Chapter 516 Shocking Paper! The name of quantum mechanics! The physics community is sensation! A new era of quantum!
January 12, 1923.
Quantum Research Institute, UK.
Just just after the New Year, everyone changed from a relaxed mentality and re-entered their intense scientific research.
Last year, although there were no amazing achievements in the field of physics, there were still many major papers published.
From an ordinary scholar to a well-known physicist, these inspirational stories in the field of science are constantly being staged.
Everyone was full of fighting spirit!
Heisenberg is particularly noticeable.
When he left the institute last year, he was still sick and felt that he could fall down at any time.
But now after returning from Germany, he is full of vitality and full of motivation.
He greeted everyone enthusiastically.
I can't tell at all that I was an introverted and sensitive young man before.
At this time, Wang Zhengyang appeared and said: "Heisenberg, Professor Bruce asked you to go to his office."
Heisenberg was extremely excited when he heard this.
He didn't bother to greet everyone, took his information, and couldn't wait to go to Professor Bruce's office.
Everyone was a little puzzled when he looked at his excited expression.
"Why does Heisenberg feel like he has become a different person?"
"He is not as gloomy as before, but has become more sunny and cheerful."
"Is it him? Have you made progress in research? ”
Schrödinger, Irena and others were also very curious.
Hisenberg has been in the Institute for less than half a year, so there will be no huge results.
And, at this time, Professor Bruce usually holds meetings and communicates outside.
But today, the other party looked for Heisenberg alone.
There must be a problem!
At this time, Pauli began to show off again.
He snorted and said with a beating: "Heisenberg is about to rise."
"He made a major breakthrough in reconstructing quantum theory."
"Maybe it will fulfill Professor Bruce's expectations."
Wow!
Everyone in the institute was shocked.
Although they hate Pauli, they also believe in Pauli.
Because the other party never tells lies and does not rely on tricking and pretending.
Master Pao never plays low-end games.
Since he said that Heisenberg made a breakthrough, it means that the other party's achievements must be amazing.
Otherwise, with Pauli's arrogance and awesomeness, ordinary research will definitely not be able to attract his attention.
Everyone was immediately envious. "Oh my God, if Heisenberg could really reconstruct quantum theory." "Then wouldn't he be directly comparable to Professor Bohr."
"Even his achievements can be compared to the special theory of relativity."
Hiss!
The sound of gasping in the hall sounded.
Schrödinger's heart was mixed.
Irena, Pauli, Heisenberg
These young people are better than the other.
You know, he was the first to work at the Institute of Quantum Research.
After Professor Bruce's personal interview, he served as the science director of the institute.
But now, he can be described as accomplishing nothing.
Although the papers he published are already the dream achievement of ordinary scholars.
However, in the Institute of Quantum Research, it is not enough to see it.
In a sentence: Not a Nobel Prize-level achievement, it will be treated as a result of no results.
Even so, Professor Bruce never reminded him privately.
This made Schrödinger feel very grateful.
Professor Bruce failed!
Scientific research has never been guaranteed to be successful.
Schrödinger was deeply moved and murmured to himself: "Where is my road?"
At this moment, in the office on the second floor.
Li Qiwei was sitting opposite Heisenberg.
In front of him was the first draft of the latter's paper. "Very interesting idea." Li Qiwei couldn't help but exclaim.
He had never read the original text of Heisenberg's paper in his previous life.
Now I see it, I feel very novel.
Heisenberg's papers are not in the rigorous and delicate style, but are full of violent and extensive atmosphere.
This is very different from his personality.
From his hand tearing the matrix, we can see that this guy likes to solve problems through math hard calculations and violently.
Heisenberg smiled like a child when he heard this.
In just over a month, he seemed to have matured a lot.
Although his personality has not changed, he obviously has his own personal style.
It is an indescribable aura.
It can make people feel the projection in their hearts at a glance.
Heisenberg sincerely asked for advice: "Professor Bruce, I need your help."
"After I get to the matrix, I don't know how to calculate it."
Li Qiwei smiled and said:
"Matrix operations do not meet the multiplication law, and have been strictly proven in mathematics. . ”
“But this form of mathematics has no substantial effect.”
“Even many mathematicians have never heard of this thing.”
"If you want to apply it to quantum theory and establish a logically self-consistent theoretical system, you need to put some effort into it."
"However, I took the time to study the matrix during this period."
"Although it is also difficult, it is not as good as Riemann geometry."
"Next, I will take you to make up for the theory."
Wow!
Heisenberg was extremely excited.
"Professor Bruce, thank you so much!"
At the same time, he developed a feeling of admiration.
Professor Bruce spoke the most domineering words in the calmest tone.
