you must think a few more steps about any theory or phenomenon and don't stick to the existing form.
Heisenberg looked at Brother Pauli in high spirits and felt mixed emotions in his heart.
He was certainly proud of Pauli.
But bitterness cannot be avoided.
As the silver medalist of the second Physics Olympiad, he didn't know that he already had the baggage of an idol.
As his peers published blockbuster results one after another, he accomplished nothing.
Heisenberg felt a sense of defeat and self-reproach.
Although he is shy, he has a strong competitive spirit and likes to compare himself with others silently.
In real history, after Heisenberg went to the Bohr Institute for the first time and saw the talented people there, he instantly felt inferior.
He felt like a waste and became very unsure of himself.
In layman's terms, Heisenberg is typically thin-skinned but has a strong self-esteem.
It was as if he was an ordinary person who got a genius system.
He clearly has the smartest brain in the world, but he also has all the character flaws of ordinary people.
This may be the reason why he later contradicted himself.
It's so awkward.
This is completely different from Dirac.
Dirac was absolutely closed to himself, and nothing from the outside world could affect him.
He is an Olympiad gold medalist and the number one genius in the eyes of his peers.
But Pauli, Uhlenbeck and others who are not as good as him are already famous in the physics community.
However, these did not put any pressure on Dirac at all.
He's not even starting to actually do physics now, but is still solidly learning the basics.
"You're awesome, it's none of my business."
But Heisenberg did not have such a strong mentality.
He was anxious.
He desperately wants to prove himself.
The reconstruction of quantum theory was his hope.
~~~
The first day of the meeting passed by without even realizing it.
The big guys are used to it, but the younger generation are very excited.
I even tossed and turned in bed at night and couldn't sleep at all.
This meeting opened their eyes to what the true pinnacle of wisdom is.
They are usually called geniuses wherever they go in school, and even their teachers are not as good as them.
But today I discovered that problem-solving ability is the lowest level ability in physics research.
The test of real physical research is not to calculate results based on known conditions.
Instead, we need to find those hidden conditions in the vast darkness through imagination and thinking.
If there are no conditions, create conditions.
If you can't create, you are not a real genius.
Everyone recalled Professor Bruce’s speech today.
Tian Tian's unbridled imagination and rigorous logical deduction skills left a deep impression on them.
In his sleep, Heisenberg shouted in a daze:
"Quantum, please, don't run~"
(End of chapter)