Chapter 517 The defects of matrix mechanics! The pinnacle of wave-particle duality! Matter wave theory! Everything is waved!
Heisenberg's matrix mechanics is like a flash of lightning that blew through the night sky, illuminating the fog of the old quantum theory.
Through this theory, the empirical formula of hydrogen atom spectrum, the division of light in the electromagnetic field, and other phenomena can be naturally derived.
When physicists studied matrix mechanics in depth, everyone sighed: "Heisenberg is a real genius!"
The other party not only creates a matrix from zero to one, but also perfectly combines the matrix and physics.
Shocking!
Heisenberg became famous and became a well-known physicist in the world.
He was invited by many universities and institutions to promote his theory of quantum mechanics.
However, his first stop was of course to choose the Institute of Quantum Research.
"Without Professor Bruce, I would not be like Heisenberg today."
Heisenberg knew that his theory was very obscure and needed to learn unpopular mathematical knowledge such as matrix.
So, he likes to always emphasize the advantages of theory.
At this moment, facing Professor Bruce and his colleagues in the institute, he talked freely: "The basis of matrix mechanics is the intermittent nature of electrons, which is consistent with the essence of the quantum concept."
"And it recognizes the transitional behavior of electrons."
"Matrix mechanics was derived from the old quantum theory, retaining some of these concepts, but it transcends the old quantum theory."
"It Rely on our actual measurement of atomic behavior, rather than imagination out of thin air."
Schrödinger, Irena and others sighed in their hearts.
If power fascinates politicians, then academic achievements fascinate scientists.
Heisenberg is completely different from before!
There is no longer shyness and restraint, and becomes calm and calm, open and close.
Even the speech language style is a bit tall and elegant.
At this time, Heisenberg added with a smile: "Of course, I admit that matrix mechanics is indeed a bit abstract."
"Many people wrote to me to complain about why they created such a difficult form of mathematics."
"In this regard, I can only say: There is no way, the truth is like this."
" And compared with Professor Bruce's Riemannian geometry in general relativity, I think the matrix is simple. "
"At least everyone can deduce it freely after studying for a while."
< br>The crowd burst into sighs.
Obviously, they don't believe Heisenberg's nonsense.
Using the other party's matrix mechanics to calculate the orbit of hydrogen atoms is simply a waste of time.
It is even more difficult to calculate the properties of hydrogen molecules composed of two hydrogen atoms.
It is impossible to calculate it within a week or two.
The physics community has been suffering from matrix mechanics for a long time.
Li Qiwei looked at Heisenberg with a smile on his face and said in his heart: "Student Xiaohai, smile for a while now, and you will soon be unable to laugh." At this time, Schrödinger, who had been expressionless, asked: "Heisenberg, how do you explain the visual picture problem mentioned by Professor Einstein." "Your matrix mechanics is What about eliminating the physical form of electrons? ”
Wow!
Everyone looked at Schrödinger.
Schrödinger has always been the big brother of the institute in everyone's heart.
Not only have many research fields and are good at learning from others, they also have a good temper and are very helpful.
The friends all respect and love him very much.
But recently, everyone has vaguely discovered that Brother Xue is a little different. "I feel that he was stimulated by Pauli and Heisenberg." "You know, Brother Xue is the first member of our institute and has the oldest qualifications." "But now, he is coming from the young genius, and I guess he feels uncomfortable." "Hey, it's a pity that Brother Xue is such a smart person, but he lacks a key inspiration. ”
Everyone discussed in a low voice, Schrödinger did not hear any comments about him.
He asked the question not deliberately targeting Heisenberg.
But he has made up his mind to specialize in quantum mechanics in the future.
As he got older, Schrödinger was worried that his life would be spent in such a mediocre way.
So, he didn't want to waste his time and tried and made mistakes randomly.
He wanted to choose a certain field and continue to go deeper.
And quantum mechanics allowed him to see the direction!
The birth of a new theory must be full of various opportunities.
If you don’t seize it at this time, you will never have another chance in the future.
So, he is very concerned about matrix mechanics, especially its current problems.
If there is a problem, it means there is room for optimization and improvement.
At this moment, Heisenberg didn't know what Schrödinger was thinking.
He was not upset because the other party asked a question.
On the contrary, he also respects this senior in the institute very much.
Heisenberg is confident that his matrix mechanics can explain everything about quantum theory!
"Dr. Schrödinger, thank you for your question."
"I don't think this is a question to be discussed."
"I can find a comparison example."
" >"That's Maxwell's system of equations."
"Electromagnetic waves, like atoms, are real physical existences."
"But through Maxwell's system of equations, can we imagine how electricity generates magnetism?"
