Chapter 512: If it is unmeasurable, it does not exist! The era of quantum mechanics is coming! Guide the physical stars!
In the field of science, there is a very important principle called "Occam's Razor Principle".
Its core view is: do not add entities if it is not necessary.
What does it mean?
Give an example of an image to explain.
Are there any souls in this world?
For scientists, it is not considered to be true.
Because we cannot observe the existence of the soul with any measurement method.
The soul cannot affect the real world either.
So, the soul is non-essential to science.
So according to the Occam razor principle, we should not add the concept of soul.
This is not necessarily the case that the concept of soul is wrong.
But remove it, which can make the logic of the world more concise.
For example, the geocentric theory and the heliocentric theory.
The geocentric theory In order to describe the movement of celestial bodies around the earth in the solar system, hundreds of concentric circles are needed.
It's extremely complicated to calculate.
But heliocentric theory, through the law of gravity and the elliptical orbit, briefly and clearly explains the movement of all celestial bodies.
And once a new celestial body is discovered, it is very convenient to directly calculate its orbit without revising the theory like the geocentric theory.
Does this mean that the geocentric says it is wrong?
It's not.
If you insist on treating the earth as the center of the solar system, you can actually describe the equation of motion.
But there is no need to have so many concentric circles.
Physicists have a more concise formula expression.
So, according to the Occam razor principle, we should abandon the geocentric theory.
This principle complements the physicist's pursuit of simplicity and perfection.
Therefore, it will be accepted by countless people.
This is the case with quantum theory.
If all the conclusions with quantum theory can be derived from only the frequency and intensity of the atomic emission spectrum.
Then concepts such as orbital quantization and energy levels do not need to exist.
This is not to say that these concepts are wrong, but that they do not require separate assumptions.
The two observable quantities proposed by Li Qiwei are undoubtedly more reasonable and simple.
So, everyone present was particularly surprised.
This means that there will be dawn on reconstruction quantum theory.
There is now a clear direction!
"Professor Bruce is so terrifying!"
At this time, Irena asked: "Professor, I have a problem." "In your theory of relativity, you regard the principle of constant speed of light and the principle of relativity as basic axioms . ”
” Then, starting from these two axioms, all the conclusions of the theory of relativity are derived. ”
”Why did you reject the use of orbital quantization and energy level as the basics when you came to quantum theory? Where is the axiom? ”
"Is there any difference between these two theories?"
Everyone nodded at the same time after hearing this.
Irena's question is very interesting.
It is also axiom, why do orbital quantization need to be treated with caution?
Li Qiwei smiled and said:
"Yes, Irena, the question you asked is very good."
"I can answer you from two levels."
"First, the two axioms of narrow and broad aspects. Although they are axioms, they have a solid experimental basis or thought experiment. "
"The principle of constant speed of light is measured through experiments." "
"The principle of relativity is in the macroscopic It is easy to imagine its picture in the world.”
"Although the orbital quantization in quantum theory is supported by the experiment of angular momentum quantization, the angular momentum of electrons around the nucleus is itself a guess."
"We are still using macroscopic physics concepts, To apply the behavior of electrons. "
"I always remain cautious about this." "
"Second, relativity is a theory with extremely logical consistency." br>"So far, within its scope of application, the theory of relativity can explain all phenomena."
"But quantum theory still leaves many problems."
"This shows that it is not a perfect theory."
"Of course, I have never said that reconstructing quantum theory must be The right direction. "
"This is just my physical intuition." "
"Maybe quantum theory can be improved if it continues to develop on the basis of existing theories." >
"Now there are many physicists doing this."
Erena showed her expression after hearing this.
She looked at Professor Bruce in admiration.
This is the attitude scientists should have.
Never be satisfied with existing achievements and explore the limits of theory.
Just as everyone was thinking quietly, Heisenberg thought of some of his previous views.
So, he mustered up the courage and said boldly: "Professor, can you think so?"
"Because quantum theory studies microscopic particles such as electrons. Theory. "
"Humans cannot currently observe the movement of electrons through the naked eye or other instruments."
"So, for researchers, if you can't see it, it means there is no or not."
"Similarly, physical quantities that cannot be measured do not exist."