The matrix that bothered him, Somofey, Born and other five people was like a trick in the eyes of each other.
It's easy to get it!
This deep and sea-like strength makes people worship it.
Heisenberg enviously: "When can I reach this level?"
Soon, Li Qiwei explained the matrix to Heisenberg in detail. Operation.
And a key formula was drawn. "The core of your paper is the momentum p array and the displacement d array." "The relationship between them is actually the connection between the atomic emission spectrum and probability."
"."
"So, we can get a formula:"
"(p×d)-(d×p)=(ih/2π)I."
"Where i is the imaginary unit, h is the Li-Planck constant, and I is the unit matrix."< br>
The moment he saw the formula, Heisenberg was shocked.
He had a strong intuition and this formula must be crucial.
He was completely conquered.
"Professor Bruce, you are too strong!"
"I am afraid that this deduction will not be completed in two weeks."
Heisenberg admired and thanked from the bottom of his heart.
Li Qiwei smiled slightly, full of pussy smell.
"These are all paths."
"Heisenberg, you have to remember."
"For theoretical physics, the method of thinking about problems is the core."
"The calculation process can be completed no matter how it is, but The idea of innovation is not logical.”
Heisenberg focused on the key points and believed it deeply.
"For example, in your paper, you can simulate the atomic spectrum with a simple harmonic oscillator, which is the most critical step."
"As for the matrix behind, I don't know, there are definitely others in the world who can do it."
At this time, Heisenberg quickly flattered:
"Although maybe others understand the matrix. "
"But no one except Professor Bruce, understands both matrix and quantum theory." "
"It is even more impossible for them to deduce this matrix formula."
Li Qiwei laughed and scolded.
——
In the next ten days, Heisenberg turned into a busy man.
He either calculates wildly in his seat every day or goes to Li Qiwei's office to ask questions.
The whole person is completely immersed in the matrix and learns relevant knowledge frantically.
His hair was messy and his beard grew a lot.
If Heisenberg had been in the past, he would have cared about his image, but now he has completely ignored it.
Not only did not laugh at him, but everyone was extremely envious. "Oh my God!" "Heisenberg won't really reconstruct the quantum theory."
"I envy the chicken purple!"
Schrödinger and Irena were both very shocked. "Is this still the delicate and shy boy Heisenberg?" Pauli was extremely happy. He felt that Heisenberg would succeed.
At that time, the two of them will be the Tiangang Disha of the Institute of Quantum Research, the number one signboard.
Munich double stars!
January 25.
Heisenberg rushed to the office on the second floor like crazy.
"Professor Bruce, I succeeded!"
"I derived all the quantization conditions in the Bohr-Lee model through matrix formulas."
"Quantum theory no longer requires the assumption of quantum orbit. It is an inevitable inference under my theory."
"Professor, I have completed the reconstruction of quantum theory!"
Wow !
At this moment, even Schrödinger and others who were working on the first floor heard Heisenberg's roar.
That was the extremely excited voice of catharsis.
Li Qiwei stood up from his seat and applauded him in person. "Congratulations, Heisenberg!" "You have accomplished a feat in the field of physics."
Heisenberg could no longer control his emotions, Tears flowed down his eyes.
All the depression, setbacks, and torture have turned into ashes, leaving only traces of memory.
"Professor Bruce, thank you!"
"Without you, I would not be today in Heisenberg."
Li Qiwei walked forward and patted him on the shoulder gently.
"The master leads the door and practices in person."
"Your success is achieved through your efforts."
"What you should thank the most is yourself."
Heisenberg nodded heavily.
At this time, Li Qiwei said leisurely: "Before the paper is published, please change the topic."
Heisenberg was stunned when he heard this, and he quickly used it. Wiping away tears from his face, he asked:
"Professor, what do you want to change to?"
Li Qiwei smiled slightly, and suddenly became extremely domineering. "From today on, quantum theory is not quantum theory, but quantum mechanics!" "Twenty-three years ago, when I proposed the concept of quantum, I used this name. "
"Because at that time I firmly believed that quantum would have a profound impact on the future of physics."
"Since Newtonian mechanics represents classical physics, then quantum mechanics represents modern physics!"
"But the quantum concept at that time was too thin."
"At the first quantum On the meeting, I was forced to cancel the name. "
" And today, Heisenberg, you let the name reappear in the world." "
"Your matrix formula is The core formula of quantum mechanics. ”
"Through the equation operation performed by this formula, you can get everything about the existing quantum theory."
"Quantum mechanics is truly worthy of its name!"
"So, the title of the paper was changed to "Quantum Mechanics" Basic Equation》》》》
Boom!
Heisenberg was stunned. He felt a breath soaring into the sky from the soles of his feet, as if it was about to gush out.