"I'm not talking about the behavior of electromagnetic induction, but the principle behind it."
"I'm afraid it won't work."
"So, I think matrix mechanics is a bit like Maxwell's system of equations."
"Mathematicalize the behavior of atoms through matrices."
"Besides, at this stage, we cannot observe the interior of the atom at all, and can only be described through mathematical means."
"So, I think the visualization problem of matrix mechanics is not a fatal problem." br>
"Of course, everything is developing."
"Matrix mechanics will be further improved in the future."
Schrödinger nodded slightly.
Although Heisenberg's answer did not convince him, he could not point out the specific errors in matrix mechanics.
Matrix mechanics is more abstract, at least it is very useful.
This is enough to cover up all other shortcomings.
Heisenberg glanced around confidently, but he hoped that someone would continue to ask questions.
Because every problem is a perfection of his theory.
Just like the old quantum theory at that time, it was from the time when it was first proposed that there was only one quantum number, and finally it became four quantum numbers.
Heisenberg once achieved enlightenment and reached the peak of his life, but he was not so arrogant that he thought his theory was perfect.
Even Professor Bruce dared not say such words.
Any physical theory is constantly iterating over time.
Suddenly.
He found that Professor Bruce's expression was a little wrong.
A little solemn, as if thinking.
At this time, everyone also noticed the abnormality and was very confused.
Did Professor Bruce find something wrong?
This is a bit incredible!
"Although Professor Bruce is not the first author of matrix mechanics, his contribution cannot be ignored."
"This shows that he must have recognized matrix mechanics, otherwise how could he agree to publish it."
"But what does this expression mean?" Schrödinger's heart was throbbing.
He found it a little incredible.
Matrix mechanics was done by Heisenberg under the guidance of Professor Bruce.
How could the other party question?
After everyone's gaze and confusion, Li Qiwei spoke.
"Heisenberg, you just said that the basis of matrix mechanics is the intermittent nature of electrons."
"In fact, the intermittent nature of electrons is the particle nature of electrons."
"In fact, the intermittent nature of electrons is the particle nature of electrons."
" >
"But everyone can diverge their thinking. What if electrons are not particles?"
"Can matrix mechanics still work?"
Wow!
As soon as these words came out, the whole room was silent.
Everyone's eyes widened, showing an incredible look.
"Professor Bruce, do you want to see what you are talking about?"
"Isn't electrons a particle?"
"What is it?"
Heisenberg 1 Confused.
He even doubted whether he had heard it wrong.
Professor Bruce publicly highly praised matrix mechanics.
Call it is the turning point in physics from darkness to light.
But now, the other party actually raised such a fantasy question based on the foundation of matrix mechanics.
For a moment, Heisenberg didn't know what to say.
At this time, Irena, as the only girl in the institute, broke the embarrassment by saying something.
"Professor, have you been praising matrix mechanics before?"
"Why do you think there is a problem with the foundation of this theory now?"
Everyone immediately raised his ears, they wanted to know reason.
Li Qiwei looked at Irena and then said: "I am not questioning the correctness of matrix mechanics."
"As the reconstruction theory of old quantum theory, it was very successful."
"This is beyond doubt."
"However, when I was using matrix mechanics, there was a phenomenon. It cannot be explained. "
"That is the wave-particle duality of light!" "
Wow!
Everyone was shocked!
Irena's eyebrows were slightly frowned, and there was doubt on her pretty face.
"Wave-particle duality?"
Li Qiwei explained: "The simple harmonic oscillator model used by Heisenberg is a model for moving matter." br>
"In other words, it cannot handle fluctuations like electromagnetic waves."
"We use matrix mechanics to explain the particle nature of light well."
"But for its fluctuation, matrix mechanics There is nothing I can do."
Irena suddenly realized!
So that's it!
Everyone was instantly impressed by Professor Bruce.
When others were immersed in using matrix mechanics to explain atomic spectrum, Professor Bruce actually thought of using it to study wave-particle duality.
The most important thing is that I also found an unexplained problem!
"Professor Bruce is so terrible!"
After hearing this, Schrödinger felt a huge wave in his heart!
He just decided to study quantum mechanics wholeheartedly, but Professor Bruce provided a direction.
And it is also the very imaginative direction.
Yes, photons are also microscopic particles, but they are different from particles such as electrons. Photons are wave-particle dualistic.
Matrix mechanics can handle the particle nature of photons, but cannot handle the fluctuation of photons.
This shows that there is something to be improved in matrix mechanics.
This is really great news for Schrödinger.
But for Heisenberg, it's a lot of bad news.
He quickly retorted: "Professor, I disagree with you."
"Matrix mechanics is based on the behavior of electrons."