"This Could it be the underlying idea of quantum theory? "
"Just as described by Occam's Razor Principle." "
Wow!
Heisenberg's words surprised everyone.
This is even more radical than Professor Bruce's point of view!
It just sounds a bit nonsense.
"If you can't see it, it doesn't exist?"
"We humans cannot see electromagnetic waves, but electromagnetic waves do exist."
"Maybe Heisenberg's [look] is not simply referring to seeing with his eyes."
"But it is more like an observation or measurement behavior."
"."
The crowd was talking.
Schrödinger looked at Heisenberg curiously.
After a brief contact, he felt that although the young man in front of him was very shy on the surface, he was extremely strong on the inside.
He also believes that the other party has a pathological obsession with reconstructing quantum theory.
So, Schrödinger gave an evaluation in his heart: a talented child who has not grown up.
Paoli glanced around domineeringly, and no one dared to look at him.
Heisenberg's view had been told to him before.
Now, in conjunction with the two observable measurements proposed by Professor Bruce, this sentence has a more and more charming physical thought.
Li Qiwei looked at Heisenberg with a smile, feeling in his heart.
The talents of some geniuses are overflows visible to the naked eye.
Heisenberg is undoubtedly such a genius.
What he said about unobservable quantities does not exist, and they are one of the core ideas of quantum mechanics later.
Even on this basis, an even more incredible idea has evolved: even an observable quantity can be considered to have no existence before measurement.
This is a bit metaphysical.
At this time, Li Qiwei smiled and praised: "Very novel and bold idea."
"Heisenberg, I think you are very good at quantum theory. Talent. ”
"Maybe you can consider studying this direction," Heisenberg felt happy when he heard Professor Bruce's praise.
He has already made a decision. "Professor, what you said is exactly what I thought."
Soon, everyone began to discuss it enthusiastically.
They are now like a miserable person who is guarding the treasure mountain but cannot get.
Although Professor Bruce found two observable quantities, no one present knew what their secrets were.
Many people even think there may be problems in this direction.
"What can be derived from the frequency and intensity of the spectrum alone?"
"Will quantum theory become spectroscopy in the end?"
Although Professor Bruce's special theory of relativity and general theory of relativity have only two axioms.
But this is not the same thing at all.
No mistakes, one poem, one post, one content, one in 6, one book, one bar, one read!
Theory of relativity is based on the classical mechanics system, and it has many places to refer to.
The quantum theory has laid a new foundation.
Schrödinger, Pauli, Irena and others were also clueless.
They only then did they truly understand that reconstructing quantum theory is definitely not an easy thing.
Only Heisenberg was thinking, but he couldn't grasp that inspiration.
——
In the following days, Heisenberg gradually adapted to his life in the Institute of Quantum Research.
Although he is introverted, he is more polite, rarely conflicts with others, and will not talk about others.
Compared with Pauli, he is obviously more popular with everyone.
There is only one thing that has been criticized by everyone.
That's why Heisenberg is so sensitive.
As long as someone points out his mistake, he will be very excited and sometimes he will be almost crying.
This made colleagues very embarrassed. "Brother is too fragile."
Only Pauli understands this junior brother.
He knew that the other party wanted to prove himself too much.
The title of genius is also a shackle.
Just when Heisenberg worked silently, waiting for the cocoon to become a butterfly.
The development of physics has not slowed down, and several major achievements have emerged one after another.
The first one.
Fowler, son-in-law of Professor Rutherford, atomic science tycoon, proposed the "Law of Zero in Thermodynamics".
The law states that if each of the two thermodynamic systems is in thermal equilibrium (the same temperature) with the third thermodynamic system, they must also be in thermal equilibrium with each other.
To put it figuratively, the thermometer is made according to this law.
Although this law was proposed very late, it is more basic than the existing three laws of thermodynamics.
Fowler systematically elaborated on the importance of this seemingly simple law in his paper.
With its supplement, there are no loopholes in the mathematical logic of thermodynamics.
From then on, the three laws of thermodynamics became the four laws of thermodynamics.
Thermodynamics tycoon Nernst published a public article saying: "This is a major breakthrough in the field of thermodynamics." Fowler also became famous because of this and got rid of the suspicion of being taken care of by his father-in-law.