The whole body is hot and boiling, the mouth is dry and the tongue is dry, and the muscles are trembling.
That is a sign of extreme excitement.
"Professor."
Li Qiwei grinned.
Heisenberg was instantly infatuated.
—
February 15, 1923.
The paper "Basic Equations of Quantum Mechanics" was published on the cover of the journal Nature.
The first author of the paper is Heisenberg, and the corresponding author is Bruce Lee.
Published by: Institute of Quantum Research.
As soon as the paper was released, everyone in the world was shocked!
Quantum mechanics is officially released!
No mistakes, one poem, one post, one content, one in 6, one book, one bar, one read!
The physics community was in full swing!
It was like a huge earthquake of magnitude 18!
"God!"
"Quantum theory has actually been reconstructed."
"Quantum theory has become quantum mechanics!"
"Quantum theory has become quantum mechanics!" >"This is a qualitative leap!"
Countless people were shocked.
Professor Bruce's prophecy succeeded again!
This is simply incredible.
However, someone suddenly discovered a problem.
"Why is the first author not Professor Bruce, but Heisenberg?"
Soon, Heisenberg personally issued a document saying: "Thanks to Professor Bruce for guiding my paper." "He provided irreplaceable help in matrix calculation." >
For a time, many people envied Heisenberg, not only becoming a postdoctoral fellow for Professor Bruce, but also taking on such an important topic.
"Heisenberg is so lucky."
"He was able to participate in the research on reconstructed quantum theory as soon as he entered the Institute of Quantum Research."
However, someone immediately retorted:
"Heisenberg's success is definitely not luck." >
"I am also a researcher at the Institute of Quantum Studies."
"All Professor Bruce's guidance is open!"
"He has no preference for anyone, nor has he hidden his own private interests."
"The two observable quantities in the paper were proposed by Professor Bruce at a discussion meeting."
" But no one can find out the relationship between them. "
" And Heisenberg did." "He stood on Professor Bruce's shoulder and proposed innovative solutions .”
Wow!
Everyone suddenly realized!
So that's it.
Then, with the public statements of Pauli, Somofe and others.
The physics community finally understands the ins and outs of this paper.
To sum up, Professor Bruce achieved his previous prediction with the help of Heisenberg!
The title of the great science mentor shocked everyone again. "Wuwuwu, I want to go to the Institute of Quantum Research, too."
At the same time, Heisenberg's name has also spread throughout the physics community.
From a young genius and an Olympic silver medal, to now, one sudden enlightenment, soaring to the sky!
He perfectly showed what kind of spirit is.
The most important thing is that he is only 22 years old this year.
This is an era of genius!
This is the era of young people!
Everyone was envious.
But soon, they were stumped by another problem in the paper.
"What is a matrix?"
"Is it not satisfied with the commutation law of multiplication?"
"I don't know, I've never heard of it."
" > "Don't, I can't even understand the paper."
The abstract mathematical form of matrix has made countless people afraid.
If it weren't for the endorsement of Professor Bruce's name, everyone would have suspected that the paper had made a low-level mistake.
For ordinary students, they only focus on the conclusion.
Anyway, as long as you know that quantum theory has been reconstructed.
But for physicists, they have to miscompile the relevant knowledge of the matrix before they can carefully study the paper.
And the deeper they get, the more shocked they are!
University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
The moment Bohr saw the paper, there seemed to be a flame burning in his heart.
His hands trembled slightly, shocked by the content in the text.
"It's so incredible!"
As the founder of the Bohr-Li model of quantum theory, he can understand the awesomeness of this paper better than anyone else.
Although the matrix is very obscure and difficult to understand, it is still barely understandable for a top genius like Bohr.
What he cares about is not the complex operations of the matrix, but the physical thoughts in the paper.
Starting from the two most basic observable measurements, the original content of quantum theory can be derived through the simulation of simple harmonic oscillators.
Bol was already impressed.
"Heisenberg is indeed a genius."
"Even with Professor Bruce's guidance, his own thinking is even more valuable."
"This is an article of two people!"
Bolh's eyes were so vicious that he could see the most critical matrix formula at a glance.
It is the true core of the paper.
And this formula was derived by Professor Bruce.
At this time, Koronig envied: "Professor Bruce is so generous."
"I feel that he can deduce the content of this paper by himself. Come out. "
"But he still shared his thoughts selflessly."
"The two observable measurements he proposed are crucial to the matrix formula."
Koronig became famous for discovering the fourth quantum number.
But he did not choose to leave the Bohr Institute immediately, but stayed.
In his words: I want to continue learning something from Professor Bohr.
So, Bohr valued and loved him very much.