"And electrons themselves are particles, and they are not waves."
"Matrix mechanics does not need to be able to handle fluctuations."
"The fluctuation of photons is a factor that needs to be considered separately." "So, your assumption doesn't hold."
Irena and others nodded.
This time, everyone did not stand on Professor Bruce's side, but they all supported Heisenberg.
Because electrons are particles, this is simply normal common sense.
Since matrix mechanics can perfectly explain everything about electrons, there is no need to make major changes to the fluctuation of photons.
Schrödinger rubbed his chin with his right hand and thought quietly.
He subjectively supports Professor Bruce.
But objectively, he felt that what Heisenberg said was indeed very reasonable.
After all, the properties of electrons and photons are different and cannot be confused.
Faced with Heisenberg's reply, Li Qiwei smiled slightly.
He had long guessed that the other party would answer.
No mistakes, one poem, one post, one content, one in 6, one book, one bar, one read!
At this moment, he said quietly: "What if electrons are not only particles, but also waves?"
Boom!
Everyone was shocked!
Heisenberg was completely stunned.
"This"
"Impossible."
——
Heisenberg regarded the sharing in the Institute of Quantum Research as a nightmare and chose to forget it.
He could not agree with Professor Bruce's point of view even if he beat him to death.
No matter how much he respects the other person.
Because the view that electrons are waves is really terrifying!
It's like a fairy tale!
Not only him, Irena and others didn't believe it.
Besides, in the end, Professor Bruce just laughed it off and did not discuss it in depth.
This made everyone think that it was Professor Bruce brainstorming.
Anyway, when we were in meetings before, people have mentioned any strange views.
So, Heisenberg didn't care.
He continued to hold lectures at various universities and institutes to elaborate on his matrix mechanics.
At the same time, the University of Paris, France.
After Lang Zhiwan held a meeting abroad, he immediately returned to his laboratory to continue his research.
Since the incident of Madame Curie, he has devoted all his energy to the field of science.
People are much more mature than before.
As a contemporary of Professor Bruce, Lang Zhiwan was not very satisfied with his personal development.
He is a bit like Schrödinger and has a very wide range of research areas.
X-rays, gas theory, magnetic theory, relativity, quantum theory, etc. all have certain academic achievements.
But it's still a little far from the physics boss.
It is because he does not have the important achievements of carrying the throne.
However, his foundation is indeed solid, and he is one of the first figures under the physics tycoon.
The students were very excited when they saw the tutor return.
They asked the most concerned question at the moment: "Professor, do you know quantum mechanics and matrix mechanics?" Lang Zhiwan smiled and said:
"Of course I know."
"Although I happened to have a meeting in the United States during that time."
"But this paper has a great influence in the physics community."
"I have read the paper several times."
Suddenly, Lang Zhiwan's words changed. "Hey, if anyone among you could publish such a paper." "I'm willing to retire immediately now."
"We in France are too behind in the field of modern physics."
Everyone looked at me and I looked at you, and they were embarrassed and dared not answer the conversation.
Of course they want to do it too.
But everyone knows themselves.
What a peerless genius Heisenberg is!
Not to mention these people, even the mentors themselves are not as good as those of them.
Lang Zhiwan also felt that he was a little bit hard.
So, he changed the subject and asked: "Where is De Broglie?"
"Has he not come to school recently?"
< br>
Someone replied: "Mr. De Broglie hasn't been here for half a year." Lang Zhiwan sighed and said nothing.
De Broglie's identity is too sensitive.
Even if he is the other party's mentor, he cannot be as strict as he treats ordinary students.
Therefore, he has always been in a free-range state for De Broglie.
When it comes to research topics, try to follow the other person's wishes.
It's just that I never come to school or lab for so long.
Lang Zhiwan felt that De Broglie might not be able to continue studying for this doctoral degree. "No wonder, after all, he is changing from history to physics."
"The foundation is too poor, which has led to a little bit of strength after studying the most cutting-edge fields."
Lang Zhiwan even made the worst plan.
It really doesn't work. In order to take care of brother De Broglie's face, he also has to find a way to get the other party to graduate successfully and get his doctorate.
After all, not every doctor needs to be as stunning as Bruce, Bohr and others.
At this moment, De Broglie, who was mentioned by Lang Zhiwan, has been in seclusion in his luxury house for half a year.
There were two maids serving their daily routines every day, and De Broglie devoted all his time to research.
During this period, even when he learned that Heisenberg published matrix mechanics, he was not too surprised.
Because, he knew that his achievements were not bad at all!
Now, he is only one step away.
In the study, De Broglie was writing quickly, his eyes were extremely focused.