After all, Rutherford had no achievements in the field of thermodynamics.
However, he still recommended Dirac to Fowler as a doctoral student.
The second one.
Yoyoshi Renke, a physics scholar in Cherry Blossom Country who studied in Europe, made a stunning success.
He and Swedish physicist Klein jointly published the "Klein-Renke Formula".
Since the discovery of the Wu-Compton effect, many physicists have begun to use it to study the interactions of various rays and matter.
The gamma ray will be absorbed after it interacts with matter.
This is caused by the Wu-Compton scattering of free electrons and gamma rays.
The Klein-Renke formula can theoretically calculate the absorption coefficient of gamma rays.
With this formula, physicists can quantitatively study the mechanism of action of gamma rays.
In real history, when Zhao Zhongyao was doing related experiments, he found that the experimental results did not meet the predictions of the Klein-Renke formula.
Gamma rays have an abnormal absorption phenomenon.
This was the opportunity when positrons were discovered later.
So, the Klein-Renke formula is of great significance.
After the news of Yoshio Hitoko was sent back to Sakura, it immediately caused a sensation.
Hantaro Nagaoka cried with joy and proclaimed:
"This is a breakthrough for Sakura Country in the field of physics!"
"Renke Yoshihiro is the hero of the Sakura Kingdom!"
The Sakura Kingdom has also become the third country to publish famous internationally-produced articles on matter theory since China and India.
Everyone in the Chinese scientific community sighed: "It turns out that the Sakura Country is so different from us in the field of science."
"Just like this, look at Sakura. The boys were excited."
"If you don't know, I think Ren Ke Fangxiong won the Nobel Prize."
China's scientific strength has long been different from what it used to be.
The third one.
Chadwick discovered a very strange experimental phenomenon:
The energy spectrum of the β-decay of the atomic nucleus is not the discrete spectrum predicted by theory, but the continuous spectrum of gradually decayed.
However, according to the existing proton-neutron model, combined with the law of conservation of energy before and after the reaction, it can be theoretically calculated that the energy spectrum should be discrete.
When now, experiments do not match the theory.
This means that either the proton-neutron model is wrong or the law of conservation of energy is wrong.
As soon as the paper was released, it shocked the physics community.
"This is incredible."
Chadwick finally delivered a major result.
However, the problems he brought were fatal.
Bol immediately published a paper titled "Beta Ray Spectrum and Energy Conservation".
He boldly pointed out in the article: The law of conservation of energy is wrong! It is not suitable for the energy change process of microscopic particles.
This is even more terrifying than Chadwick's paper!
Everyone suddenly realized that this was Professor Bohr's second bombardment of the law of conservation of energy.
Many people can't help but be curious:
"Why does Professor Bohr have to overcome the law of conservation of energy?"
However, some people speculate that Bohr is unwilling to do so?"
However, some people speculate that Bohr is unwilling to do so?"
However, they are still speculating that Bohr is unwilling to do so? Question his mentor's proton-neutron theory.
The physics community has heated discussions on this.
Soon, Rutherford, the number one leader in atomic science, came forward.
He publicly stated: "The proton-neutron model and the law of conservation of energy are not wrong."
"Chadwick's discovery is very likely to be with Bruce The professor proposed that there is a relationship of weak force. "
His view has been recognized by many physics masters.
In real history, this strange discovery of Chadwick led to the later mechanism of neutrino and weak force.
Li Qiwei did not publicly express his opinion on the discussions among the people.
Most of his energy now is devoted to the theory of all things.
Even if it is the next quantum mechanics, he only wants to give inspiration at a few key nodes.
This is also the reason why he gave advice to De Broglie and Heisenberg instead of publishing the paper in person.
However, this does not mean that Li Qiwei is not paying attention to quantum mechanics.
On the contrary, quantum mechanics has great reference significance for the theory of universal things in its interpretation of the essence of the world.
So, Li Qiwei will still guide the geniuses to start the last feast of theoretical physics in the early 20th century!
He wants to experience the most brilliant scientific theory in human history!
"Absorb the ideas of many geniuses and use them for my own use!"
(This chapter ends)