Bohr smiled slightly. "Hehe, Professor Bruce no longer needs extra honor." "He chose to reconstruct quantum theory not to prove himself, but to make physics more perfect." "No matter who published the paper first, it is the same for him." "Professor Bruce's true research is beyond everyone's imagination."
Bohr often went to the Quantum Research Institute to communicate.
Li Qiwei did not hide it from him, but revealed that he had embarked on the road to unification.
Bol was shocked at that time.
Because he knew deeply what a path that was against the will of heaven! "Teacher, he finally began to fulfill his promise from many years ago."
University of Berlin, Germany.
Planck, Einstein and other physics masters were shocked by Heisenberg's paper.
Einstein said with a smile:
"I have tried to use Heisenberg's matrix these days to deduce the various conclusions of quantum theory."
"Its difficulty is simply It's hell level."
"I feel that Bruce and Heisenberg are simply using magic to calculate."
When everyone heard this, they all smiled knowingly.
It is so difficult for the famous Einstein to make it so hard that the terrible thing about the matrix is.
Planck smiled at the corner of his mouth, and he was full of thoughts.
He thought of the meeting twenty-three years ago.
Bruce talked with him and debated publicly with many physicists of the world to explain the correctness of quantum concepts.
"Oh, no, it was called quantum mechanics at that time."
Mrs. Curie asked during this period:
"I can understand the concept of quantum, why should mechanics be added? What? ”
Planck had forgotten how Bruce answered at that time.
Anyway, the final word for quantum mechanics is abolished and replaced by quantum theory.
But quantum mechanics was imprinted in his mind.
Now, after 23 years, the name of quantum mechanics has finally reappeared in the physics community!
I'm afraid it will cause memories from many people.
At this time, Einstein interrupted Planck's reverie.
"However, I think there is a problem with Heisenberg's theory."
Everyone was shocked.
As soon as the paper came out, Professor Einstein discovered the problem?
At least they didn't find it.
Although Heisenberg's matrix is obscure and difficult to understand, the whole logic is clear and smooth.
It is not like the previous quantum theory, and requires various assumptions.
Quantum mechanics is derived step by step from the most basic spectral quantity.
The foundation is unbreakable!
Everyone couldn't figure out what would be the problem.
Even Planck is interested.
As the proposer of the quantum concept, although he withdrew from the frontline research, he still paid great attention to the development of quantum theory.
He certainly cared about the great things like quantum mechanics that are creating the world.
"Professor Einstein, tell me what you think."
Einstein nodded to everyone and said:
"Heisenberg's matrix theory, although Mathematically deduce the quantization conditions of electrons. ”
"But according to its theory, we cannot imagine a visual picture."
"That is, how exactly do electrons move?"
"What is the inside of an atom?"
"What is going on inside atom?"
"We can only calculate all the behavior of electrons through pure mathematics."
"But physics is not mathematics after all, physics is the theory that studies matter."
"Electronics are known to be definite, but now we can only describe them in mathematics."
"Is this a kind of scattering the roots and chasing the end?"
"For example, Professor Bruce's general theory of relativity , although there are also very difficult Riemann geometry in it. "
"But we can still imagine how matter bends space-time." "
"Fix a thin cloth in the middle Put an iron ball, and the cloth will be sunken from the middle to the outer edge."
"This is the curved picture of space-time."
"But how do matrix theory understand the motion of electrons?"
"It's even worse than the previous quantum theory."
< br>"At least, although things like tracks are invisible, we can imagine them."
Wow!
After Einstein finished speaking, the room was silent.
Everyone was shocked by his thoughts.
As sure to be the proposer of the Special Relativity Theory, Einstein's thoughts are unique.
What he said makes a lot of sense.
Physics is not mathematics, it requires describing the movement and changes of matter.
But matrix theory abstracts all this into a number game.
Is this good or bad?
Finally, Einstein added:
"Of course, the matrix theory is definitely correct, and there is no doubt about this."
"I just think this theory may Need to be optimized."
"It is best to take into account both the visualization of physics."
Quantum mechanics has become the number one event in the physics community as soon as it emerged.
Like Einstein, many physics tycoons are studying its profound connotation.
It is stunning, but it is too abstract.
Many people have to spend a long time to solve practical problems after matrices knowledge is added.
But no matter what, quantum mechanics is an unprecedented major breakthrough.
Li Qiwei publicly commented: "This paper is a turning point on the road from darkness to the light of new physics."
"It means that Boer, -The old quantum theory represented by Li's model has become history. "
"The next one will be the era of quantum mechanics!" "
Wow!
The high evaluation made the academic community shock.
At this point, the name of quantum mechanics was officially established.
It is also commonly known as matrix mechanics.
(This chapter ends)