In his mind, he recalled Bruce's shocking words half a year ago: "Since the volatile photon is particle-based, may the particle-based electrons be volatile?"
My brother Morris thinks that electrons are waves, which is like a fantasy.
He is a standard professional student, and he has been studying Newtonian mechanics, matter, movement and other concepts since elementary school.
Matter and wave are two distinct phenomena.
Although there is an elusive existence like photons.
But after all, photons are at the speed of light, and they have some special properties and are easy to understand.
But electrons are different!
It is a real matter, just like apples and the earth.
How could such an existence be a wave?
This directly subverted Morris's scientific outlook on decades.
Not acceptable anyway.
But De Broglie doesn't have so much thought burden.
He changed from literature to reason, which allowed him to get rid of the shackles of the sway of the sacred thoughts.
"Why can't electrons be waves?"
He was fascinated by Professor Bruce's point of view.
However, opinions are just opinions, and to form a paper, strict theoretical logic derivation is needed.
And for more than half a year, de Broglie has been working hard for this.
He carefully reviewed Professor Bruce's theory to prove the wave-particle duality of light.
I got inspiration from it.
According to the mass-energy equation: E=mc.
According to the Lee-Planck formula in quantum theory: E=hv.
Based on these two formulas, de Broglie made a bold assumption:
Particles have the same properties as waves!
He believes that in the world of quantum, the two can be regarded as the same expression.
So, for electrons, you can get:
mc=hv.
But there is a problem here.
Electronics are particles of matter after all, and they cannot move at the speed of light like photons.
So, de Broglie needs to find a way to remove the physical quantity of light speed c.
Turn it into a normal volatility relationship.
For this purpose, he used the multiplication of group speed and phase speed to replace the speed of light.
Light is an electromagnetic wave, and group velocity and phase velocity are concepts in fluctuation.
Simply understand.
Suppose a fluctuating curve is a sinusoidal curve.
Then the phase velocity refers to the propagation speed of the peak or trough, which is represented by u.
The group speed refers to the propagation speed of the group of packets from 0 to 2π, which is expressed by v (group).
After derivation, for electromagnetic waves such as light, the square c=uv (group).
So, the formula becomes: muv (group) = hv. (1)
Divid the phase velocity by the wavelength equals the frequency, that is, v=u/λ, (2)
Combined with (1) and (2), we can obtain:
λ=hu/muv (group)=h/mv (group). (3)
After getting here, I still have the last shot.
That is how to connect group speed with the motion of electrons.
Group velocity is the property of waves, and the motion of electrons is the property of particles.
How do you combine these two?
After half a year of de Bro's intentions, he finally found the answer.
He once again gave a bold assumption:
He believed that the volatility and particle nature of electrons exist at the same time, and that electrons are like surfing people, and its movements are volatility with fluctuations. Progress.
(Waveguide theory is too complicated and inconvenient to display)
Based on this assumption, the momentum of an electron and the fluctuation can be linked together.
Finally, it is concluded that momentum p=mv (group). (4)
Combined with (3)(4), de Broglie came up with an incredible formula:
λ=h/p.
The wavelength λ of an electron is equal to the Lee-Planck constant divided by the momentum of the electron.
This shows that electrons are indeed volatile.
Wave-particle duality is perfectly reflected in electrons!
De Broglie even boldly speculated further, and he wrote in his thesis:
"Wave-particle duality is not only photons."
"Everything Microscopic physical particles, including electrons, protons, etc., have wave-particle duality."
"Going further, macroscopic matter also has wave-particle duality."
"Everything is fluctuating!"
Boom!
De Broglie was even shocked by what he wrote!
He not only based on Professor Bruce, he in detail and rigorously deduced that electrons have wave-particle duality.
Even according to his formula, it can be generalized to any substance exhibits the nature of waves.
De Broglie named this wave [Matter Wave].
It means the fluctuating nature of matter itself!
At this moment, De Broglie breathed rapidly and his whole body was trembling.
That was a sign of extreme excitement.
His paper brought Professor Bruce's wave-particle duality of light to its peak!
"Huh!"
Did De Broglie finally calmed down.
He stood up, walked to the window, looked at the sky and earth outside the window, and his heart was clear.
At this moment, he was extremely grateful to Professor Bruce.
"Without Professor Bruce, there would be no material waves, nor I am today."
He is the next heir to the duke. His family's mansion has been passed down for hundreds of years and the family's wealth is countless.
There are so many beauties around you, and they are all good at official positions and nobles.
However, in De Broglie's view, all this was like a passing cloud.
The only way to solve worries is physics!
"I came by the wave and left by the wave."
Boom!
The sound is floating and soars into the sky!
(This chapter ends)